>> --- SEARCHING PAPERS --- looking in ALL fields for phrase: "discharge" found = 74 added = 74 total = 74 Elapsed time is 4.43931 seconds. --- SEARCH COMPLETE --- --- SEARCHING PAPERS --- looking in ALL fields for phrase: "glow" found = 20 added = 1 total = 75 Elapsed time is 4.45735 seconds. --- SEARCH COMPLETE --- --- SEARCHING PAPERS --- looking in ALL fields for phrase: "ark" found = 100 added = 88 total = 163 Elapsed time is 4.31211 seconds. --- SEARCH COMPLETE --- --- SEARCHING PAPERS --- looking in ALL fields for phrase: "spark" found = 13 added = 0 total = 163 Elapsed time is 4.50919 seconds. --- SEARCH COMPLETE --- --- SEARCHING PAPERS --- looking in ALL fields for phrase: "plasma" found = 76 added = 57 total = 220 Elapsed time is 4.56032 seconds. --- SEARCH COMPLETE --- --- FILTERING RESULTS --- keeping any with in ALL fields having phrase: "excess" found = 40 removed = 180 total = 40 Elapsed time is 1.19353 seconds. --- FILTERING COMPLETE --- -------------------------------- PRINTING RESULTS -------------------------------- --- paper start --- Paper 1 / 40 ID = Arat1989, author = Y. Arata and Y.~C. Zhang title = Achievement of intense 'cold fusion' reaction keywords = Experimental, on-off efect, electrolysis, palladium, neutrons, heat, res+ annote = Under conditions of intense charge and discharge of deuterium into/out of palladium, intense neutron emissio n due to cold fusion was observed. This was called the on-off effect. A large inner pressure of deuterium is a necess ary condition for the cold fusion reaction. A large amount of excess heat produced during electrolysis was not, howev er, due to a nuclear reaction but due to the heat of reaction and the explosive exhaust of the D "into and out of" th e Pd. --- paper end --- --- paper start --- Paper 2 / 40 ID = Bibe2004, author = J.-P. Biberian title = Condensed matter nuclear science: cold fusion keywords = [](0x0) annote = The author presents a brief history, covering the usual events of the field, excess heat, the co-deposition work, helium, tritium, neutrons, x-rays, transmutation, as well as laser stimulation. He concludes that after "15 yea rs of intense work by hundreds scientists in fifteen countries ... nuclear reactions ... occur in solids during elect rolysis, gas loading and gas discharge". --- paper end --- --- paper start --- Paper 3 / 40 ID = Cela1996b, author = F. Celani and A. Spallone and P. Tripodi and A. Petrocchi and D. {Di Gioacchino} and P. Marini and V. {Di Stefano and S. Pace and A. Mancini title = Deuterium overloading of palladium wires by means of high power microsecond pulsed electrolysis and electromigration: suggestions of a "phase transition" and related excess heat keywords = Experimental, pulsed electrolysis, loading, excess heat, correlations, Coehn effect, res+ annote = To achieve high D/Pd loadings, electrolysis is better than pressured gas; but a limit is soon hit. The autho rs suggest some tricks to achieve very high loadings. These are based in part on electrical migration (the Coehn effe ct). The electrolytic current is applied through a diode, in pulses. No discharge current can flow, due to the diode 's blocking it, during no-current periods. So short-period pulses, coupled with large current pulses through the Pd wire to help migration along, resulted in very high loadings, up to 0.95, checked by the wire resistance. At the same time, some 60\% or so excess heat was observed. Some suggestions are listed for optimising the conditions in future work. Finally, there is a remark that possibly, some of the resistance measurements (R/R0<1) indicated a brief superc onducting state. --- paper end --- --- paper start --- Paper 4 / 40 ID = Chem1990, author = M. Chemla and J. Chevalet and R. Bury and M. Perie title = Experimental investigation of thermal and radiation effects induced by deuterium discharge at th e palladium electrode keywords = Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, calorimetry, res- annote = In short: there weren't any. The team is expert in electrochemical calorimetry and used their experience on a cell in which both the cathode and anode were deuterium-charged palladium, which avoids certain problems of heat ca lculation, as well as oxygen evolution. The overall cell reaction is transfer of D from one electrode to the other (t he new technique of "transfer electrolysis"). A quasi-adiabatic calorimeter was used. Tritium was also monitored in t he electrolyte. There were some heat excursions but these could all be accounted for by some D2-O2 recombination; als o, normal water, H2O, produced such excursions. No tritium was found. Since the authors are experts at microcalorimet ry, one might take their error figure for measured heat (3-5\%) as an important, realistic figure. In conclusion the authors note that there are claims of excess heat fromother workers, which are not easily accounted for. They call fo r a theoreticaland practical study of possible surface effects that may lead to higherloading of the palladium with d euterium, than is normally achieved. --- paper end --- --- paper start --- Paper 5 / 40 ID = Chen1998, author = L. Chen and X. Qiu and S. Song title = Experimental research of excess heat under high pulse current keywords = Experimental, Pd, high current discharge, neutrons, excess heat, res- annote = This Chinese paper gives a few details away in the Figs. The experiment seems to be a high voltage discharge from a capacitor, through Pd wires in D2O. A coil is used to shape the pulse, and current peaks of up to 30 kA are u sed, fed through what seems to be bundles of 15-30 wires about 150 mm long. The abstract notes that neither excess he at nor neutrons were observed but that it is not impossible that they will be, under suitable conditions. --- paper end --- --- paper start --- Paper 6 / 40 ID = Dufo1993, author = J. Dufour title = Cold fusion by sparking in hydrogen isotopes keywords = Experimental, spark discharge, calorimetry, Pd, res+ annote = This (24-page) paper follows a patent by the author, and reports results from a "campaign" of many runs. In all experiments, Pd and stainless steel cylinders were placed in various gases and subjected to a spark discharge. Th e whole system was placed in a calorimeter bath and the power from the cell measured and compared with the input powe r. The controls, using nitrogen and argon as well as heater calibrations, all lie close to zero excess heat (for the gas controls: 0.63 W average), while both the deuterium (5 points) and hydrogen (2 points) runs, with Pd and stainles s steel, showed excess heat up to 2.4 W or 20\%. Some active and passive radiation devices were also employed, but no thing definite was detected, nor was tritium found. A better detector of ionising radiation was later used, and the l evel as a function of time during some runs was clearly different for D2 and H2. Since there was excess heat for both hydrogen and deuterium, a theory is needed to explain both. This is provided, in the form of 3-body reactions, of hy drogen isotope particles with virtual neutrons or dineutrons, with most of the energy being carried off by neutrinos. --- paper end --- --- paper start --- Paper 7 / 40 ID = Dufo1997, author = J. Dufour and J. Foos and J.~P. Millot and X. Dufour title = Interaction of palladium/hydrogen and palladium/deuterium to measure the excess energy per atom for each isotope keywords = Experimental, spark discharge, Pd, deuterium, excess heat, res+ annote = Another in the series of experiments with high voltage spark discharges at deuterium (and hydrogen-) loaded Pd wire and foil in a calorimeter. Voltages presumably in the kV range (not stated) were used, and wattages up to 100 -200 Watt were input. Excess heat was detected, and some hydrogen disappeared at the same time, but no nuclear ash wa s found. The "hydrex" or "deutrex" theory of Vigier (seeming a bit like Mills' hydrino/deuterino) is invoked to expla in the results. --- paper end --- --- paper start --- Paper 8 / 40 ID = Dufo2001, author = J. Dufour and D. Murat and X. Dufour and J. Foos title = Experimental observation of nuclear reactions in palladium and uranium - possible explanation by hydrex mode keywords = Experimental, U, Pd hydrides, calorimetry, hydrex, transmutation, res+, no FPH/Jones refs. annote = This team has previously done spark discharge work, but this time, large currents are passed through uranium lathe turnings and Pd wires, in direct but pulsed mode. At the same time, a magnetic field is applied, up to 1T. He at output is measured. Calibration is done by assuming that a dc current without pulsing produces no excess heat. In pulsed mode, some harmonics are observed, but power input is thought to be measured accurately anyway. There was exce ss heat of a few \% about input powers of up to 150 W. New species (elements) were found after the runs in the Pd, no tably Zn, Cu, Ni, Fe, Mn and Cr. The results are compared with those of others, that appear mutually inconsistent, an d a consistent explanation offered, in terms of fission reactions helped along by the hydrex species, similar, but no t identical with, Mills' hydrinos. The scheme is given the name of nuclear catalysis with neutron sink. --- paper end --- --- paper start --- Paper 9 / 40 ID = Karab1991, author = A.~B. Karabut and Ya.~R. Kucherov and I.~B. Savvatimova title = The investigation of deuterium nuclei fusion at glow discharge cathode keywords = Experimental, glow discharge, excess heat, neutrons, gamma, res+ annote = The authors had at the time already published some results from their glow discharge experiments with Pd cat hodes in D2 gas, and here follow up with further results. They monitored for neutrons, gammas and heat, and found all . Rough neutron spectra fitted with some of the d-d fusion reaction energies but the gamma results did not. Radiatio n fluxes were 7 orders of magnitude above the background, and some persisted for 30 min after the discharge was switc hed off. --- paper end --- --- paper start --- Paper 10 / 40 ID = Karab1992, author = A.~B. Karabut and Ya.~R. Kucherov and I.~B. Savvatimova title = Nuclear product ratio for glow discharge in deuterium keywords = Experimental, electrical discharge, Pd, neutrons, heat, helium, res0 annote = A chamber with a Pd foil of 0.1-1 mm thickness in an atmosphere of D2 at 3-10 Torr was used. Thermistors mea sured the foil temperature and this served as calorimeter. Also in the chamber were detectors for neutrons, gammas an d charged particles (cp's) as well as x-rays. The Pd foil acted as cathode for a discharge beam of 10-100 mA at 100-5 00V in the chamber. During running, excess heat, neutrons, gammas and cp's were detected. These paramaters were howev er not in the ratios expected from a fusion reaction. Postmortem examination of the foil revealed some increase in (3 )He and an increase by factors of 4-100 in (4)He. All nuclear products, however, were at levels 3-4 orders of magnitu de lower than commensurate with excess heat. The authors regard the calorimetry results as promising. --- paper end --- --- paper start --- Paper 11 / 40 ID = Mill2002d, author = R.~L. Mills and P.~C. Ray and B. Dhandapani and R.~M. Mayo and J. He title = Comparison of excessive Balmer alpha line broadening of glow discharge and microwave hydrogen pl asmas with certain catalysts keywords = Experimental, hydrinos, plasma emissions, res+ annote = Mixtures of Sr and H2, and of Mg/H2, were subjected to plasma temperatures using either microwaves or glow d ischarges. The hydrogen Balmer alpha lines were seen to broaden in the former case, but not the latter. Mixtures of h ydrogen with He and Ar also showed strong broadening. These results are consistent with Mills' hypothesis of resonant energy transfer. --- paper end --- --- paper start --- Paper 12 / 40 ID = Mill2009a, author = R.L. Mills and K. Akhtar title = Tests of features of field-acceleration models for the extraordinary selective H Balmer [alpha] b roadening in certain hydrogen-mixed plasmas keywords = DC plasma, He/H2 and Ar/H2 plasmas, Excessive line broadening, Resonant energy transfer mechani sm, Field-acceleration mechanism, Mapping, Role of reflector and divertor, Pressure and field d ependence annote = ** In plasmas obtained by glow, RF or microwave discharges, it is observed that the alpha lines from mixture s of hydrogen and argon are broader than expected. They can be explained by the author's FAM (field-acceleration mode l), and his RTM (not defined or explained but presumably meaning Resonant Transmission Model), argon playing a specia l role. Experiments confirm the theory. --- paper end --- --- paper start --- Paper 13 / 40 ID = Savv1996a, author = I.~B. Savvatimova and A.~B. Karabut title = Nuclear reaction products detected at the cathode after a glow discharge in deuterium keywords = Experimental, glow discharge, Pd, fusion-fission, isotope distribution, res+, no FPH/Jones re fs. annote = A Pd cathode was subjected to a glow discharge at 10-40 mA/cm$^2$ and 100-500 V in an atmosphere of hydrogen , deuterium and a mixture of both, and the surface analysed before and after by SIMS, surface MS and microprobe x-ray analysis. After discharge in deuterium, and to a lesser extent in the mixture, 109Ag and 107Ag were found, greatly in excess of that found when hydrogen alone was used. Other elements apparently generated in deuterium included Br, R b, Nb, Sr, Y, As and Cd. Also, the ratio of 109Ag to 107Ag changed during the experiment in deuterium. The authors pr opose "fusion-fission" reactions of Pd with 1, 2 or 3 deuterons, producing a wide spectrum of elements from the fissi on of the result of fusion. --- paper end --- --- paper start --- Paper 14 / 40 ID = Soyf1992, author = V.~N. Soyfer and V.~A. Goryachev and A.~N. Salyuk and A.~F. Sergeyev title = Neutron emission during heavy water electrolysis keywords = Experimental, Ti, Pd, TiV alloy, electrolysis, discharge, neutrons, res- annote = Electrolysis in heavy water and NaOH at Ti (and other) cathodes and Ni anodes at a range of current densitie s from 0.05 to 300 A/cm$^2$ was carried out, motivated by press reports of the FPH work. Neutrons were detected using a proportional methane counter, with cosmic background rejection by an anticoincidence chamber. This had a neutron e fficiency of about 7\%. Ti plates, a stainless steel wire, a Ti-V alloy and Pt and V wires were tried as cathodes. Sp ark discharges were also tried. No neutrons even 16 orders of magnitude lower than the rates required by the excess h eats reported by FPH were seen in any of these runs. This seems to be the same paper as that of Soifer et al. --- paper end --- --- paper start --- Paper 15 / 40 ID = Alba1990, author = D. Albagli and R. Ballinger and V. Cammarata and X. Chen and R.~M. Crooks and C. Fiore and M.~P .~J. Gaudreau and I. Hwang and C.~K. Li and P. Linsay and S.~C. Luckhardt and R.~R. Parker and R.~D. Petrasso and M.~O. Schloh and K.~W. Wenzel and M.~S. Wrighton title = Measurement and analysis of neutron and gamma-ray emission rates, other fusion products, and pow er in electrochemical cells having Pd cathodes keywords = Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, 4He, mass spec, neutrons, heat, res- annote = An experiment, in which the Pd cathodes, electrolyte and effluent gases were analysed for fusion products. T he claim that (4)He is a major product was examined by means of MS. Constant temperature calorimetry measurements was done, and neutrons and gammas counted; tritium was monitored and surface x-ray spectroscopy at the Pd done. The MS r esults (from a very high- resolution MS instrument) did show a (4)He peak, but it showed the same peak for the ambien t laboratory air. There were no results to support cold fusion. The authors make some comments on cold fusion claims, pointing to experimental difficulties. For example, the FPH(89) excess heat can indeed be conceived in terms of a c hemical reaction (as also pointed out by Kreysa). Alba1990 --- paper end --- --- paper start --- Paper 16 / 40 ID = An1991, author = X.~W. An and H.~K. Yan and B.~X. Han and D.~J. Guo and D.~Y. Xie and Q.~H. Zhu and R.~H. Hu title = Calorimetric investigation of electrochemically induced nuclear fusion of deuterium keywords = Experimental, electrolysis, palladium, heat, res- annote = A thoroughly performed experiment. Two cells, one with heavy and one with light water, were operated in seri es, closely matched. Over longer periods, the same constant current was run through the two cells, and the cell volta ges were monitored throughout. Calibration heating was used to check the cell constants as a function of temperature. The identical Pd rods, 5.9 mm in dia. and 47 mm exposed lengths, were pretreated in molten NaOH; the electrolytes w ere purified by preelectrolysis with Pt cathodes. It was noted here that the heavy water electrolyte (0.1 M LiOD) was markedly more viscous than the light electrolyte (0.1 M LiOH). Mechanical stirring, beyond the bubbles generated, wa s provided, and it was found that the bubbles alone were not adequate. The cell constants were temperature dependent. The volumes of evolved gases were as expected from the electrolysis current. Currents of 0.6A, 0.8A, 1 A and finally 1.3 A were applied for respectively 98 h, 13 h, 16.5 h and (21+72) h. No recombination was found to take place, and no excess heat outside the error limits of about 5% was found. The authors conclude that in the FPALH-90 paper, ther e was insufficient stirring and that it is important to know the cell constant, as a function of temperature. --- paper end --- --- paper start --- Paper 17 / 40 ID = Arat1993, author = Y. Arata and Y.~C. Zhang title = Excess heat in a double structure deuterated cathode keywords = Experimental, complex cathode, palladium, electrolysis, heat, pressure, res+ annote = "A new type cathode, a double structure cathode which contained another Pd inside a Pd-rod was developed. Us ing the new cathode, remarkable excess heat larger than the input energy was observed consistently after a certain in cubation period". (Cited directly from the English abstract). There are some Figures showing excess heat, and a pictu re of a double structure, with pressures of H and D marked, as well as the Nernst equation, noting pressures up to 50 00 atm. One cathode apparently deformed explosively after prolonged electrolysis. --- paper end --- --- paper start --- Paper 18 / 40 ID = Arat1999a, author = Y. Arata and Y.~C. Zhang title = Definitive difference between [DS-D2O] and [Bulk-D2O] cells in 'deuterium-reaction' keywords = Experimental, electrolysis, excess heat, helium, res+ annote = Here, the old faithful DS (double structure) cathode is compared with a solid one, both electrolysed in D2O and the cells in series with the same DC source. The DS cell showed intense "excess energy" and "helium" (authors' qu ote marks) but the solid cathode only with difficulty. --- paper end --- --- paper start --- Paper 19 / 40 ID = Chat1990, author = L. Chatterjee title = Could spectator electrons legalize cold fusion? keywords = Theory, res+ annote = An interesting introductory phrase: "The origin of the phenomenon is not understood, so theoretical adventur es may be hazardous until the experimenters reach a concensus". Still, C explores a possible avenue; that of spectato r (conduction) electrons somehow enhancing one of the two fusion branches, which might explain "excess tritium" produ ction in some experiments. Theory seems to support this idea; the electrons drain away some of the energy from the fu sion vertex, skewing the branching ratio markedly. --- paper end --- --- paper start --- Paper 20 / 40 ID = Clar1992, author = B.~W. Clarke and R.~M. Clarke title = Search for (3)H, (3)He, and (4)He in D2-loaded titanium keywords = Experimental, Ti sponge, gas phase, helium, tritium, res- annote = A very careful experiment, using titanium sponge and D2 gas. The D2 was prepared from heavy water that had b een stored since 1946 and was therefore exceptionally low in tritium contamination (T/D was measured as 1.800E-15). A very sensitive mass spectrometer was used to determine He and tritium; sensitivity to (3)He and (4)He was 2E04 and 4 E09 atoms, respectively. The Ti samples were outgassed at various temperatures and found to contain at most 3E03 and 3E09 atoms of the two resp. He isotopes. The D2 gas was passed over the Ti sponge to be absorbed, to form TiD. The g as was then driven off at 900 degC and reabsorbed further down the flow line; this sort of transfer was repeated many times, going to D/Ti ratios up to 2, and using D2 as well as H2 gas, and mixtures thereof. Each time, the (3)He and (4)He levels evolved were measured. There appeared to be a release of these gases but careful accounting showed that it was all due to the He initially present in the metal, so cold fusion did not need to be invoked. An upper limit on the fusion rate of 1.4E-21 fusions/d-d pair/s was calculated and said to be in reasonable agreement with the Jones+ results. Tritium measurements showed an apparent excess of 9E07 atoms; of four possible sources of tritium contaminat ion, two could not be ruled out and thus the figure gives an upper fusion rate limit of 1.6E-19 f/pair/s. The paper e nds with a long discussion of origin of He and T contamination. --- paper end --- --- paper start --- Paper 21 / 40 ID = Clar2001a, author = B. Clarke title = Search for 3He and 4He in Arata-style palladium cathodes I: a negtive result keywords = Experimental, post-mortem, helium, MS, res- annote = The author was supplied with some samples of Pd black that had been inside the double cell of Arata \& Zhang ; three samples had yielded excess heat while a fourth had not. Clarke examined these for 3He and 4He, using a mass s pectrometer with a greater resolution than that of A\&Z. The samples were folded into Al foil and both the Al and (mo st of) the Pd were evaporated by a tungsten heating coil at 2300 K. The amounts of helium detected were less by many orders of magnitude that those claimd by A\&Z, but the Al blanks gave off some 3He, whose origin is not clear. --- paper end --- --- paper start --- Paper 22 / 40 ID = Horo1991, author = C.~J. Horowitz title = Cold nuclear fusion in dense metallic hydrogen keywords = Remark, astronomical connection annote = H writes that the extreme conditions required to overcome the fusion barrier, although impossible to realise in the laboratory, might have astrophysical relevance; in particular, cold fusion might explain excess heat from Jup iter. Fractofusion is also mentioned, and the possibility that low level cold fusion takes place inside the Earth, p roducing tritium and (3)He, as suggested by some (I am not sure anyone has found T). Finally, a pp fusion rate in the Sun, greater than expected, might explain the solar neutrino puzzle. H calculates cnf rates in dense metallic hydrog en, possibly existing within Jupiter, at a density of 4-5 g/cm$^3$. At high densities, the electrons degenerate to a Fermi gas. Numerical integration of the Schroedinger equation yields expected fusion rates (i.e. pp and dp; dd is not likely, with the small d-content of H) that, under certain conditions, such as high density could account for Jupite r's heat; unfortunately, Jupiter is not large enough to provide such densities. But wait: maybe other enhancement fa ctors can be found. One avenue is the fairly high temperature (1-5 eV), making the hydrogen liquid. This leads to hig her rates at realistic densities, though still not enough. There are still unexplored factors such as fluctuations, c ollective effects and phase transitions. If only Jupiter were a brown dwarf. An Appendix shows how to do a numerical Runge-Kutta integration of the Schroedinger equation. --- paper end --- --- paper start --- Paper 23 / 40 ID = Kriv2013a, author = S. B. Krivit title = {Nuclear phenomena in low-energy nuclear reaction research} keywords = [](0x0) annote = "Abstract This is a comment on Storms E (2010) Status of Cold Fusion, Naturwissenschaften 9 7:861-881. This comment provides the following remarks to other nuclear phenomena o bserved in low-energy nuclear reactions aside from helium-4 make significant contributions to the ov erall energy balance; and normal hydrogen, not just heavy hydrogen, produces excess heat." --- paper end --- --- paper start --- Paper 24 / 40 ID = Mand1995, author = C. Manduchi and S. Salviato and C. Ciricillo and E. Milli and G. Zannoni and G. Mengoli and M. Fabrizio title = Electric-field effects on the neutron emission from Pd deuteride samples keywords = Experimental, Pd, gas phase loading, neutrons, deuteron drift, res+ annote = The paper starts by noting that if one separates claims of excess heat and those of nuclear emissions into t wo different causes, conflicts disappear. In the present work, they examine the effect of electric current going thr ough Pd sheets as they are loaded with deuterium from D2 gas, on the neutron emission. Alternatively, kV electrostati c fields were applied around the samples. Pd foils of up to 0.1 mm and various sizes were exposed to various D2 press ures while passing currents in the range 200- 800 mA through them. Loading was monitored by simultaneous measurement of the foil resistances; loadings up to about 0.7 were inferred (results appear somewhat rough, as resistance ratios of 2 were measured, whereas a maximum of 1.8 is known; abstractor's remark). Neutrons were detected using NE213 scin tillator, previously described, as well as a time- of-flight one in later runs. Neutron emission rates vs time, for t he active runs, were significantly higher, and more irregular, than the low and steady counts of the background. This was both for currents and external fields. The authors remark that loading levels were not important, but deuteron drift was. --- paper end --- --- paper start --- Paper 25 / 40 ID = Maye1991c, author = F.~J. Mayer title = Comments on 'Excess heat production by the electrolysis of an aqueous potassium carbonate electr olyte and the implications for cold fusion' keywords = Polemic annote = FJM comments critically on Mills and Kneizys' paper in ibid 20 (1991) 65. He sets aside the doubtful "theor y" (FJM's quote marks) of the authors, but points out an alternative explanation of the excess heat. This is the effe ct on the electrolyte conductivity of the radioactive decay of (40)K present in all potassium salts. If the conductiv ity changes, the calorimetry calibration may be wrong. There is no such effect with Na, which accounts for the lack o f excess heat with sodium carbonate (M\&K's control), whereas with Rb there is the effect (from the (87)Rb), again co nsistent with M\&K's paper. Mayer suggests the use of Lu, which also has a radioactive isotope but may not fit with t he M\&K theory. Finally, in normal cold fusion calorimetry, the production of tritium may also have this effect on co nductivity and should be watched for. --- paper end --- --- paper start --- Paper 26 / 40 ID = Meng1998a, author = G. Mengoli and M. Bernardini and C. Manducchi and G. Zannoni title = Anomalous heat effects correlated with electrochemical hydriding of nickel keywords = Experimental, electrolysis, light water, Ni, excess heat, res+ annote = This is a confirmation of CNF in the Ni/light water system, but the Mills theory is rejected (a good brief h istory is provided). The authors note that this system shows better reproducibility than F\&P-type heavy water system s but the Mills' theory is refuted by experiments of Piantelli where no alkali metal ions were involved. They first l ooked at hydriding of sintered and solid Ni, and found better loading in sintered Ni; this was used thereafter. The electrolyte was potassium carbonate, as well as sodium carbonate (according to Mills, not conducive to CNF; both work ed). A single thermometer was used to measure the cell temperature. Evaporated water was refluxed back into the cell and mixing was assured by means of a constant influx of nitrogen bubbles. Both isothermal and non-isothermal calorim etry was used, at three working bath temperatures: 50C, 80C and 99C. Significant (up to 20-30 sigma) excess heat was found, increasing with temperature; but no blank controls were possible. Some (few) runs failed, producing no excess heat; in these, the cathodes were either preoxidised, or organic impurities had been in these cells. Thus, surface t reatment is important. There was a marked after-effect, i.e. excess heat after current cut-off. --- paper end --- --- paper start --- Paper 27 / 40 ID = Mile1990b, author = M.~H. Miles and K.~H. Park and D.~E. Stilwell title = Electrochemical calorimetric evidence for cold fusion in the palladium-deuterium system keywords = Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, calorimetry, res+ annote = Measured excess heat during electrolysis at Pd in 0.1 M LiOD; at the same time, radiation levels were (crude ly) monitored near the cell (nothing was found). There were control electrolyses with light water cells. The calorime try consisted of a prior calibration using electrical heating, and thermistors in a water jacket around the cell. Thu s, temperature in this jacket could be related to the amount of heat given off inside the cells. Excess heat was cal culated by simple subtraction of the thermoneutral potential from the total cell voltage. Averaging over 11-33 days, several cells containing heavy water showed a mean excess heat of 4-17\%, with error limits, in some cases, below the se levels. The light water control runs showed no excess heat. As no recombination was used, periodic water additions were required, and contributed to temperature fluctuations. However, some excess heat excursions are clearly uncorre lated with such additions. --- paper end --- --- paper start --- Paper 28 / 40 ID = Park1993, author = A.~E. Park title = Some thoughts on a simple mechanism for the 2H + 2H --> 4He cold fusion reaction keywords = Discussion, suggestion annote = Six references are cited as evidence for 4He production correlated with excess heat; thus, the reaction d + d --> 4He must be the one. The author calls it the compressed-rotational-shielded (CRS) cold fusion reaction. It has not been proven not to take place in the cold fusion environment. At one stage of this reaction, two d nuclei are bro ught close together by momentum, compression and internal ground-state rotations in the presence of an excess of elec trons at the Pd surface; e.g. in the presence of a magnetic field. An alternative stage might be the attraction of th e two neutrons to each other. The second stage is then the formation of the excited 4He. Other mechanisms are possib le. The essence of this seems to be the formation of pn-np pairs by Coulomb repulsion and compression. In the final s tage, the excited 4He comes to rest, releasing its energy to photons. Some suggestions are made for experimentally en hancing this mechanism. --- paper end --- --- paper start --- Paper 29 / 40 ID = Russ1991a, author = J. L. {Russell Jr} title = Virtual electron capture in deuterium keywords = Theory, discussion annote = Russell has previously suggested that cold fusion could be due to dineutron formation in deuterons, by elect ron capture by the nucleus. In this paper, he has a more detailed look at the scenario, which can explain how the Cou lomb barrier is overcome (it isn't there), why tritium is produced (is it?) and the excess heat. A neutrino is releas ed upon dineutron formation, and the dineutron, during its short life (aye, there's the rub) might capture a nearby n ucleus. Can this work? Weak interaction theory, the Schroedinger equation and a cloudy crystal ball show that the din eutron formation rate and lifetime are well within the range required for cold fusion. Remarkably, this range is narr ow; if the lifetime were one order of magnitude smaller, no cold fusion would be observed; if it was one order of mag nitude larger, it would would have been seen long ago. --- paper end --- --- paper start --- Paper 30 / 40 ID = Scot1990a, author = C.~D. Scott and J.~E. Mrochek and T.~C. Scott and G.~E. Michaels and E. Newman and M. Petek title = Measurement of excess heat and apparent coincident increases in the neutron and gamma-ray count rates during the electrolysis of heavy water keywords = Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, excess heat, neutrons, gammas, res+ annote = Excess power, at a level of 5-10\%, was found for periods of many hours. In one case, neutron excursions abo ve background was correlated with excess heat. The team used a cooling jacket calorimeter, with and without recombin ation of D2 and O2. A single NE-213 neutron detector, with gamma-ray correction, was used and had a background corres ponding to a fusion rate of $3 \times 10^{-24}$ fusions/s/pair. Gamma emission was also detected, by a NaI device, at somewhat lower sensitivity. Tritium analysis was performed on aliquots taken from the electrolyte at intervals. Cell temperatures were usually around 28-38 degC, with some controlled excursions to higher and lower temperatures impose d. In the closed (recombining) system, the calorimetry calculation is simple: applied power versus measured power fr om the cooling flow. Both the open and closed systems showed bursts of heat excess at 5-10\%, well outside the claime d experimental error, with the open cell being more consistent. Changes in the current density did not affect the exc ess heat (this implies that the deuterium loading did not change markedly with current). In the closed cell run, ther e were small but significant emissions of neutrons and gammas, the latter at unexpected energies, indicating a possib le neutron-proton interaction. Tritium production could not be shown. The authors conclude that they have consistent excess heat, out of proportion with neutron and gamma which were small but definite. Low cell temperatures, meaning h igher deuterium loadings, are favourable. --- paper end --- --- paper start --- Paper 31 / 40 ID = Stil1990, author = D.~E. Stilwell and K.~H. Park and M.~H. Miles title = Electrochemical calorimetric studies on the electrolysis of water and heavy water (D2O) keywords = Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, excess heat, res- annote = This paper reports excess heat, which was correlated in another paper with He. Two kinds of calorimetric cel ls were used. In one (type A), the temperature was measured directly inside the cell; in the other (type B), the cell heated up a bath surrounding it, and the temp. was measured there. Both were without recombination, which was in fac t minimised. For the excess heat calculation, the power going into water electrolysis (current * thermoneutral potent ial) was subtracted. The cells were operated at 13-37 degC above room temp. For type A cells, both light and heavy wa ter appeared to give about 7\% excess heat, so something was wrong here. Type B cells showed no excess heat. The con clusion is that these experiments do not support cold fusion, and that calorimetry with type A cells is not easy. Not e that in a (presumably) later paper, the same authors find excess heat, using shorter, thicker, cathodes than here ( Miles et al, J. Electroanal. Chem. 296 (1990) 241) and still later, they report helium and radiation (J. Electroanal. Chem. 304 (1991) 271). --- paper end --- --- paper start --- Paper 32 / 40 ID = Yun1991, author = K.~S. Yun and J.~B. Ju and B.~W. Cho and W.~I. Cho and S.~Y. Park title = Calorimetric observation of heat production during electrolysis of 0.1 M LiOD + D2O solution keywords = Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, heat, res0 annote = An apparently carefully done series of experiments with electrolysis at two kinds of Pd electrodes: as suppl ied and annealed at 800 degC in vacuum or in D2 gas. Both kinds gave essentially the same results. The calorimeters w ere open and closed, with and without recombination and with small temperature rises in the electrolytes. At a rate o f about 4-5 experiments out of 20, excess heat bursts were observed at times, going up to over 20\%. This level canno t be accounted for as chemical artifacts, given the calorimeters' accuracy (about 2\%). The authors draw no strong nu clear conclusions, however, noting that more experiments, particularly correlated heat and emission events are needed for this. --- paper end --- --- paper start --- Paper 33 / 40 ID = Zhan1995a, author = Q. Zhang and Q. Gou and Z. Zhu and J. Luo and F. Liu and J. Sun and B. Miao and A. Ye and X. Ch eng title = The excess heat experiments on cold fusion in titanium lattice keywords = Experimental, electrolysis, Ti rod, heavy water, excess heat, res+ annote = Electrolysis experiment, using 0.1 M NaOD (or NaOH) in heavy and light water, and a Ti rod, 2 mm diameter (l ength not stated but apparently several cm) as cathode. Two thermocouples monitored the Ti rod's temp., two more that in the electrolyte. 250 mA/cm$^2$ was run through the cell, and the electrolyte was topped up with 1 ml D2O every 2 h. After 10 days in a mix of 10\% H2O, 90\% D2O, the temperatures were steady. After cutting up the Ti rod, it was fo und to have absorbed much more hydrogen than deuterium. The same experiment in pure D2O showed a remarkable temperatu re rise of the Ti rod, a larger rod (12 mm diameter, described earlier by Gou, Zhu \& Zhang 1990) much more (24 C) th an the 2 mm rod (1.5 C). Surface sweep electron microscopy of the Ti afterward showed that the Ti had become brittle. Also, surface hardness increased after the excess heat events, due to temp. increase. From x-ray diffraction, the au thors are sure that the Ti surface structure changed due to excess heat, but more work is really needed. --- paper end --- --- paper start --- Paper 34 / 40 ID = Anta1993, author = R. Antanasijevic and I. Lakicevic and Z. Maric and D. Zevic and A. Zaric and J.~P. Vigier title = Preliminary observations on possible implications of new Bohr orbits (resulting from electromagn etic spin-spin and spin-orbit coupling) in 'cold' quantum mechanical fusion processes appea ring in strong 'plasma focus' and 'capillary fusion' experiments keywords = Theory, spin-spin, res+ annote = After 1989, there was some disillusionment with cold fusion, because the phenomenon could not be reproduced, and no satisfactory model was proposed. At Nagoya, new evidence appeared which changes the picture: excess heat is c onfirmed, and ash has been found, although not in sufficient amounts. The nuclear processes may not be due to the sam e process yielding the heat. This may instead come from new (hitherto neglected) spin-spin and spin-orbit couplings a ppearing under special conditions. The nuclear ash may be due to large effective electron masses; and this leads to m agnetic effects from the splitting of currents in capillaries. All this suggests an experiment, reported in this pape r. Both plasma focus PF and capillary fusion CF were tried. For PF, energies up to 40 kJ, with potentials up to 40 kV were applied, with Pd foils mounted on one electrode. For CF, materials used were LiOD, D2O, deuterated ferrocyanide , deuterated Pd powder and Pd. Neutron busts were measured with a large NE232 liquid scintillation tank and 12 photom ultipliers around it. Neutron yields smaller than 1000/pulse were obtained in these preliminary experiments; higher i nput energies may be needed. --- paper end --- --- paper start --- Paper 35 / 40 ID = Arat1995c, author = Y. Arata and Y.~C. Zhang title = Peculiar relation between hot plasma fusion and solid-state plasma fusion ("cold fusion") keywords = Experimental, theory, deuteron clusters, excess heat, res+, no FPH/Jones refs annote = This continues the authors' report on their results of excess heat with time in a long-term electrolyses, no w extended to 3500 and 4000 h respectively. Excess heat events continue to occur, and the authors' lattice quake the ory is reiterated. There is also some discussion on similarities and differences between solid state plasma, and gase ous plasma, fusion. --- paper end --- --- paper start --- Paper 36 / 40 ID = Arat1995d, author = Y. Arata and Y.~C. Zhang title = Achievement of solid-state plasma fusion ("cold fusion") keywords = Experimental, gas phase Pd, D2, mass spec, helium, excess heat, no FPH or Jones refs, res+ annote = This pair of authors has been producing a steady stream of papers, using their Pd powder in a Pd bottle, and D2 gas, and producing excess heat. They now add a high-resolution mass spectrometer. They repeatedly scan for masses between 3.95 to 4.05, and find a distinct 4He peak at 4.00260 appearing next to that for D2, 4.02820, under those co nditions where they see excess heat and claim cold fusion. No 3He or tritium was detected. There are controls, and th e He appears only when heating the Pd sufficiently, indicating that it is produced within the metal. --- paper end --- --- paper start --- Paper 37 / 40 ID = DeNi2008, author = A. {De Ninno} and E. {Del Giudice} and A. Fratolillo title = Excess heat and calorimetric calculation: evidence of coherent nuclear reactions in condensed m atter keywords = [](0x0) annote = Experimental. The paper starts with some theory based on QED and the M{\"o}ssbauer effect, which can explain the helium and heat observations. In the Pd lattice, fusion goes via a different route than in a plasma. The authors ' own experiments and those of others produce results that support the theory, and lead to further work. --- paper end --- --- paper start --- Paper 38 / 40 ID = Mizu2000, author = T. Mizuno and T. Ohmori and T. Akimoto and A. Takahashi title = Production of heat during plasma electrolysis in liquid keywords = Experimental, electrolysis, W, calorimetry, high currents, res+ annote = This is a high-voltage electrolysis setup, using a W (tungsten) cathode (5*10mm foil) and Pt anode in K2CO3 electrolyte. All metals and salt were checked for impurities, and these noted. Currents as high as 6 A/cm$^2$ and cel l voltages up to 200V were used. Current decreased at constant voltage as the cells boiled. Excess heat was found, to o large to be due to chemical reactions in the cell. The rectangular W foils were partly eroded to a rounded shape. --- paper end --- --- paper start --- Paper 39 / 40 ID = Ohmo2000b, author = T. Ohmori title = Recent development in solid state nuclear transmutation occurring by the electrolysis keywords = Review or progress report, transmutation, res+, no FPH/Jones refs. annote = Ohmori describes once again his plasma electrolysis, in which large currents or voltages are applied, so tha t there is a plasma film generated at the electrodes. There are colour pictures of the resulting light emission at a tungsten cathode under these conditions. Both excess heat and a number of de novo elements (isotopes) are produced. T he transmutation reactions lead to surface features such as craters and lines. --- paper end --- --- paper start --- Paper 40 / 40 ID = Phil2004, author = J. Phillips and R. L. Mills and X. Chen title = Water bath calorimetric study of excess heat generation in ``resonant transfer'' plasmas keywords = plasma heating; plasma density; plasma production; plasma chemistry; calorimetry, res+ annote = This time the Mills team led various gases, some of which contained hydrogen and some (controls) did not, i nto a microwave heated chamber and heated them. The heat went into a surrounding water bath. The gases containing h ydrogen emitted up to 50\% more heat then the controls, corresponding to reactions up to 150 eV per hydrogen atom, c onfirming the Mills fractional ground state model. This requires a catalyst, some species present that can absorb t he energy given off by hydrogen as it drops into a below-ground state, but the paper does not mention what was used. --- paper end --- >>