"Update" New report by Alexander Parkhomov

The study analogue high-temperature heat generator Rossi
Parkhomov Alexander G.

High-temperature reactor Rossi

The internal structure of the reactor The author does not disclose.
Appearance - cylinder Al based ceramics
2 cm diameter, length 20 cm

protrusions improvers

convective heat transfer.

On both sides of this cylinder ends with two Round tip of the same diameter ceramic 4 cm 4 cm.
On the tip are the conclusions of the three heaters heat-resistant alloy "Inconel".

In one of the ferrules has a hole diameter of 4 mm. Through this hole being downloaded fuel.
Once loaded into the ceramic plug is inserted into the hole in which mounted thermocouple probe hole is sealed aluminous cement

Increasing the power to the heating continued until the average surface temperature of the reactor is not reached in 1260 about C in heater power consumption of 810 watts. Operation in this mode lasted almost 10 days. After that, the power was raised up to 900 watts. As a result, within a few minutes the reactor temperature increased to 1400 about C.
Further work took place at about the power of electric heating 900 W up to a pre-scheduled time off (32 days after the reactor fuel).
Increasing the power to the heating continued until the average surface temperature of the reactor is not reached in 1260 about From when the heater power consumption of 810 watts. Work in this regime lasted almost 10 days. Thereafter, power was raised to 900 watts. As a result, for several minutes, the temperature reactor increased up to 1400 about C.

In the first stage for 23 hours the reactor was operated without fuel, which made calibration measurements. After This fuel was loaded weight of about 1 g, which has the form fine powder, and incorporated gradually rising heat.

Rossi reactor during the test On each side are three ceramic tube with wires on which brings the power required for the preliminary heating the reactor.

Determination of the heat capacity, produced by the reactor Detailed description of the ways to solve this problem of determining of the heat produced in the statement given special attention.
Produced power was determined by measuring the temperature surface using a thermal reactor, and based on this base energy loss due to radiation and convection. To achieve this method had special calibration measurements reactor without fuel heated by electric current.
Calculations are made for 16 annular zones for consecutive two-second slots

The results of measurements and calculations of experts, Observe the operation of the reactor Rossi Averaged over 2 day power consumed reactor electricity (Top) power heat reactor over consumed electricity (in middle) power ratio total heat to capacities consumed electricity (Bottom).
Registered excess heat on electricity consumption by 3.2 times at 1250 about C and 3.6 times in at 1400 about S.

Page 7
Analyses led to the following conclusion.
Initial fuel mainly composed of nickel powder as a granule size of several microns, having a natural isotopic composition. In addition to nickel, an admixture of the fuel is detected Li, Al, Fe, and H. The ratio of content of Al and Li corresponds lithium aluminum hydride molecule Li [AlH4].
Detect the presence of O and C. The analysis showed the presence of mind, but did not notice the presence of deuterium. Number of most of the elements essential differs in different granules.
Spent fuel pellets has a different type than fuel original. Elemental and isotopic composition of the granules is different, so do not However, it is obvious that the isotopic composition of Li and Ni in the exhaust fuel is radically different from the measured isotopic composition starting fuel.

Page 8
The isotopic composition of lithium and nickel in the source and spent fuel (%), Measured by ToF-SIMS and ICP-MS, as well as natural isotope ratio of these elements.

1. The ratio of the isotopes of lithium and nickel in the fuel source is practically differs from the natural.
2. In the spent fuel has significantly increased the relative content 6Li and decreased content 7Li.
3. In the spent fuel greatly reduce the content of all the isotopes nickel, except 62Ni. The content of the isotope increased from 3.6% to 99%.

Page 9
What's inside the reactor at high Rossi temperature.
When heated, the decomposition of lithium aluminum hydride.
At temperatures characteristic of the working reactor Rossi Nickel mixed with molten aluminum and lithium is in medium hydrogen and lithium vapor. Balance air reacts with hydrogen, lithium and aluminum, forms a small impurity nitrogen and ammonia, and oxides and nitrides of lithium and aluminum.

Page 10
Based on the foregoing, it can be assumed that high-temperature reactor Rossi, in fact, just sealed heat-resistant ceramic cement tube in which the nickel powder LAH addition of about 10% by weight. To initiation of the process tube to be heated to temperature 1200 - 1400 about S.
If this assumption is true, to create analogue Rossi reactor, it is necessary to create a device withstand high pressures at high temperature inside the powder mixture comprising nickel and lithium aluminum hydride. This problem Rossi decided ingeniously simple, without the traditional bolts flanges and seals.

Page 11
The design of the reactor For the manufacture of reactors used tubes
Al ceramics length 120 mm an outer diameter of 10 mm and an inner diameter of 5 mm.
Wound on the tube electric heaters. Inside the tube is 1 g Powder Ni + 10% Li [Al H4].
On the outer surface tube contacts thermocouple.
The ends of the tube are sealed heat-resistant cement.
Likewise coated cement the entire surface of the reactor.
Photo of the reactor, prepared for the experiment

Page 12
Measurement of heat released

The reactor is closed metal vessel.
This vessel is immersed.
When the water boils part of its leaves as a vapor.
By measuring the decrease of water, the well-known the value of the heat of vaporization it is easy to calculate the separated heat.
Correction for heat loss through the insulation can be calculated as cooling rate after shutdown reactor.
Used by experts at verification technique for reactor Rossi based on thermal readings too complex.
In this experiment used technique based on the number of boiled out of water. This technique worked out and repeatedly tested in various experiments

Page 13
View of the calorimeter with the cover removed The inner vessel with reactor covered massive cover.
He is immersed in water,
poured into the outer
vessel.
Cylindrical
thermal insulation
covered
The foam cap
where
set counter
Geiger.
Page 14
During operation of the reactor
Remove the cover from the thermal insulation and the vessel reactor
Page 15
Reactor thermal insulation of corundum
powder
The reactor was buried in corundum powder is poured into a metal
trough. This allows 2-3 times to reduce power
necessary to heat the reactor. But work in this mode
less stable than in the case of the "bare" reactor.
Page 16
Complex equipment
From left to right top: thermocouple amplifier with a power regulator,
Computer recorder, a computer to record the temperature and speed
account Geiger counter, a device measuring the counting rate Geiger counter.
From left to right below: ammeter, power supply reactor, voltmeter,
electronic meters "Mercury", switch power supply.
Page 17
Supply and control system
power consumption.
In the first experiments the electricity to heat the reactor was taken
directly from the mains using thyristor
regulator.
Later used changing transformer
windings. Switching both manual and automatic with
using the controller, the control signals of the thermocouple.
This allows you to provide continuous operation of the reactor at
given temperatures, which increases stability of
reactor.
To measure the electricity consumption used
electrometer "Mercury -201", allowing you to transfer
information on the computer, as well as a voltmeter and an ammeter.
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Control the level of radiation
To measure the activity of indium
used two Geiger counter.
The pulses from the counter register
special computer. Furthermore,
the computer registers the pulses
from the counter to the reactor and
meter.
Top - Geiger C-8B
Side - DC-02 dosimeter
For the detection of neutrons
plate used indium
immersed in water calorimeter.
Page 19
Temperature change in the heating process.
Experiment 20/12/2014
The power supplied to the heater stepwise varied from 25 to 500 watts.
Tysyachegradusny level was overcome after 5 hours of heating.
On the same diagram shows the count rate Geiger counter SI-8B. This counter
responsive to alpha, beta, gamma and X-rays. It is seen that all
During heating, the radiation situation is not very different from the background.
Dosimeter DK-02 is not found during the experiment set dose
within the measurement error (5 MP)
A marked activation of indium is not detected
Page 20
There is shown in more detail in the temperature change of the heating power
300, 400 and 500 watts. It can be noted that for the same heat output
there is a gradual increase in temperature, particularly strong in the last
site.
At the end of the site with the highest temperature is the temperature
oscillations. This section ends with the termination of electric heating as a result of
Heater burnout. Thereafter, at the temperature for 8 minutes
kept at nearly 1,200
about
C, and then begins to fall sharply. Is This
indicates that in the reactor at this time heat is produced at
kilowatt without any electric heating.
Thus, heat generated from the already seen that the reactor is capable of generating
a lot of heat in excess of electric heating.
Page 21
Determination of the extracted heat
and coefficient of thermal
by the experiment 12/20/2014
At temperatures of 1150
about
C and 1200 -1300
about
With the heat of the reactor
greatly exceeds the energy consumed. During his time at
These conditions (90 minutes) of electricity consumed in excess
produced about 3 MJ or 0.83 kilowatt-hours of energy.
Settlements
made for
three modes
with
temperature
about 1000
about
C
about 1150
about
And C
1200 - 1300
about
From
Page 22
The tables show
results in
the experiments.
In addition to the experiments with
reactors loaded
a mixture of Ni + Li [AlH
4
], Carried out
experiments with models of the reactor
without fuel.
In cases with models
reactor, as well as with
reactors with fuel
a temperature below 1000
about
C
the ratio of the released
heat to
absorbed power
close to 1.
Significant excess heat evolved over
absorbed power was observed only in reactors
fuel at temperatures of about 1100
about
C and above.
Page 23
Local overheating resulting in destruction
reactor.
The main problem -
short-term work
reactors associated with
destruction
cause local
overheating.
The problem of uncontrolled local overheating
Page 24
Page 25
Findings
Experiments with the analog high-
heat generator Rossi, loaded with a mixture of
lithium aluminum hydride and nickel, showed that
temperatures of about 1100
about
C or higher
This device does produce
more energy than it consumes.
The level of ionizing radiation during
the reactor is not significantly higher than background
indicators. Neutron flux density not higher
0.2 neutrons / cm
2
wi