me356: Reactor parameters [part 1]

    "Donor#356" has provided some interesting feedback to MFMP, to Robert Greenyer, in his 5/2/16 post #346 that you can read via quantumheat.org, right hand side Cookbook link, down at the very bottom in the comments section.


    Related, in the video ME356 provided of the pre- and post-ignition appearance of one of his reactors has anyone else noted the physical "shudder" at the moment just before the visible excess heat begins? Is that from the reactor itself, or hint of some triggering event, I wonder?

    Rob.... the video link was from an E-Cat World post, which you can find via a google search for "me365 LENR video".


    Here is the video's link, and it is quite interesting:


    Note of Admin: Link removed because it has been replaced with spam since originally posted and no alternative link seems to be available at this time


    me365's reactor is up near the top edge to the left of midline.... it will be evident, and the excess heat will be seen extending in the smaller tube to the right of the main reactor body. The reactor itself becomes brighter over this time. The shudder I mention is also evident just before the increase in intensity and extension rightward. This physical event might represent injection of whatever disruptive trigger is used to initiate the reaction.... it would be interesting to hear from me365 about that. Trigger indicator, or response by the reactor to initiation of the event?


    I'm not sure if Robert knows yet that he has the Donor#365 communication..... someone may wish to send him an email.

    Quote from Peter Ekstrom

    Why would the light absorption of deuterium be different from that of protium? The wavelengths are almost the same:


    which gives a wavelength difference of about 1 part in 1000.


    PART 1
    It is true that an Arc lamps made with ordinary light-hydrogen (hydrogen-1) provide a very similar UV spectrum to deuterium, and have been used in UV spectroscopes. However, lamps using deuterium have a longer life span and an emissivity (intensity) at the far end of their UV range which is three to five times that of an ordinary hydrogen arc bulb, at the same temperature. Deuterium arc lamps, therefore, despite being several times more expensive, are considered a superior light source to light-hydrogen arc lamps, for the shortwave UV range.


    The emission spectrum of deuterium differs slightly from that of protium due to the influence of hyperfine interactions, though these effects alter the wavelength of the lines by mere fractions of a nanometer and are too fine to be discerned by the spectrometer. Deuterium is used rather than hydrogen because of its greater intensity of UV emission in the molecular band.


    http://arxiv.org/pdf/1302.5234v2.pdf


    There is also the infuence of the Quadrupole transitions in the bound rotational-vibrational spectrum of the deuterium molecular ion.

    Part 2


    Why is this enhanced XUV performance important in very high temperature LENR?


    There are three important parameters that must be compatible in setting up the LENR reaction as follows: the optical behavior of the metal substrate, the optical behavior of the envelope, and the black body frequency of the driving optical pumping force.


    Polaritons are formed inside an optical box where the floor of the box is the metal of the microparticle, the top of the box is the envelope that covers the metal and the pumping frequency is the operating temperature of the reactor.


    In a reactor designed to operate in the infrared blackbody temperature range, Protium is optically better to use as an envelop substance than deuterium because Protium is lighter than deuterium.


    In more detail, The inviting blue of a mountain lake or a sea is unique in nature, in that it is caused by vibrational transitions involving hydrogen bonding.


    Why is water blue?



    Water’s intrinsically blue color is easy to see when the water is sufficiently deep, such as in the Caribbean and Mediterranean Seas, and in Colorado mountain lakes. Pure water and ice have a pale blue color, which is most noticeable at tropical white-sand beaches or in ice caves in glaciers. (Green colors are usually derived from algae.) The blueness of the water is neither due to light scattering (which gives the sky its blue color) nor dissolved impurities (such as copper). Because the absorption that gives water its color is in the red end of the visible spectrum, one sees blue, the complementary color of orange, when observing light that has passed through several meters of water. Snow and ice has the same intense blue color, scattered back from deep holes in fresh snow.


    Blue water is the only known example of a natural color caused by vibrational transitions. In most other cases, color is caused by the interaction of photons of light with electrons. Some of these mechanisms are resonant interactions, such as absorption, emission, and selective reflection. Others are non-resonant, including Rayleigh scattering, interference, diffraction, and refraction. Unlike with water, these mechanisms rely primarily on the interaction of photons with electrons.


    The bent water molecule H2O in the free state has three fundamental vibrations. It is helpful to think of metal spheres fixed on strong springs in visualizing these vibrations. The three normal modes are: (a) the symmetrical stretch, (b) the symmetrical bend, and (c) the antisymmetrical bend.



    The faint blue color of water is seen in this photo. Here, you look upwards through 3-meter long sealed aluminum tubes filled with purified water. On the left, the faintly bluish tube contains regular (light) water, and at right, the clear tube is empty.


    Why vibrational?


    Water owes its blueness to selective absorption in the red portion of its visible spectrum. The absorbed photons promote transitions to high overtone and combination states of the nuclear motions of the molecule, i.e. to highly excited vibrations. We know molecular vibrations color water because "heavy" water (which is chemically the same as regular water, but with the two hydrogen atoms replaced with deuterium atoms - an isotope of hydrogen with one extra neutron that makes "heavy" water about 10% heavier) has a similar absorption curve, shifted to higher wavelengths outside of the visible spectrum of light. Heavy water is thus colorless.



    These graphs illustrate why water (H2O) is blue, while "heavy" water (D2O) is colorless. The graph gives the visible and near-IR spectrum of H2O and D2O at room temperature. The absorption below 700 nm in wavelength contributes to the color of water (the blue graph). This absorption consists of the short wavelength tail of a band centered at 760 nm, and two weaker bands at 660 nm and 605 nm. The vibrational origin of this visible absorption of H2O is demonstrated by comparison with the spectrum of heavy water, D2O (the gray graph). Heavy water is chemically the same as regular (light) water, but with the two hydrogen atoms (as in H2O) replaced with deuterium atoms (deuterium is an isotope of hydrogen with one extra neutron - the extra neutron that makes "heavy" water about 10% heavier). Heavy water is colorless because all of its corresponding vibrational transitions are shifted to lower energy (higher wavelength) by the increase in isotope mass. For example, the H2O band at 760 nm (the red end of the spectrum) is shifted to approximately 1000 nm in D2O. This is outside the spectrum of visible light, so heavy water has no color.


    Overtones (also called harmonics) are secondary vibrations of the string, with wavelengths in integer ratios to the fundamental note.

    PART 3


    What is the role of overtones?


    In music, a note has a fundamental wavelength and pitch that depend on the nature of the vibrating air column or string. A violin string’s pitch depends first on its vibrating length, and then on its thickness and tension. Secondary notes linked to this fundamental pitch are created when the string vibrates as though split into halves, thirds, quarters, and so on. The overtones have higher pitches than the fundamental pitch, and the note we hear is a combined sound, enriched by the overtones. The relative strength of the fundamental and overtone pitches contributes to the unique sound we associate with each instrument.


    Molecular vibrations also have overtones related to their fundamental wavelength. Just as we hear a musical note that is a combination of a fundamental note with its overtones, so molecules may vibrate in complex combinations of their fundamental and overtone vibrations. In water molecules, only the first few overtones make a significant contribution to the overall vibrational energy.


    Hydrogen bonding (purple) is a special type of dipole-dipole bond that exists between an electronegative atom and a hydrogen atom bonded to another electronegative atom. In water, the hydrogen atom (white) is covalently attached to the oxygen (red) of a water molecule (about 470 kJ/mol) but has an additional attraction (about 22 kJ/mol) to a neighboring oxygen atom of another water molecule. Hydrogen bonding is weak compared to covalent and ionic bonding.


    What is the role of "hydrogen bonding"?


    Water is unique among the molecules of nature in its high concentration of O-H bonds and in its plentiful supply. Most importantly, the O-H symmetric (v1) and antisymmetric (v3) vibrational stretching fundamentals are at high enough energy so that a four-quantum overtone transition (v1+ 3v3) occurs just at the red edge of the visible spectrum. When comparing the vibrational transitions of gaseous and liquid water, the liquid phase O-H stretching band is red-shifted (to a lower energy) from the gas phase values of v1 and v3 by several hundred wavenumbers. This shift is primarily the result of hydrogen bonding in the liquid. The near-IR absorption bands of ice (solid phase) are the most red-shifted of all. Hydrogen bonding in water causes the stretching frequencies of H2O to shift to lower values. It is believed that if water did not have hydrogen bonds, it would still be colored, perhaps with a more intense blue than actual water.


    Other hydrogen-containing liquids and solids besides water, such as liquid ammonia, could possess traces of bluish color because of vibration and rotation effects. However, water and ice are the only two chemical substances occurring in sufficiently large bulk for a weak coloration to be visible.


    Why do we not see colors caused by molecular vibrations in many other substances?


    Most molecules have vibrational energies that are lower in frequency (longer in wavelength) than that of water, falling in the range of far infrared or thermal vibrations rather than in the visible light range. The hydrogen atoms in water are very light, and the bonds between hydrogen and oxygen very strong, which shifts them to higher frequencies (with shorter wavelengths), with overtones that lie in the range of visible light. Just as the pitch of a vibrating string is raised if the mass of the string is reduced and the tension applied to the string is increased, so too the highest-frequency vibrations occur with the lightest atoms (hydrogen) when most strongly bonded (to oxygen in water).


    The blue green light of natural gas burning on a kitchen burner emitted by an oxygen-rich gas flame as seen on a kitchen range also involves such combination vibrational, rotational, and electronic excitations in the unstable molecules CH and C2.


    The extra mass of the deuterium atom means that its frequency absorption pattern is shifted to the infrared by a few hundred wavelengths over protium because it is heavier than protium. In a sting instrument, thick stings vibrate at lower frequencies than do thing strings.


    Therefore, deuterium is absorbs light at low frequencies over high frequencies.


    The takeaway here, Protium should be used in LENR systems that operate in the infrared and deuterium should be used in LENR systems that operate in the ultraviolet.


    On another note, Piantelli reports that deuterium and nitrogen poisons his LENR reaction. This is do to the high absorption of light by deuterium and nitrogen in the infrared.


    DGT also reported that argon poisions their reaction. Once again argon absorbs infrared frequencies that removes the lid on the optical box.


    http://www.nist.gov/calibrations/upload/ao17-4.pdf


    The Deuterium lamp can be instructive in explaining why Rossi likes the E-Cat X reactor so much, why Holmlid's reaction is superior to the Rossi low temperature Ni/H reaction, and why arc discharge is the best stimulator of the LENR reaction. This line of thinking also might open up the possibility that might lead to a optical based chain reaction.


    As a definition of terms, Extreme ultraviolet radiation (EUV or XUV) or high-energy ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation in the part of the electromagnetic spectrum spanning wavelengths from 124 nm down to 10 nm, and therefore (by the Planck–Einstein equation) having photons with energies from 10 eV up to 124 eV (corresponding to 124 nm to 10 nm respectively). EUV is naturally generated by the solar corona and artificially by plasma and synchrotron light sources.


    Its main uses are photoelectron spectroscopy, solar imaging, and lithography.


    To set the stage, we know from Holmlid that UV based LENR reactions produce an abundance of subatomic particles including K-mesons, pions, and electrons. We know from Dr Kim’s experiments at DGT, that solitons explode in a Bosenova releasing XVU and X-ray radiation, and from R. Mills we know that 10 nn radiation is produced in his reaction (I say it is LENR based)


    For additional theoretical background see the thread


    “Polariton engineering imperatives”


    At: Polariton engineering imperatives


    A deuterium arc lamp (or simply deuterium lamp) is a low-pressure gas-discharge light source often used in spectroscopy when a continuous spectrum in the ultraviolet region is needed.


    Plasma "arc" or discharge lamps using hydrogen are notable for their high output in the ultraviolet, with comparatively little output in the visible and infrared. This is similar to the situation in a hydrogen flame. Arc lamps made with ordinary light-hydrogen (hydrogen-1) provide a very similar XUV spectrum to deuterium, and have been used in XUV spectroscopes. However, lamps using deuterium have a longer life span and an emissivity (intensity) at the far end of their XUV range which is three to five times that of an ordinary hydrogen arc bulb, at the same temperature. Deuterium arc lamps, therefore are considered a superior light source to light-hydrogen arc lamps, for the shortwave UV range.


    The UV absorption profile is very low for deuterium. This provides us with a win-win situation with the generation of abundant XUV production using arc discharge and high efficiency polariton production in the XUV range.


    The chip production industry has found that plasma based spark discharge produces XUV light. Light produced through techniques now being considered by the chip industry generate a spark that lasts just 20 to 50 nanoseconds can produce very short wavelength light.


    Rossi has hinted that his E-Cat X can produce electricity directly from the LENR reaction. The AIRBUS patent also called fro direct electrical production.


    As with the Papp reaction in the Papp engine which did not produce any heat, the electrons produced by particle production can be harvested and used to produce the low powered spark even though the very high voltage spark has a high instantaneous power profile because it has a very short duration of discharge.


    The XUV can also be fed into the polariton reaction through the Bosenova broadcast of XUV radiation.


    If we are utilizing the Holmlid technology using noble metals and deuterium gas we should move away from the production of heat and produce electricity directly from LENR.


    http://www.sciencedaily.com/re…/2014/12/141216123829.htm


    Carnegie's Ivan Naumov and Russell Hemley discover hydrogen forms grapheme layers/clusters instead of metal under pressure.


    This is an experimental validation of the Rydberg matter structure of hydrogen.


    Instead of high pressures, quantum mechanics can produce this ring structure using a principle called Rydberg Blockade.


    Potassium provides a quantum mechanical template that directs hydrogen to form in rings just like potassium does...or lithium.


    See


    Mesoscopic Rydberg-blockaded ensembles in the superatom regime and beyond


    http://www.nature.com/nphys/jo…v11/n2/abs/nphys3214.html

    Looks like Peter Eckstrom may have stepped into the "Axillator". Somehow, I don't see IR mentioned in the Axil's tripartite response, even though it was prominent in his initial claim. As I mentioned long ago, an incoherent source of photons (here a lamp, D2 or H2) is a poor way to generate a surface plasmonic field that can do definitive work, XUV to far IR. I'm certain that LENR involves at least some activation energy and hence represents real work... albeit work that is readily returned.

    From the Wikipedia article on Irving Langmuir. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir


    "His initial contributions to science came from his study of light bulbs (a continuation of his Ph.D. work). His first major development was the improvement of the diffusion pump, which ultimately led to the invention of the high-vacuum rectifier and amplifier tubes. A year later, he and colleague Lewi Tonks discovered that the lifetime of atungsten filament could be greatly lengthened by filling the bulb with an inert gas, such as argon, the critical factor (overlooked by other researchers) being the need for extreme cleanliness in all stages of the process. He also discovered that twisting the filament into a tight coil improved its efficiency. These were important developments in the history of the incandescent light bulb. His work in surface chemistry began at this point, when he discovered that molecular hydrogen introduced into a tungsten-filament bulb dissociated into atomic hydrogen and formed a layer one atom thick on the surface of the bulb."


    "While working at General Electric the Nobel Chemist Irving Langmuir noted an excess of heat production in work he was doing on atomic hydrogen plasmas created between tungsten electrodes. This work was done between 1909 and 1927. Langmuir was a meticulous scientist and found it hard to believe his own experimental results. Due to the influence of the Neil Bohr Langmuir was persuaded to disbelieve his own results. Although Langmuir never published his work his private letters to Bohr, discovered by Nicholas Moller are held by the Copenhagen library. Not understanding, or wanting to understand, the process involved Bohr insisted that Langmuir’s results could not be correct since they violated conservation of energy and persuaded Langmuir that publishing them would ruin his career."


    http://www.lateralscience.co.uk/AtomicH/atomicH.html (includes a photo of the hydrogen torch)
    From A Text Book of Inorganic Chemistry, Partington 1946 -
    "Atomic hydrogen. - Langmuir (1912) has shown that hydrogen in contact with a tungsten wire heated by an electric current at low pressure, is dissociated into atoms:
    H2 <=> 2H. This splitting of the hydrogen molecule is attended by the absorption of a large amount of energy, about 100kcal per gram molecule. The atomic hydrogen so formed is chemically very active. Langmuir also showed that atomic hydrogen is formed when an electric arc between tungsten electrodes is allowed to burn in hydrogen at atmospheric pressure. The atomic hydrogen was blown out of the arc by a jet of molecular hydrogen directed across the arc, and formed an intensely hot flame, which is capable of melting tungsten (m.p. 3400oC). This flame obtains its heat not from combustion but from the recombination of hydrogen atoms into H2. It is suitable for melting and welding many metals. Iron can be melted without contamination with carbon, oxygen or nitrogen. Because of the powerful reducing action of the atomic hydrogen, alloys can be melted without fluxes and without surface oxidation. A feature of the flame is the great rapidity with which heat can be delivered to a surface, which is very important in welding operations."

    Quote from Longview

    Looks like Peter Eckstrom may have stepped into the "Axillator". Somehow, I don't see IR mentioned in the Axil's tripartite response, even though it was prominent in his initial claim. As I mentioned long ago, an incoherent source of photons (here a lamp, D2 or H2) is a poor way to generate a surface plasmonic field that can do definitive work, XUV to far IR. I'm certain that LENR involves at least some activation energy and hence represents real work... albeit work that is readily returned.




    Jack Cole Apr 17


    to vortex-l


    Jones Beene has put together an experimental reactor to attempt an alternative method of producing the Holmlid effect. Jones theorizes that SPP could be a factor and hopes to test this without using laser light. Instead, he theorizes that a highly efficient sodium vapor light may induce SPP. It is interesting to note that Jones gets much more light out of his reactor running at 12 watts during a calibration run than was seen with the hot cat. Jones has christened his first reactor, "the tanning booth reactor."


    We have put together a page for discussion and tracking progress. Hopefully, others will join the effort (or make their own efforts) and generate more ideas for producing the Holmlid effect.


    http://www.lenr-coldfusion.com/replicating-holmlid-effect/
    ==============


    According to nanoplasmonic theory, a plane wave from a laser is bad way to induce dipole motion on the surface of a metal. Dipole motion is the power plant that generates polaritons.


    I heard somewhere that Holmlid is using a lightbulb now. He gets muons production from lab lights. However, a laser pulse is good experimentally for timing subatomic particle production and decay times.

    From: Ecco Yumi


    Hi Jones,


    Have a look at this:Ask questions to Dr. Sveinn Ólafsson, Science Institute - University of Iceland


    The laser can start the process but just waiting after admitting the D2 gas does the same.

    Also, from "Spontaneous ejection of high-energy particles from ultra-dense deuterium D(0)" (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.06.116)


    Jones Beene Apr 12


    to vortex-l


    Hi Ecco, I had not seen this thread, but a few of the details are a bit different from his presentation at the SRI colloquium. For instance he has moved to a different frequency laser. I have my notes here but there should be a video of that speech online, since they were filming it. When SO says that adding deuterium which alone will release muons without a pulse – if prior laser pulsing has already loaded the hematite – that is not the same as saying heat alone can power the reaction, because it always requires laser pulsing to load the matrix. After that, even a fluorescent light can trigger it. Is there somewhere he says this can be done without loading the hematite first with UDD? If so, I missed it and the paywalled article is not clear but implies prior loading. All of this gives me confidence that it is the coherent photons at the correct frequency which work and I think the reason they work is that hematite is the dielectric and SPP are known to form when photons interact with a dielectric in a resonant way. It is all about SPP and resonance. Do you read the Olafsson thread differently? BTW the frequency Holmlid apparently uses now is similar to both sodium vapor, which is nearly monochromatic light at 589 nm wavelength. This is important because, as it turns out, hematite also has an emission line which is close to this wavelength. Actually the sodium lamp is closer than the YAG (I think). Anyway, I hope to be posting some pictures soon of a simple setup that is relatively inexpensive. It will take several weeks to determine if there is any thermal anomaly. The light source I am using is almost identical to the 35 Watt SOX lamp in the wiki entry but it is rated at 18 Watts, which keeps the internal pressure lower.


    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium-vapor_lamp


    Thanks for your long answer. You needn't write a textbook, and much was
    way too advanced for most of us! I can see the point, however, that if
    vibrations and rotations are important, there could be differences
    between p and d since d is twice as heavy.




    What all this has to do with LENR, I cannot see. And the list of
    speculations, what do they have to do with each other except they are
    all criticized. Holmlid has proven neither mesons, strangeness or ultra
    dense H or D. Defkalion is, as far as I know, an established bluff and
    they have vanished from the face of the earth. Bosenova is my favourite,
    I thought it was a dance. :-). As for Mills, his new physics theory is
    wrong, silly (especially the pathetic expressions for the masses of
    particles) and not needed. His energy machine has been "ready next
    year" for 25 years. I wonder if the long distance runner Rossi will last
    25 years.


    Just one remark to Mills: There are very compelling points in his theory and also very dilettantish errors like in the calculations/conception of the "black light process" states higher than 1/4.., which could only be reached by many body interactions...


    A deeper analysis of the mfp spectrums taken on the 26th of April has guided me back to the "old" (1993/94) work done by Maly & Vavra on deep electron levels. (Much more elaborate than Mills...) Their work theoretically already describes everything Holmlid is claiming to detect. Including "exact" deep orbit energies and condensate state H-H distances. (And how to excite them..)
    A.Maly, L, J. Vavra
    Search String:
    "deep dirac levels" "electron transitions"
    (exact title: electron transitions on deep dirac levels II)
    This paper is further explained (and expanded) by Paillet:


    http://www.iscmns.org/work11/12 Paillet-EDOH-Full1.pdf


    I think everybody interested in LENR theory should walk through these two papers! (btw. Mills experiments are well explained by these papers! - electrode erosion!)

    Looks to me like this thread has just been "Axillated"... But I could be wrong.
    Would @me356 like to revive it and get this thread back to discussing his new very interesting plasma-based approach to LENR (instead of why the sky is blue, etc, etc)? PLEASE!
    If a COP of 2.0 is already reproducible, then he may be on to something...

    Excited about following the progress of me356 and want to add a data point to the DKG comments without deterring from ths string. Dr. Kim shared with me that DKG never shared any actual experiment data with him. He reached his conclusions from reports / summaries just like another researcher who is presently being used and abused.

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