Stephen pjs already asked this question, wakefield acceleration has been around for long time
Interesting paper pjs
They are using more focusing, shorter pulse 50 fs vs 9 ns and therefore almost 10000 times energy/cm2/ time and can therfore create a highly ionised H2 plasma
They are not looking for the ions in the measurements they could replicate Leif Work in a new way if they included more diagnostic measurements for the ions and other particles
Greetings
Sveinn
The use of deuterium in LENR first came about because of the “Hot fusion theory” that deuterium was required to produce neutrons, helium, and heat. This theory overhang fiasco has lasted until this very day and has become an unthinking idea that has clouded LENR reasoning for these past 26 years.
I have just posted how I believe that Protium and deuterium should be used properly as far as the polariton theory is concerned. Deuterium should be used in the XUV range only. Don’t expect heat to be generated by deuterium. The experiments of Holmlid have verified this thinking. In his experiments, UV light from florescent tubes in Holmlid’s lab produce subatomic emissions.
Holmlid’s deuterium based reaction produces a shock wave where subatomic and atomic nuclear residue explode outward at 1/3 the speed of light. Rather that use this wonderful pressure wave to produce energy, Holmlid wants to utilize heat like F&P had done so long ago.
LENR is like a radio; if you want to hear the music, you must tune to the right frequency.
Yesterday, Phonon Energy put out this request for help to find the right frequency in the infrared as follows:
https://drive.google.com/file/…YnV3WVB6RVA4aHFtUk1J/view
Because Phonon Energy is taking its queue from the LENR old school who still wants to use deuterium to produce heat, Phonon Energy will be wasting its time with infrared lasers looking for the right frequency of infrared EMF to use. So Sad.
The right frequency to get the most out of deuterium is in the XUV range and shockwaves are how LENR energy is produced there. If we want to use deuterium, we must build a Papp engine with pistons pushed by shockwaves and NO HEAT.
We can’t tell Mother Nature what to do, She has her own way of doing things and if we don’t tune in to what she wants, then we will not hear her sweet songs.
How to harvest energy from the deuterium based XUV LENR reaction.
The Papp engine produced excess electrons and that system used XUV EMF to stimulate the LENR reaction. The Papp engine used special electrodes called hollow screw threaded closeable buckets which contained an alpha emitter in a cavity like radioactive radium or thorium, where a electric arc greatly stimulated the alpha emitter. The excess electrons produced by the XUV based reaction were attracted to highly ionized positively charged buckets. This technology was used in the 1930's for lightning rods where Papp pick its up its use from.
http://www.pittas.gr/en/pages/…ve-lightning-rod-removal/
<Snip>
Since 1975 and under license from the Greek Atomic Energy Commission, installing radioactive lightning conductors was allowed. The lightning rod’s head had radioactive isotopes Am-241 or Ra-226. The intensive ionization of air around the rod’s head caused by the charged particles, created an attractive pole for lightning. Depending on the amount of radioactivity in the head – in μCi – the protection radius was determined from R = 50 to 400 meters.
<EndSnp>
The Papp engine that was self powered by recycling overunity electrons produced by the XUV LENR reaction.
To see how this all works, look at starting at 21:10 of the video below. Watch the motor in the background driven by the feedback current gathered by the electrons gathered by the thorium filled buckets. During firing, the motor has a spinning white circular disk on it with four holes placed around the edge that allows you to see the disk in motion.
Bob Rohner still uses buchet electrodes to gather excess electrons but he still uses noble gases to produce the reaction. IMHO, deuterium is far better.
Holmlid also uses XUV and deuterium that produces K-mesons which eventually decay to electrons. It seems like XUV based high energy LENR reactions produce excess electrons.
Holmlid uses green light now but he should use an arc like Papp did. The arc will produce abundant XUV light.
IMHO at the very high temperatures that he is at(1500C), Rossi is using the XUV high energy LENR reactions in the E-Cat X to also produced excess electrons.
Colon cancer took Jo Papp on April 13, 1989, three weeks after Fleischmann and Pons announced cold fusion. Three months before he died, Jo Papp destroyed all his fuel so the world would not understand how his engine worked. Just like Holmlid makes Rydberg matter to drive his reaction, so did Jo Papp. The magic was in the fuel.
But now Holmlid knows how to make Rydberg matter in deuterium and deuterium is a better "Papp" fuel than noble gases are.
What do you think we should do next?
Dear Axil
Theories can be made when you have measurements. So can you help Rohner to redesign his experiment in such a way that he is able to measure energy in and energy out in each pulse in order to see if there is a real extra anomalous energy needed to lift that piston. There is a big flaw in his setup that you can point out to him and you can also do a fast estimate if there is anomalous effect with help of the little data given in the video.
So I will wait for your improvements in next post
Greetings
Sveinn
Regarding the proposition that monopoles always form a condensate:
There is a dark matter theory that states - if a monopole that is megaparsecs across, such a structure would totally satisfy the cosmological dark matter requirements that are seen by current cosmological scale observations.
http://arxiv.org/pdf/1311.1627v1.pdf
Giant monopoles as a dark matter candidate
http://arxiv.org/abs/1202.0560
Dwarf Galaxy Sized Monopoles as Dark Matter?
The monopole that covers this requirement is the
't Hooft-Polyakov magnetic monopole. This type of monopole might well be generated in LENR.
Holmlid believes that space is full of hydrogen rydberg matter. He says that this type of stuff is dark matter. But Holmlid has not yet make the connection between rydberg matter and the monopole. The graphite plate like structure of rydberg matter is topologically Ideal for the production of monopoles. The hydrogen rydberg matter can't help but wear a coat of EMF that produces monopole magnetic fields in a dark mode.
Just like in LENR, these nanoparticles absorb EMF and get very heavy with time. And these monopoles have little or no interaction with other EMF. The propensity of these monopoles to form Bose condensates has no limits. These monopoles can also produce a condensate as large as a galaxy if the rydberg hydrogen matter is there to support these monopoles. The monopoles provide the rydberg matter that is its host with a cloak of invisibility. The superconductivity that these monopole structures produce give mass to the sequestered EMF through the Higgs field.
These rydberg matter condensates also produce negative vacuum energy that acts to generate a repulsive gravitational force throughout the universe. This is dark energy.
This says that LENR as dark matter produces cosmic inflation, and dark energy.
http://www.e-catworld.com/2015…smic-inflation-axil-axil/
LENR Produces Eternal Cosmic Inflation (Axil Axil)
When science accepts LENR, a new paradigm of discovery at all levels of knowledge from the nanoscale to the cosmological scale will be possible.
At 34:00 into this video show, Mark LeClair, the president and driving force behind Nanospire begins his presentation describing the production of fusion using cavitation. I contend that insight can be gleaned from the work, ideas and theory that LeClair conveys. His explanations seek to unveil some of the most astounding mysteries revolving around rydberg matter and what gives rydberg matter its LENR capabilities.
It seems to me that the multi-segmented structure of the graphite like hexagonal plates or cells connected in a long unicellular line is what is imported to collect and store large amounts of polariton energy. The water crystal that LeClair talks about is comprised of the same plate like ensemble as rydberg matter but with a hydroxyl radical (OH) forming the plates instead of just Hydrogen.
Unlike Rydberg matter where quantum mechanical processes produce the unique hexagonal crystal layout, the formation of the water crystal is based on the tremendous pressures that exist at the end of the collapse of the cavitation bubble.
LeClair states that he has seen the water crystal undergoing tremendous stress but these crystals seem to be protected by a Bose Condensate based protective shield that absorbs and distributes all the energy that it generates through nuclear reactions. This shield keeps the crystal together under crushing accelerations as it eats through and digests material. What this speaks toward is that the EMF that covers the water crystal must be comprised of bosons: this means Surface Plasmon Polaritons (SPP) are involved in the condensate and not only electrons.
The Water Crystal is attracted electrostatically to sharp edged holes and sharp edges. They track along the electrostatic field lines that these sharp edges produce. This could be why the nickel micro particles used in the E-Cat LENR fuel requires the surface be pitted with large amounts of nano cracks generated in fuel reprocessing.
LeClair also states that the water crystal produces pressures some 10000 times greater than the center of the sun and yet the water crystal stays intact to eat through meters of material. LeClair reaches into sci fi (UFO propulsion)to explain this near frictionless travel with tremendous acceleration through the substrate without regard for inertia, and stellar levels of pressure and heat. It must be a warp bubble LeClair proclaims.(1)
The polariton shield is in deed resistant to cosmological levels of heat and pressure more that any material that ITER can ever deploy.
Such resistance to hellish extremes in both pressures and temperatures must be a result of the mysterious monopole magnetic forces that we know that a polariton soliton can generate. The quantum effects that these forces generate are largely unknown to science and subject to the exotic rules laid down by a new type of undeveloped and extremely complex quantum science called Nonassociative Quantum Mechanics.
This Polariton shield must also protects Holmlid's Rydberg matter when he produces his nuclear effects since his Rydberg matter persists over many laser shots.
How can a flimsy collection of atoms that form Rydberg matter stay together inside Holmlid's nuclear malstrom?
In LeClair's case, the water crystal producing the shock wave only being made up of hydrogen and oxygen would erode in short order under the pressure and forces generated by the collision of the water crystal with the steel substrate at speeds moving at some appreciable factor of light. The protective electromagnetic shield must be favoring the survival of the water crystal over the substance of steel. Even more amazing, the jet formed by the cavitation bubble can vaporize diamond as witnessed by craters formed in that substrate produced by exploding gas.
This new concept that LeClair has now generously donated to our growing collection of LENR miracles can be added to our treasure trove. Now known, it now can be joyously placed into my LENR bag of dreams, our toolkit of the future, as a impenetrable shield that protects LENR starships as it passes through stars, planets, and comets at light speed in a warp bubble unaffected and unafraid as if those cosmic obstructions were not even there.
To awaken from these dreams and back to our analysis, Holmlid states that is takes weeks of laser irradiation to make Rydberg matter active. He does not see that his concept about only the physical structure of the rydberg matter itself produces Hot Fusion effects is illogical. If only shape and/or the crystals dimensionality causes hot fusion were true, then rydberg matter would produce fusion immediately after the first shot of the laser when Holmlid's reactor started up. Topology never changes no matter how long that you shine a laser on it. Something must be added over time to make Rydberg matter come alive.
The laser must pump energy into the Rydberg crystal for weeks to develop that bose condensate EMF based polariton cover that makes the rydberg matter active. And the reaction is LENR and not hot fusion.
LeClair gets that power level up on the first shot because of the huge power production potential generated by the cavitation bubble.
The polariton soliton must remain connected to the water crystal when it is confined inside the reactor. But the polariton shield can disconnect and uncloak from the water crystal somehow and be able to pass through the walls of the reactor, float free, and exist on its own, sustained on it own energy stores. This free floating soliton might be an instance of dark matter.
This Exotic Neutral Particle(ENP) behavior is illustrated when LeClair relates how a clear plastic dish that was stored in a desk drawer under the experiment about a foot away.
The steel and wood desktop would have shielded the dish from charged particles, alpha particles and low level radiation. Neutrons would get through the desktop but the weird tracks etched into the plastic look like the tracks produced by the ENP generated in other LENR experiments. We know what neutrons look like when they pit CR-39 particle detection strips. They look like craters, not like long wavy filamentary tracks.
LeClair also remarks about the tremendous amounts of magnetic signatures that even the non magnetic material retains after transmutation.(1)
At the end of his presentation, LeClair takes a shot at the Lattice theory of LENR. One of his experiments produced fusion with just water. Because of the liquid only environment, he then rejects all theories for LENR that are based on lattice production of LENR effects such as W&L theory.
LeClair seems to be of split mind between Hot and Cold nuclear processes in his reaction. Sometimes he says that he is producing hot fusion and sometimes he thinks he is doing LENR. It could be that his process is a combined hot and cold fusion mechanism with LENR providing the tools that make hot fusion possible.
1 -
LeClair is considered by most of the old school LENR advocates as at best an eccentric and a maverick. But isn't this put down what science places on the heads of the Cold Fusion advocates themselves? Can the pot call the kettle black?
Ed Storms analyzed the transmutation products generated in LeClair's experiments and this imprimatur of authenticity bolstered by Ed's reputation lends credence to the results that LeClair claims in his experiments. Like the unworldly transmutation results that have come out of the Lugano demo, can the amazing claims produced by LeClair be trusted? It seems to me that Ed Storms unblemished and longstanding reputation as a scientist lends credence to the amazing claims that the LeClair experiments have produced. How can cavitation produce transuranic elements let alone lead. But with the advent of Holmlid's experiments which are amazing in their own rite, involving Rydberg matter, it is worth a second look at the mechanisms that LeClair is claiming. This is why I set the post under discussion in the context of a compare and contrast relationship with Holmlid's claims. There is a definite and striking parallel between what LeClair claims and what Holmlid claims.
One insight that might come out of the comparison between LeClair's work and Holmlid's experiment is to try to understand why Holmlid's experiments are so difficult to replicate whereas cavitation happens every time right from the get go. I believe that the answer to this question might lead to major insights into the mechanisms of LENR.
I am also going to suggest a cure for the radiation problem that LeClair has discussed in his research and I wanted to set the predicate in the LeClair post as a foundation to that suggestion.
http://arxiv.org/pdf/1410.1374.pdf
Non-collider searches for stable massive particles
Abstract
The theoretical motivation for exotic stable massive particles (SMPs) and the results of SMP searches at non-collider facilities are reviewed. SMPs are defined such that they would be sufficiently long-lived so as to still exist in the cosmos either as Big Bang relics or secondary collision products, and sufficiently massive such that they are typically beyond the reach of any conceivable accelerator-based experiment. The discovery of SMPs would address a number of important questions in modern physics, such as the origin and composition of dark matter and the unification of the fundamental forces. This review outlines the scenarios predicting SMPs and the techniques used at non-collider experiments to look for SMPs in cosmic rays and bound in matter. The limits so far obtained on the fluxes and matter densities of SMPs which possess various detection-relevant properties such as electric and magnetic charge are given.
Holmlid should read this paper. It shows what can produce pions without using a collider.
It is my contention that Rydberg matter produces these exotic stable massive particles (SMPs) as an nanometric topological antenna that receives and stores EMF in the context of a bose condensate.
As you know, quarks are monopoles. Quarks make up protons. When a proton is exposed to a monopole magnetic field, it will decay.
http://physics.princeton.edu/~…rubakov_rpp_51_189_88.pdf
Monopole catalysis of proton decay
Because Holmlid is seeing mesons, this a strong indicator that an Exotic Neutral Particle is producing a monopole field to disrupt protons.
http://phys.org/news/2010-03-m…le-cern-rewrite-laws.html
Magnetic monopole experiment at CERN could rewrite laws of physics
Quote"Pinfold says the discovery of electronic monopoles will open up a whole new future for materials and technology if scientists can produce large numbers of them. "Monopoles could make materials strong enough to withstand a nuclear explosion and could also enable magnetic levitation."
This is what has been seen in LeClair's experiments. The monopole field produced at the head of the water crystal can withstand nuclear bomb level energy. Why the monopole field can be so durable as a material shield is not clear to me yet.
Sveinn Ólafsson,
According to a report by Jones Beene of a colloquium at SRI about ultra-dense hydrogen last October, apparently Leif Holmlid suggested that it can take weeks for it to accumulate in replications, implying that much time can pass before anomalous effects start showing. Are you able to confirm this? I don't recall reading of such long experiment times in his papers, and assumed that ultra-dense hydrogen production occurred immediately, as long as temperature and pressure requirements are met, that a hydrogen flux through the catalyst is provided, and preferably that some sort of catalyst preparation is performed beforehand (as far as I understand, in the form of a thin graphite layer on the catalyst's surface and potassium content depletion).
QuoteA professor whose name I did not catch (San Jose State ?) has been trying to replicate LH but has not been successful. Holmlid recently told him that the dense hydrogen takes several weeks to accumulate, and has an extended shelf life thereafter. That seems to me to be the main takeaway lesson ** weeks to accumulate **
Source: [Vo]:Colloquium at SRI
Ecco,
This replication performed few years ago failed since there was only one day of experiment available and it was a company that was trying to perform it not a professor.
Greetings Sveinn
This replication performed few years ago failed since there was only one day of experiment available and it was a company that was trying to perform it not a professor.
Many thanks for clarifying.
Ecco,
This replication performed few years ago failed since there was only one day of experiment available and it was a company that was trying to perform it not a professor.
Greetings Sveinn
If the data is not confidential, how long does the reaction take to get started once laser light is applied? After laser stimulation is suspended, how long is the "shelf life" of the reaction before a startup time penalty is again introduced(If one exists)?
If a "shelf life" does exist, what can account for its development and loss in terms of energy storage?
I myself don´t know but Holmlid has implied to me it is one days work
Greetings
Sveinn
I myself don´t know but Holmlid has implied to me it is one days work
Greetings
Sveinn
As you have instructed me that data is central to experimentation, has Holmlid documented a timeline for a step by step process on what happens in a successful experiment from the time that he produces virgin powder including any delays in the process? This might help replicators among other things.
As far as I understand the reaction can also occur spontaneously, without laser application, provided that enough ultra-dense hydrogen is generated with a hydrogen flux through the catalyst heated preferably in the 200-650°C range. Furthermore, in "Spontaneous ejection of high-energy particles from ultra-dense deuterium D(0)" it's suggested that it doesn't take much time for this process to occur. Here's an excerpt from the paywalled paper:
Quote[...] At the start of a run with D2 gas admission into the apparatus, the signal out from the PMT with PS and glass converters is low as seen in the spectrum indicated “initial” in Fig. 3. After 1 h in that run, the signal increased a factor of 40 as shown by the higher curve in Fig. 3. [...]
If one is to assume that in most low-temperature LENR experiments without nanosecond laser application performed throughout the years the same effect occurred, then the only thing one should be concerned with is attempting to produce as much ultra-dense hydrogen as possible. Eventually some sort of clearly anomalous reaction should be able to occur.
Either way, shouldn't the transition from H2 to 2H and finally to the ultra-dense phase be quite exothermic?
EDIT: @sveinol: more in detail, what would the heat of formation of H(0) be? I recall reading somewhere 630eV, but that seems a very high value given that it should be about 4.5eV for the formation of molecular hydrogen. At this level it would not be better than nuclear, but it would still be much better than chemical.
Thanks for the questions Ecco
As far as I understand the reaction can also occur spontaneously, without laser application, provided that enough ultra-dense hydrogen is generated with a hydrogen flux through the catalyst heated preferably in the 200-650°C range. Furthermore, in "Spontaneous ejection of high-energy particles from ultra-dense deuterium D(0)" it's suggested that it doesn't take much time for this process to occur. Here's an excerpt from the paywalled paper:
[...] At the start of a run with D2 gas admission into the apparatus, the signal out from the PMT with PS and glass converters is low as seen in the spectrum indicated “initial” in Fig. 3. After 1 h in that run, the signal increased a factor of 40 as shown by the higher curve in Fig. 3. [...]
This spontaneous process is occurring with the D(0) phase in place if you have D(1) normal Rydberg matter you would not observe it.
If one is to assume that in most low-temperature LENR experiments without nanosecond laser application performed throughout the years the same effect occurred, then the only thing one should be concerned with is attempting to produce as much ultra-dense hydrogen as possible. Eventually some sort of clearly anomalous reaction should be able to occur.
Yes in the end
Either way, shouldn't the transition from H2 to 2H and finally to the ultra-dense phase be quite exothermic?
H2 to 2H* is endothermic. 2H* to H(1) is not known but most likely little exothermic with reference to 2H*. H(1) to H(0) must have similar total energy otherwise they could not transform easily in to one another as Holmlid has observed.
EDIT: sveinol: more in detail, what would the heat of formation of H(0) be? I recall reading somewhere 630eV, but that seems a very high value given that it should be about 4.5eV for the formation of molecular hydrogen. At this level it would not be better than nuclear, but it would still be much better than chemical.
The 630eV energy is not formation energy of (H0) it is the repulsive electrostatic energy when the binding mechanism has been removed with the laser.
Greetings
Sveinn
Thanks for answering.
This spontaneous process is occurring with the D(0) phase in place if you have D(1) normal Rydberg matter you would not observe it.
Yep, that's what I assumed too.
QuoteH2 to 2H* is endothermic. 2H* to H(1) is not known but most likely little exothermic with reference to 2H*. H(1) to H(0) must have similar total energy otherwise they could not transform easily in to one another as Holmlid has observed.
Sorry if I didn't write that clearly. I meant overall energy even though part of the reaction is endothermic.
Since as far as I'm aware of the bond strength of a chemical bond is correlated with its bond distance, I thought that in the case of H(0) (2.3pm in the case of D(0) and 3.7 pm in the case of p(0) according to Leif Holmlid; much shorter than any other chemical bond) it would have been quite strong and potentially able to provide excess energy even without involving nuclear reactions.
This would indeed conflict with the repeated transition between H(0) and H(1) observed by Holmlid as you've noted, but I don't expect everything to have been completely understood yet.
Here's a related graph from "Ultra-Dense Hydrogen H(−1) as the Cause of Instabilities in Laser Compression-Based Nuclear Fusion":
QuoteThe 630eV energy is not formation energy of (H0) it is the repulsive electrostatic energy when the binding mechanism has been removed with the laser.
Admittedly I'm venturing way outside my comfort area so I am probably wrong in my thinking, but I assumed that the kinetic energy release the from coulomb explosion experiments performed to determine H(0) bond lengths would have been also in the ballpark of the chemical bond energy of the broken fragments. So, perhaps not really 630 eV but still "a few hundred" eV, which would be higher than chemical.
EDIT: to clarify a bit more my point of view on this matter: given that anomalous thermal oscillations and thermal runaways seem to be a common unwanted problem in catalytic hydrogenation beds in the oil industry, it wouldn't surprise me too much if these were consistent/related with the rapid, spontaneous transition between H(0) and H(1) as observed by Holmlid, and the potentially "more exothermic than chemical" 2H->H(0) transition as hinted above.
"Admittedly I'm venturing way outside my comfort area so I am probably wrong in my thinking, but I assumed that the kinetic energy release the from coulomb explosion experiments performed to determine H(0) bond lengths would have been also in the ballpark of the chemical bond energy of the broken fragments. So, perhaps not really 630 eV but still "a few hundred" eV, which would be higher than chemical.
EDIT: to clarify a bit more my point of view on this matter: given that anomalous thermal oscillations and thermal runaways seem to be a common unwanted problem in catalytic hydrogenation beds in the oil industry, it wouldn't surprise me too much if these were consistent/related with the rapid, spontaneous transition between H(0) and H(1) as observed by Holmlid, and the potentially "more exothermic than chemical" 2H->H(0) transition as hinted above."
Sorry for late reply Ecco.
You are right to expect a chemical bond energy in the ballpark of 630eV if you assume a localised electron bond exist in H(0). There are other options possible and most likely is many body quantum phase see for example.
Strongly correlated quantum fluids: ultra cold quantum gases, quantum chromodynamic plasmas and holographic duality
Allan Adams, Lincoln D Carr Thomas Schäfer, Peter Steinberg and John E Thomas
New J. Phys. 14 115009 2012
Greetings
Sveinn
