Comparison among Rossi', Piantelli's Patents and Open Power Pat.Application [Updated]

Lithium has a number of unique properties that promote chemonuclear fusion and other LENR.
It has the highest surface energy of all liquid metals.
It has very high coulombic screening.
In liquid lithium the Debroglie wavelength of the outer mobile electrons covers tens of atoms.

I'm looking for R&D partners to test a number of LENR reactors; one is a modified Rossi type Ni-P reactor and the other is chemonuclear fusion reactor that uses liquid lithium as reaction medium and fuel.

Contact
Neil Farbstein
President
Vulvox Inc.
[email protected]

If you ran a current through the catalyst powder it will sinter and melt together and of course that will reduce its usefulness in the reactors. Also it will be harder to control the reactions since the sintering process will change the resistance and thermal properties of the powder.

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This is why I want to use induction heater or the heater insude the tube.

Quote from David Fojt

Quote from me356: “This is why I want to use induction heater or the heater insude the tube.”
Put a smallest solid steel cylinder directly into the alumina tube.

This is what I planned to do Actually I have this cylinder (rod) already prepared and is here with me.
With Fe it will be surely more efficient.
I will also try more variations with some steel tubes, because Lithium is very reactive, it should be placed in the steel.

Hopefully I will receive all necessary stuff next week.

to Lipinski and other friends

The work of Lipinski is our very important reference, we thank the involved researchers.

We have planned a structured set of runs, first in non-reacting conditions, to study the electric behavior of many configurations of mixed powders, vs temperature (ambient to 1400 °C), ranging from simple mix, sintered, ceramic-metal cermet, mixed metal and alumina and/or boron carbide, use of a substrate, and so on, ending with a micro-nano powder (fractal dendrites with repeating shape from the microscale down to nano one), to let microsintering avoiding nano one.
We agree with the suggest to use porous alumina filled with nano nickel.
Both in continuous or sinusoidal, and pulsed electrical regimes.
All these aspects are dealed with in our P.A.
Many thanks for any further suggestions.
Best regards.
Ugo Abundo - Open Power

[edit, sorry guys who upvoted]

It's nice that someone is compiling the information from the different patents. I enjoyed the write up.

I would like to complement this with Bob Greenyer's interpretation, posted here:

http://www.e-catworld.com/2015…ew-fire-mk1-bob-greenyer/

Also, now might be a good time to take another look at the Rossi/Cook paper posted based on the Lugano results:

http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1504/1504.01261.pdf

7 3Li4+p -> 8 4Be4 -> 2α (17.26 MeV) (Eq. 10) seems to be the main hypothesis for the lithium transmutations

The equation above is also mentioned in the Piantelli paper:

Quote

In the case of 6Li and 7Li isotopes, the proton-dependent reactions are the following:

H + 7Li -> 8Be(a) + 17.255 MeV {2a} H + 7Li -> 4He + He + 17.347 MeV {2b} 0 H + 6Li -> 7Be + 5.606 MeV {3a}

H + 6Li -> 3He + 4He + 4.019 MeV {3b}

From the pdf, in the Piantelli part:

Quote

This frame shows the different use of lithium in the two patents: shortly, in Rossi’s, H-Li interaction is thought as the principal reaction; in Piantelli’s, Ni-H interaction (perhaps some H-H interactions) is the first step for a secondary proton (perhaps quasi-neutron too) capture by lithium or boron nuclei.

Some suggested equations are: Ni58 + p → Cu59 + 3.4 MeV Ni60 + p → Cu61 + 4.8 MeV B 11 + p → C12 + 16 Mev

I guess you could also mention some Li equations, even though some have been mentioned in the Rossi part

Piantelli suggest those equations:

Quote

In the case of 6Li and 7Li isotopes, the proton-dependent reactions are the following:

H + 7Li -> 8Be(a) + 17.255 MeV {2a} H + 7Li -> 4He + He + 17.347 MeV {2b} 0 H + 6Li -> 7Be + 5.606 MeV {3a}

H + 6Li -> 3He + 4He + 4.019 MeV {3b}

which have probability factors [0], [1], [0], [0],

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I am wondering what those probability factors mean 0,1,0,0. They seem to have been rounded to the nearest digit for some reason.

Also would be nice if someone could explain in more layman terms how protons are formed when hydrogen ions interact with Nickel (according to Piantelli).

to: Lenr calendar
H ions , accelerated by electric shock towards Ni, are scattered with high energy;

to: Ecco
thank you

&"Also would be nice if someone could explain in more layman terms how protons are formed when hydrogen ions interact with Nickel"

"Hydrogen atom contains a single proton and a single electron. Removal of the electron gives a cation" <- Googled
Interaction of hydrogen with nickel transfers the electron and leaves a proton. The nickel acts as a catalyst in this nanoscale reaction. When conditions are suitable helium is formed in the transmutation.

Sorry I added more than you requested. I'm less than a layman on the subject that abounds with hypothesis that shouldn't even qualify as such and being introduced as theories. Yes I'm referring to LENR.

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FWIW, I believe I've found another version of Piantelli's patent:

http://www.google.com/patents/US20140098917

Seems to be a US version of the patent?

Anyway, the interesting part to me is that the drawings are included.

I'll give a go at answering my own questions as to how, according to Piantelli, hydrogen ions are turned into protons after interacting with nickel. Please mind that I am not a physicist, this is just a layman interpretation of the patents.

1) Nickel preparation

According to Rossi (1):

Quote

Quote

Preferably, the nickel has been treated to increase its porosity, for example by heating the nickel powder to for times and temperatures selected to superheat any water present in micro-cavities that are inherently in each particle of nickel powder. The resulting steam pressure causes explosions that create larger cavities, as well as additional smaller nickel particles.

The nickel (primary material) needs to be in the form of nanometric clusters according to Piantelli (2):

Quote

The active core may comprise a support body made of a metal or non-metal material and a coating of the support made of the primary material, which is in the form of nanometric clusters. The coating of nanometric clusters may be made by a process selected among those indicated in WO2010058288, for example by a process selected from the group consisting of: chemical deposition, an electrolytic deposition, a spraying technique, a sputtering technique.

Seems like it would be interesting looking at P's other patent (3)

Piantelli describes different ways to deposit a thin layer of nickel clusters on the surface of a substrate.

- sputtering
- evaporation or sublimation, then condensation
- epitaxial deposition
- spraying

Quote

Alternatively, the step of depositing the transition metal can provide a step of heating the metal up to a temperature that is close to the melting point of the metal, followed by a step of slow cooling. Preferably, the slow cooling proceeds up to an average core temperature of about 600° C. The step of depositing the metal is followed by a step of quickly cooling the substrate and the transition metal as deposited, in order to cause a “freezing” of the metal in the form of clusters that have a predetermined crystalline structure.

There is an additional interesting step which involves "cleaning" the metal "by applying a vacuum of at least 10−9 bar at a temperature set between 350° C. and 500° C. for a predetermined time." in the presence of hydrogen. Piantelli does this at least 10 times, alternating between vaccuum cycles and an atmospheric pressure of hydrogen.

Quote

If the substrate and the deposited metal are exposed to a temperature that is significantly above 500° C., the cluster structure can be irremediably damaged.

This last step seems similar to Rossi's preheating of the nickel, but with the addition of hydrogen and the use of vaccuums.

2) Hydrogen treating of Nickel clusters

At this point, Piantelli seems to have brought hydrogen in concact with the clusters, creating an "active core". We then cool the core to room temperature, and apply the following:

a)

Quote

a quick rise of the temperature of said active core from said room temperature to said temperature which is higher than said predetermined critical temperature. In particular, said quick temperature rise takes place in a time that is shorter than five minutes.

The critical temperature is normally set between 100 and 450° C., more often between 200 and 450° C. More in detail, the critical temperature is larger than the Debye temperature of said metal.

b)

Quote

an impulsive triggering action selected from the group comprised of:

a thermal shock, in particular caused by a flow of a gas, in particular of hydrogen, which has a predetermined temperature that is lower than the active core temperature;

a mechanical impulse, in particular a mechanical impulse whose duration is less than 1/10 of second;

an ultrasonic impulse, in particular an ultrasonic impulse whose frequency is set between 20 and 40 kHz;

a laser ray that is impulsively cast onto said active core;

an impulsive application of a package of electromagnetic fields, in particular said fields selected from the group comprised of: a radiofrequency pulse whose frequency is larger than 1 kHz; X rays; y rays;

an electrostriction impulse that is generated by an impulsive electric current that flows through an electrostrictive portion of said active core;

an impulsive application of a beam of elementary particles; in particular, such elementary particles selected from the group comprised of electrons, protons and neutrons;

an impulsive application of a beam of ions of elements, in particular of ions of one or more transition metals, said elements selected from a group that excludes O; Ar; Ne; Kr; Rn; N; Xe.

an electric voltage impulse that is applied between two points of a piezoelectric portion of said active core;

an impulsive magnetostriction that is generated by a magnetic field pulse along said active core which has a magnetostrictive portion.

Such impulsive triggering action generates lattice vibrations, i.e. phonons, whose amplitude is such that the H− ions can exceed the second activation threshold thus creating the conditions that are required for replacing electrons of atoms of the metal, to form temporary metal-hydrogen complex ions.

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c)

Quote

a step of creating a gradient, i.e. a temperature difference, between two points of said active core. This gradient is preferably set between 100° C. and 300° C. This enhances the conditions for anharmonic lattice motions, which is at the basis of the mechanism by which H− ions are produced.

My take: Seems like quite an involved process, but maybe some of this can be applied to replications of Rossi. In particular, providing an impulsive trigger action after reaching whatever temperature produces H- ions in the Rossi Li-LAH-Ni system.

3) orbital capture of H− ions by Nickel clusters

This is what Piantelli claims happens after the trigger action (2). H- are turned into protons:

Quote

Such energy pulse causes an orbital capture 150 of H− ions35 by an atom 38 (FIG. 3) of a cluster 21. During orbital capture 150 takes an electron 43 of atom 38 is replaced, as diagrammatically shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, part. (a,b). Since H− ions 35 that have been captured in the orbitals 37, 37′, 37″ of the transition metal have a mass three orders of magnitude larger than the mass of an electron 43, step 150 goes on with a migration of the captured ion H− until this reaches the inner layers or orbitals 37′, 37″, with emission of Auger electrons 43′ and emission of X-ray 44, as still diagrammatically shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, part. (c). In other words, capture step 150 goes on with a transformation of H− ions 35 into protons 1H 35′, due to the loss of two electrons by each H− ion.

4) Energy Production

At this point we have 3 options according to Piantelli:

A) Direct capture of the proton by the Nickel atom it interacted with

OR

Quote

if the transformation of H− ions 35 into protons 1H 35′ occurs at a distance larger than the distance that allows the capture, which is about 10−14 m, protons 1H 35″ are expelled due to the repulsive forces acting between protons 1H 35′ and nucleus 38′ of transition metal 19. Expelled protons 35″ have an energy of 6.7 MeV. This calculated value is experimentally confirmed by cloud chamber measurements.

and then we can have either

B) Interaction of the proton with another Nickel nucleus
or

C) Interaction of the proton with a secondary material such as Lithium

Therefore it seems that we would still have production of excess heat without the presence of lithium, and that nickel acts both as a catalyst and a reagent.

According to Piantelli, lithium does make a significant difference:

Quote

Therefore, about 17 MeV are obtained for each reaction between Nickel and hydrogen which generates a proton 1H that interacts with 7Li, while an average energy of 8 MeV would be obtained if the secondary material were not present

Conclusion

IMO, Piantelli's patents provides a much more detailed process in order to obtain LENR. On the other side, Rossi seems to have innovated with the use of LAH, and simplified the process.

Given how Rossi is working on dozens of additional patents that expand upon the current one, it might be wise to look more closely at what Piantelli is preconizing.

In particular:

- pre-treatment of Nickel to form nanostructures
- quick rise of temperature to whatever temperature H- ions are formed (i.e. is it wise to take hours going from 500C to 950C when Piantelli claims that the cluster structure can be irremediably damaged above 500?)
- Piantelli's theoretical hypotheses about where the excess heat comes from can be useful

(1) http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-adv.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PTXT&S1=9115913&OS=9115913&RS=9115913
(2) http://www.google.st/patents/US20140098917
(3) http://www.google.com/patents/US20110249783

Quote from ugo.abundo

to Lipinski and other friends

The work of Lipinski is our very important reference, we thank the involved researchers.

We have planned a structured set of runs, first in non-reacting conditions, to study the electric behavior of many configurations of mixed powders, vs temperature (ambient to 1400 °C), ranging from simple mix, sintered, ceramic-metal cermet, mixed metal and alumina and/or boron carbide, use of a substrate, and so on, ending with a micro-nano powder (fractal dendrites with repeating shape from the microscale down to nano one), to let microsintering avoiding nano one.
We agree with the suggest to use porous alumina filled with nano nickel.
Both in continuous or sinusoidal, and pulsed electrical regimes.
All these aspects are dealed with in our P.A.
Many thanks for any further suggestions.
Best regards.
Ugo Abundo - Open Power

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I would recommend considering square wave pulses as well. The sharp rise times can have unique effects in other applications, so why not here. I believe chopping dimmers have been commented on. The main advantage of sharp rise times is that they can work against inertia, whereas a sinusoid will more closely conform to inertial oscillations. Of course sinusoids should not be neglected either, since the ability to counter accelerate opposing charges may well depend on smooth application of fields. If one can identify the reacting entities (protons, hydroxyl ions, negative hydrogen atoms etc, as well as electrons) one could at least imagine driving one inertial load with one oscillator and drive the other quite distinct mass (and charge) with another oscillator.

What a tangled web of procedures for the simple process of initiating hydrogen fusion. Much simpler to prepare a nickelous oxide reactor from off the shelf chemicals that are strategically positioned in an alumina housing. Hydrogen gas flowing over the catalyst will fuse at its dissociation temperature. The surface periodicity of the catalyst allow proton proximity to overcome the repulsive barrier and fuse. No need for hand waving physics and strange particle conjectures, it's simply basic stellar fusion that transmutes hydrogen into helium. Although the experimenter doesn't have the challenge and excitement of working with lithium and its hydrides.

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