There are rules for the creation of the LENR reaction that are not yet recognized. These rules are associated with the formation of Bose condensation. LENR works because of the formation of metalized hydrides that are superconducting. These metalized hydrides are BECs and their formation follows the rules of BEC formation. Unless the LENR experimenter follows these rules of BEC formation, LENR will not happen for them.
Isotopic purity
The study of BEC formation began about 2 decades ago and over that time has grown into a major specialty in the study of physics and quantum mechanics. One of the major rules that applies all the time is that since a BEC is a matter wave, that matter that forms the wave must be pure. Any matter that interposes on that pure collection of matter from which the BEC will form is a poison to LENR.
Protium, the most abundant isotope of hydrogen is poisoned by deuterium and a mixture of protium and deuterium will not condense into a BEC. The gas that forms metalized hydrogen must not be poisoned by any other gases such as air, oxygen, nitrogen, water or deuterium.
Bosons are required.
QuoteWith some exceptions, the matter that produces the Bose condensate must be composed of bosons. Reference:https://science.nasa.gov/scien…nasa/2002/20mar_newmatter Not all atoms can form Bose-Einstein condensates -- "only those that contain even numbers of neutrons plus protons plus electrons," says Ketterle. Ketterle made his BECs from sodium atoms. If you add the number of neutrons, protons and electrons in an ordinary sodium atom, the answer is 34 -- an even number suitable for Bose-Einstein condensation. Atoms or isotopes of atoms with odd sums can't form BECs. Strange, but true.
As an example, hydrogen is a boson composed of a proton (spin ½) and an electron (spin ½). A boson is formed when the spins of those two sub atomic components of prodium are combined together into a hydrogen atom. A BEC of hydrogen will not form from the H2 molecule or from ionized hydrogen. A BEC will form from water where oxygen 16 is a boson and hydrogen is a boson. Mixtures of heavy water and light water will not work nor will water formed from any oxygen 17 or oxygen 18 contamination.
The strange case of deuterium and Lithium 7… attractive atoms.
Lithium 7 is a boson because it has 3 protons, 4 neutrons and 3 electrons. That adds up to 10 ½ spins. Lithium 6 cannot form a BEC because it has 9 ½ spins. Lithium 6 will interfere with the formation of Lithium 7 BEC and poison it. Therefore, it is a requirement to use pure Lithium 7 to produce a successful LENR reaction.
Deuterium will form a Bose condensate as witnessed by many LENR experiments. But BEC science has not recognized that deuterium BECs are possible, so what is going on.
Fermion atoms can form BECs if these atoms are attractive.
Reference:
http://atomcool.rice.edu/static/sackett_bjop_1997.pdf
QuoteBose-Einstein condensation (BEC) has been observed in magnetically trapped atomic gases of 87Rb, 7Li, and 23Na. Although the condensates are till very dilute gases, the interactions between atoms have been seen to play a significant role in determining their physical properties. For 87Rb and 23Na atoms, the interactions are effectively repulsive, which causes the volume of the condensates to increase and modifies their excitation spectra. In contrast, the interactions between 7Li atoms are effectively attractive, and are thought to prevent BEC from occurring at all in a homogeneous gas. As recently as 1994, attractive interactions were predicted to preclude BEC in a trap as well, but it is now understood that this is not the case, and that BEC can occur with a limited number of atoms in the condensate. For 7Li in our trap, the predicted limit is about 1400 atoms.
So like Lithium 7, deuterium must be atomically attractive and able to form BECs. But in hydrogen plasma, prodium will not form a BEC but deuterium will because it will ionize making the deuterium ion a boson.
But is deuterium atomically attractive?
The assumption that deuterium is producing the LENR effect in many electrolytic LENR experiments might not be true. Could deuterium's role in the LENR reaction just be a fantasy born out of the dream that hot fusion is producing He4. The active LENR agent in these experiments could be metallized water as claimed by LeClair. Does the LENR reaction take hold in non-ionizing LENR experiments with deuterium where water is not present?
