Does anyone have anymore info about this? I tried to google, and read the article.In the article were btw. very interesingly written between the lines, that there are no killing-gamma-rays in these processes.
Don't fear.. the gammas occur much later, when the muons induce secondary radiation... May be close to the event might be the best place to stay...
So here's few pictures from what I am talking about;
The Thick Blue Hydrogen line is the one to look at. The Green dashed line shows the line shape just "4 hours later". The time presents the sun location 12, all curves are from the same moment.
At this picture above, the Temperatures are shown.The scale is on the Radius. Various lines presents the temperature in different heights (106 -125 km). The position 0-24 is the "local" time, and presents the relative location to sun, similarily as in previous picture the 05 and 09. This picture and data is the same 21.9.1998, 19 UTC data which I have chosen as an interesting point to study because it's near equinox and the LOD (Length Of Day) variation gave expectations that here might be found this kind of stuff.
This third picture shows, how the Pressure varies; lower pressure above >190 km height generates a higher pressure (and density) to height 80-190 km.
This makes me to predict, that Fusion might be achieved as simply as placing Helium-4 to a pressure of 0.01-0.001 Pa and to a temperature of 200-400 K (ie. room temperature of 300 K would be quite ok). It should not be forgotten, that at space there is electron flow, so additionally a voltage should be implemented to ionize the gas.
This makes me to predict, that Fusion might be achieved as simply as placing Helium-4 to a pressure of 0.01-0.001 Pa and to a temperature of 200-400 K (ie. room temperature of 300 K would be quite ok). It should not be forgotten, that at space there is electron flow, so additionally a voltage should be implemented to ionize the gas.
....Not so quickly! The size of the vessel where this is done, is also relevant because of the mean free path. Because the velocity of a particle is Dependant from atomic mass and from Temperature, this means that Helium has easily 28/4 = 7 times higher velocity than Air which is mostly N2 and has thus 28 "mass" compared to Helium's "mass" 4.
I looked the most optimum conditions at the data presented in picture, and it seems to be at 116 km height in "05" curve. The pressure is ~0.003 Pa and the temperature is 290 K. In room temperature the Free mean path is approx (wiki link above) ~10 m in this pressure. (did I calculate this correct?) so the Helium might need a tank of 70 m, -in radius! (it's not very prectical to think that the collision happens exactly at the wall and travel the longest free path through center on other side) This is structurally quite Problematic and makes the testing very expensive. Luckily the Mean free path can be reduced by lowering the temperature. So were back in trying to calculate the correct temperature. ... back to excel....
... back to excel....
WOW! -BANG! I just found a thing I wasn't even searching!!!!!
I mean in this paper;
https://www.researchgate.net/p…ything_-THE_MATH_07102016
I show how The Boltzmann constant and Planck constant can be calculated from the Speed of light -Only!
Well, this was based on the idea, that the Atom diameter is 1/c [m] when it's on Condensating point. (State of matter; Gas-> Solid/liquid) And while I was working with that paper, I already thougth, that IF this logic is correct, then also the gas-Plasma transition must be able to be drawn from the speed of light. (Solid/liquid cant, but thats a long story)
AND NOW I FOUND IT. Thanks Alan Smith! 
Thanks Wyttenbach! (...Fuck you Zephir_AWT 
-But ofcourse this is not ment personally- there is a LOT like you. Majority, I would say :zz(: )
...Well maybe I made some mistake, but I just found the first sight!! The difference between PLASMA and GAS -states is the Mean free Path TIME, limit being 1/c [seconds]
Atleast ie. the Helium "absorbtion limit" at 63 km height gives exactly this result.
Also the Hydrogen disappears to unmeasurable amount, at 68 km (the measures actually ends allready at 72 km, but this where the curve is going), Anyhow, the result is very close 1/c [seconds]
And also for Oxygen (O not O2); my sample ends at 60 km height, and the data ends at 72 km too, but it's 1.106 x 1/c at 60 km height, So I expect that it hits the 1/c at 57-58 km height, and this just reminds me that where does the Ozon layer start at?,,, well it begins at ~55 km!
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/…ution_in_the_stratosphere
Oh, and I also calculated the needed vessel-size. It seems that some reasonable tank size is enough. There must have been some mistake on the free-path calculation in my prev. message. Now my excel shows that about ~5-10 cm radius might be enough.
QuoteI show how The Boltzmann constant and Planck constant can be calculated from the Speed of light only
So.. how it can be calculated?
Oh, and I also calculated the needed vessel-size. It seems that some reasonable tank size is enough. There must have been some mistake on the free-path calculation in my prev. message. Now my excel shows that about ~5-10 cm radius might be enough.
@Jokala: A muon penetrates about 200-300 an atomic arbit before it dies and becomes an simple electron. I would first calculate the probabilty how often such (after "fusion") highly kinetic nucleous hits the needed (for fusion) other one. This is classical cold fusion - main-stream accepted and there are many papers availlable, also about the muon frequency (hits/m2) in orbit.
A muon penetrates about 200-300 an atomic arbit before it dies and becomes an simple electron.
Yes. These muons are one issue. But not directly the issue of the vessel-size like I ment. The mean Free path is basically only dependent of two things;
1. How long is the path.
2. What is the travelling speed.
The path-lenght = particle density = pressure
The travelling speed = ~temperature (~ because it also depends on the "mass". <- I hate this word.)
I think the muons are produced by the collisions in gas /plasma which destroys protons/neutrons. Thus "10 000 muons reaches every square meter of earth a minute."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muon#Muon_sources
And I think they also mostly decay very fast; (456 m is said) But the reason why they reach Earth can be merely a chain reaction like in newtons-cradle. For the Muons this is like a "relay race" combined with "musical chairs". At least I could calculate that the Muon rate ratio +/- ; 1.27 fits exactly to the proton/neuton model I which simply comes out from the Fusion idea, when calculated from the measured Hydrogen (proton) and Helium (alpha-radiation) amounts. But this I haven't put on paper yet.
Atleast ie. the Helium "absorbtion limit" at 63 km height gives exactly this result. Also the Hydrogen disappears to unmeasurable amount, at 68 km (the measures actually ends allready at 72 km, but this where the curve is going), Anyhow, the result is very close 1/c [seconds]And also for Oxygen (O not O2); my sample ends at 60 km height, and the data ends at 72 km too, but it's 1.106 x 1/c at 60 km height, So I expect that it hits the 1/c at 57-58 km height, and this just reminds me that where does the Ozon layer start at?,,, well it begins at ~55 km!
Yep. The data which I used provided this limit to be as follows;
Ar 54 km
N2, O2, 55 km, (This is also the temperature Turning point; "derivate max", Peak temperature was 47 km)
O, N, 58 km,
He, 63 km
H, 68 km,
This defines clearly the Stratopause.
I also found the reason for Mesopause; At 85 km height the Hydrogen is burning (or rather oxidizing, because of temperature).
This produces water, and the noctilucent clouds, (76- 85 km) and This water starts to absorb heat from the sun, which causes the mild temperature rise on mesosphere.
The idea of Turbopause was familiar to me also before. The answer was just impossible to be said loud; This is the point where the Fusion ends, height ~100 km. Here you can even found traces of metal. Sodium (Na) can be found in Hights of 80-100 km;
QuoteThe thermosphere contains an appreciable concentration of elemental sodium located in a 10-km thick band that occurs at the edge of the mesosphere, 80 to 100 km above Earth's surface. The sodium has an average concentration of 400,000 atoms per cubic centimeter.
So the Fusion-zone is from 100 km - 300 km.
For completion, I also define the Tropopause.
It's the region where the "True surface" of the Earth occasionally rises. "The wave tops" of the fluid surface. The calm "true" fluid surface lies on approx 550 m height above the sea surface. It's the base of Cumulus clouds, but it can be lifted through mountains etc. up to 2400 m.
This all can be seen on the existing data. Two key notions;
1. The Water of the Noctilucent clouds comes from space. Hydrogen is not a problem, but how would the oxygen be created? If there would be no new oxygen production, it all would have rained down long ago.
2. From where does the Sodium (Na) came from? It's metal! (btw. It's also the main component on Mercury's atmosphere.)
Everything very coherent and simple, starting from the very basics; from the speed of light.
What made me now to grab on this? I saw this video;
So, it's LENR under your eyes. The only thing which needs to be done, is just to replicate the Nature in the lab.
[quote='Jokela','https://www.lenr-forum.com/forum/index.php/Thread/4455-Fusion-physics/?postID=45384#post45384'] A muon penetrates about 200-300 an atomic arbit before it dies and becomes an simple electron. I would first calculate the probabilty how often such (after "fusion") highly kinetic nucleous hits the needed (for fusion) other one. This is classical cold fusion - main-stream accepted and there any many papers availlable, also about the muon frequency (hits/m2) in orbit.
I have postulated that LENR is caused by nuclear decay catalyzed by an amplified weak force.
The weak force is carried by a number of weak force bosons that appear out of the vacuum. An amplified weak force would increase the rate of formation of these bosons appearing out of the vacuum so the rate of decay of the nuclear matter in the volume of intensified weak force activity is greatly increased,
But the vacuum tends to produce a net zero energy density whereby any increase in vacuum particle creation is offset in another section of the vacuum producing less virtual particle formation.
It might be reasonable to assume that once the muon leaves the zone of positive weak force activity, the muon might enter a volume of compensatory negative weak for activity. In this negative weak force activity, the muon may require a very long time to decay which would be inversely proportional to the shortened time that radioactivity is accelerated in the LENR zone.
" ... back to excel....”
WOW! -BANG! I just found a thing I wasn't even searching!!!!!
...Well maybe I made some mistake, but I just found the first sight!! The difference between PLASMA and GAS -states is the Mean free Path TIME, limit being 1/c [seconds]
No mistake found. I am writing a paper about this. Few diagrams attached for preview.
- The x-axle is the hight in km in atmosphere in both.
The "mean path time =1/c"
- shows mean free path time in seconds at Y-axle, this is logarithmic scale
- The Blue horizontal line is this 1/c and it fits perfectly to Stratopause. There curve's are linear but there is a clear bend to be seen in this at 116-123 km height. This is against all gas theories. It just shouldnt be there!
- Please look also the stratopause lines at 55 km height - They are absolutely straight.
The "Gas derivates with details at 55 &123"
- shows clearly, how something strange happens in 123.
- The temperature (Red) goes down rapidly
- The amount of all particles and the total mass increases even more rapidly.
- not that this diagram is derivates, 1 = no change, > 1 increasing, < 1 degreasing.
- Look cyan line, "N" which are mostly below this red temperature line. It's amount degreases exponetialla, as it's turning to N2. But then suddenly this stabile line jumps at 123, and then continues to sink below 116.
etc... etc...
@axil thanks, But pls. delete your post and publish it somewhere else.
QuoteAs it can be seen, there is least amount of Oxygen at Leading edge. And most amount of Helium. (at 6 o'clock) The situation is vice-versa at approx 16.30. The 720-620-660 are heights in Km.
Not so surprising, as the Earth sweeps the space from solar wind during its motion around Sun.
The drag is here and the planet rotation is slowing down - this is another known fact. No need to raise the LeSage theory, fusion the less.
You can be mental case without problem - but you shouldn't get illogical with your alleged IQ...
The drag is here and the planet rotation is slowing down - this is another known fact. No need to raise the LeSage theory, fusion the less.
You can be mental case without problem - but you shouldn't get illogical with your alleged IQ...
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You just blow your second change Zephir_AWT. This is the last message I will ever write to you. There surely is enough mediocre minds around, if I ever happen to miss such a dialogue.
For those who are open minded and able, this LOD acceleration might be of interest.
http://physics.stackexchange.c…ths-kinetic-energy-change
QuoteAnother example can be made through long term changes. The slowest rotation speed ever was measured 18.3.1973; 86400.0041340 seconds, the fastest so far was measured at 5.7.2005; 86399.9989263 seconds. This difference means that 25.6 x1021 J of Kinetic energy was stored for 32 years.
And I am aware that "Storing kinetic energy" is oxymoron. But this is what you get, if you calculate this. The rotation speed was Accelerated, and this increase of kinetic energy must come from some other source. There must be an Input. And IF there is an Input, then there can also be OUTPUT. >->> Drag becomes aloud. So, it's not the end of the Theory.
But how much is this "25.6 x1021 J"? In 2013, total world energy consumption was or 3.89 × 1020 joules, And as for 40 years, it was only 1/2 of that, it's actually close the amount what Mankind has used energy in last 200 Years.
It's 5.2077 ms, 226 Year on the most aggresive curve (2.3 ms/cy) in the previous post, or 372 years in the mildest 1.4 ms/cy -rate.
So.. how it can be calculated?
This is just Mathematic. You can calculate it with your head, excel, whatever, if you do it correctly, you get the results.
But I can't give knowledge or understanding, I can only share information.
I like the reasoning of our "Joker".
(Our Friend Jokela) He is not afraid to present hazardous
assumptions, and even if these assumptions are false, it
forces us to think.
An exemple:
n+Li7
reaction did'nt increase the yield of the weapons "per se".
But it don't consume any neutron, and product a tritium nucleus. This
is this produced tritium which fuse quickly with deuterium and
produce a lot of energy. (18 Mev?)
But
our Joker is right: the 3th generation aneutronic "fusion"
reaction B + H --> 3 He4 is actually a fission reaction. No doubt.
About
his stratosphere and thermosphere diagram:
I
suppose the y-scale is in kilometers. This diagram is misleading
because the abscissa is graduated in percentages.
In
the stratosphere, no problem: 20% oxygen, and traces of hydrogen and
helium. (Yes, there are traces of hydrogen, even at sea level!) The
rest is nitrogen.
In
the stratosphere, since there is no convection, oxygen should begin
to sediment with respect to the lighter nitrogen, but since the air
density is relatively high, molecular shocks cause the diffusion and
this counteracts sedimentation.
This
is why dust and ice crystals are found very high in the atmosphere.
According to the kinetic theory of perfect gases, dust should not
rise higher than a few millimeters in the atmosphere. But the
atmosphere is not a perfect gas (it is like human history). And
therefore, by a "Saltatory" effect, (a bad translation of the french "Effet Saltatoire" which mean "Jumping effect" ) the dust collides and
bounces higher and higher, even into the stratosphere, during sand
storms. (Like the three balloons of the video above)
That
is why we also find clouds of fog on the moon. Aldrin had observed
it: the regolith dust charged electrically by the solar wind repelled
instead of agglomerating by Van Der Vaal effect, and the saltatory
effect produced rather thick (relatively) clouds. The LEM propellant
had stirred up a lot of dust. But the astronauts rested several hours
before going out. The fog can not be seen in the photos, but the
astronauts were clearly seen in the parts of the low and shady lunar
relief where it had flowed like a liquid, and where the sun could
still illuminate it.
Let
us return to our noctiluscent clouds: what is the weight of a
molecule of water? Hardly more than the weight of an atom of oxygen
(16 for atomic oxygen, 18 for water). The peak of water must
therefore be barely higher than the peak of molecular oxygen , Not to
mention the peak of the OH radical, (17) between the two peaks. It is
not shown on the diagram of the friend Jokela, but it is there, you
can be sure!
So
it is not impossible that this water forms crystals, if it finds
objects on which to condense (the dust of a shooting star, for
example)
Let's
talk about the peak of helium: gravity is not enough to bring the
helium atoms back to the ground, so they leave our planet, but LESS
FASTER than the hydrogen atoms. This is why we see a peak forming (in
percentage, let us not forget)
For
hydrogen, no peak: it is the major constituent of the "void"
intersidereal, so the concentration will tend asynptotically towards
its intergalactic concentration, which must be I suppose near the proportions
obtained during the big bang, memory, I Believe 3/4 of hydrogen, a
quarter of helium.
So
no need for fusion in the thermosphere to explain these beautifull night
clouds.
And I am aware that "Storing kinetic energy" is oxymoron.
The earth poles are regions with low kinetic storage effect. If the polar ice melts and the water travels south the eart rotation speed should diminish. But.. if the tropical ocean is heating up too then this effect might be even bigger. Sea level increased by 30 cm in average the last 50 years... But ohm..,what about the density of the underlaying solid soil? If more mass stays on it it will go up, and the rotation slows down again. Further on we added gas (CO2) to the atmosphere about 0.1% of its mass. We build large storage lakes at various places.
Even the earthquake, that happend in Japan 5 years ago, caused a 10 meter displacement of the rotation axes...
And , most important, earth undergoes Larmor precision, which will change the rotation frequency on a regular basis.
I'm sure there is a paper somewhere, which sums up all these effects, but we, here, can only speculate and that's a waste of time...
