The process by which the proton decays in LENR

The process by which the proton decays in LENR.

Some esoteric process is causing the proton to decay in LENR. This process is the root source for the production of energy and sub atomic particles in LENR.

Whatever is causing the proton to decay into strange matter is a new unrecognized if not unknown process in physics. This cause is not part of current standard model theory. This makes LENR theory doubly hard and mysterious. Not only do we need to explain the characteristics of LENR, but also LENR thinking gets involved in unrecognized physics that is itself ill-defined and speculative and rooted in solving the hardest and still unexplained issues in physics. As we go through this string of dots, you will get a feel for why LENR theory will not be fully understood for another century.

Gathering the dots together.

Before we attempt to connect the dots relegated to proton decay, we must define them and gather them together.

https://phys.org/news/2017-04-…llar-problem-riemann.html

Solving the Riemann hypothesis

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_hypothesis

In mathematics, the Riemann hypothesis is a conjecture that the Riemann zeta function has its zeros only at the negative even integers and complex numbers with real part 1/2. It was proposed by Bernhard Riemann, after whom it is named. The name is also used for some closely related analogues, such as the Riemann hypothesis for curves over finite fields.

The Riemann hypothesis implies results about the distribution of prime numbers. Along with suitable generalizations, some mathematicians consider it the most important unresolved problem in pure mathematics.

The complex number system on which this conjecture is based was thought to have no meaning or application to any physical property in reality. But this feeling has turned out to be wrong.

In 1999, it was suggested by David Hilbert and George Pólya that in the nontrivial zeros form a set of real and discrete numbers in the Riemann zeta function are just like the eigenvalues of another function called a differential operator, which is widely used in physics.

This special newly discovered operator has close ties with quantum physics. The special operator in quantum physics is not Parity / Time (PT) symmetric in the complex number domain. If it can be shown that the PT symmetry is broken for the imaginary part of the operator, then it would follow that the eigenvalues are all real numbers, which would finally constitute the long-awaited proof of the Riemann hypothesis.

One of the pivotal dots to be connected in proton decay is Parity / Time (PT) symmetry breaking.

http://www.europhysicsnews.org…2016/02/epn2016472p17.pdf

PT-symmetric quantum mechanics is an extension of conventional quantum mechanics into the complex domain. (PT symmetry is not in conflict with conventional quantum theory but is merely a complex generalization of it.) PT-symmetric quantum mechanics was originally considered to be an interesting mathematical discovery but with little or no hope of practical application, but beginning in 2007 it became a hot area of experimental physics.

The connection between PT symmetry, LENR, Proton decay is whispering gallery waves.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4830925/

Because of their complex number based quantum behavior, whispering gallery wavesWGW) have mysterious properties that are seen in LENR. In whispering gallery waves, the complex number system relates to the index of refraction of the light contained in WGW type of the optical cavity. When two WGWs are near each other, there is a one way flow of energy between them and a translation of frequencies associated with that transfer. This energy extraction process is unleashed by PT symmetry breaking and the decay that this symmetry breaking produces.

The WGW is the structure that gives form to the Surface Plasmon Polariton. Via the SPP, the energy extraction process whereby the WPW pulls energy out of the proton includes a PT symmetry breaking process. This PT symmetry breaking frees the energy content of the proton as SPP breaks the PT symmetry that keeps the protons or neutrons from decaying.

The color force and proton stability is based on maintaining CPT stability. Here are some old posts that explain this behavior of the color force:

The possible Role of Axions in LENR

and

The possible Role of Axions in LENR

Violation of the CPT symmetry scrambles up fermions and bosons, particles and antiparticles and their quantum numbers.

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.g…/hbase/Particles/cpt.html

Now that you understand how the proton decays in LENR, you have a 100 year head start in the science of LENR.

Quote from Alan Smith

Every week a new particle is the answer. Sometimes two a week. Bless you Axil, if you weren't real we would have to make you up. ps. Good job there are still plenty of particles to go.

Alan, what are you talking about? I have been talking about the Surface Plasmon Polariton (SPP) since 2011 when I saw it referenced in the NASA LENR patent. If you search on whispering Gallery waves referenced on this site, you will see a long history of how it is included as part of the SPP mechanism. The recognition how CT violation is part of how the SPP works is new, and an important part of how energy is extracted from the proton. I have tried to make LENR easy to understand. It looks like I need to try harder at least in your case.

To refute your statement, note that the first reference to Whispering Gallery Waves as a part of the SPP goes back to 2015 here on this site

LENR is a catalytic process

Among my first references to WGWs goes back to 2013

http://www.talk-polywell.org/b…t=3200&start=6000#p102568

https://phys.org/news/2017-01-…-optical-microcavity.html

Physicists have observed spontaneous symmetry breaking in an optical microcavity, they have demonstrated experimentally the emergence of spontaneous symmetry breaking in an ultrahigh-Q whispering-gallery microresonator. The Optical whispering gallery (WGW) microcavity is the structural form that the Surface Plasmon Polariton assumed in LENR. . These whispering gallery modes are analogous to the acoustic resonances in the whispering gallery in St. Paul Cathedral in London.

A critical clue to the role of symmetry breaking in LENR is the observation that the application of an electrostatic field catalyzes spontaneous symmetry breaking in the WGW via the Kerr effect.

The application of an electrostatic field has been listed as a trigger of the LENR reaction in Rossi's patent. When this electrostatic field is applied, the WGW produces symmetry breaking which induces a energy transfer between a proton and a simultaneous decay in that proton via a symmetry breaking based entangled interface.

It is turning out that the Surface Plasmon Polariton (SPP) is not LENR capable after it has been created. Initially, it is composed of two counter rotating currents of confined electron entangled light wave forms that work against each other to mitigate the SPPs ability to convert light into a strong magnetic beam projecting outward normal to the plane of the circulation of the light currents. To make the SPP LENR capable, an electrostatic field (the patented Rossi electrostatic stimulus) is applied (the Kerr effect) to the Whispering Gallery Wave (WGW). This electrostatic field induces a coupling between these two counter rotating light waveforms within the WGW so that these two waveforms combine into a very much strengthened and organized current of light.

When the WGW reaches LENR activation levels where protons decay, the energy produced by that decay in the form of photons is transferred from the nucleus during proton disintegration. The additional extracted light energy initiates a gainful positive feedback loop that makes self-sustain mode in LENR possible. From the researchers as follows:

http://english.pku.edu.cn/news_events/news/research/5335.htm

Quote

“These researchers in China have observed spontaneous symmetry breaking in an optical whispering gallery microcavity. The whispering gallery modes are analogous to the acoustic resonances in the whispering gallery in St. Paul Cathedral in London and the echo wall in the Temple of Heaven in Beijing. Due to the low propagation loss and the small size of such microcavities, where photons can circulate inside for up to millions of times, light-matter interactions are thus dramatically enhanced. Importantly, such a whispering gallery micro-resonator possesses the intrinsic rotation symmetry, and supports two degenerate propagating-wave modes: clockwise (CW) and counterclockwise (CCW) waves, manifesting the symmetry of this system.

Figure 2: Mode patterns before and after the spontaneous symmetry breaking.

It is spontaneous CPT symmetry breaking that catalyzes proton decay.

In this work, the physicists apply the optical Kerr effect of the resonator to induce the spontaneous symmetry breaking, where the change of the refractive index is proportional to the intensity of light. “The Kerr effect provides a nonlinear coupling between the CW and CCW waves, which depends on the input power,” said Heming Wang, who was an undergraduate at Peking University and now is a Ph.D. student at California Institute of Technology. “When the power reaches a threshold, the total coupling strength of the two propagating waves is modulated to zero due to the coherent nonlinear cross-mode effects, so that the original state with balanced CW and CCW components becomes unstable and then spontaneously transfers to the symmetry-breaking regime.”

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Interestingly, there exists a huge light to magnetic conversion amplification process involved in this circulating enclosed electron entangled light. Each time the photon aggregation that the WGW encloses make a complete rotation of the WGW, the combined magnetic spins projected by those photons in the aggregation is doubled. So if the photons which are confined for many millions of orbits, these orbital rotations will multiply the photon spins projected by the WGW by that total cumulative rotation count.

Mesons from Laser-Induced Processes in Ultra-Dense Hydrogen H(0)

Leif Holmlid

http://journals.plos.org/ploso…69895#pone.0169895.ref007

Quote

The origin of the particle signals observed here is clearly laser-induced nuclear processes in H(0). The first step is the laser-induced transfer of the H2(0) pairs in the ultra-dense material H(0) from excitation state s = 2 (with 2.3 pm H-H distance) to s = 1 (at 0.56 pm H-H distance) [2]. The state s = 1 may lead to a fast nuclear reaction. It is suggested that this involves two nucleons, probably two protons. The first particles formed and observed [16,17] are kaons, both neutral and charged, and also pions. From the six quarks in the two protons, three kaons can be formed in the interaction. Two protons correspond to a mass of 1.88 GeV while three kaons correspond to 1.49 GeV. Thus, the transition 2 p → 3 K is downhill in internal energy and releases 390 MeV. If pions are formed directly, the energy release may be even larger. The kaons formed decay normally in various processes to charged pions and muons. In the present experiments, the decay of kaons and pions is observed directly normally through their decay to muons, while the muons leave the chamber before they decay due to their easier penetration and much longer lifetime.

As observed in his experiment, Holmlid has identified the decay of two protons into 3 kaons and 390 MeV. This decay requires an explanation. If you can't or won't explain proton decay, you must conclude that Holmlid is a nut and 43 years of his work is a fraud. I personally respect and support Holmlid and want to understand the implications of his experimentation. This type of ad hominem attack issued by damn_right_yes is usual in the naysayer community. However, if Holmlid is to be taken seriously, an explanation of how protons can transform into kaons and energy is required. In this thread, I have begun that exploration. By the way, Rossi's latest experimental paper claims that the sigma mesons are the active agent in his reaction. Where these mesons come also requires and explanation,

Quote from robert bryant

Axil said

"Now that you understand how the proton decays in LENR, you have a 100 year head start in the science of LENR."

Sorry axil I don't actually understand what the 'proton' IS for a start..

The word 'proton' was only coined 97 years ago by Rutherford, in 1920.

Maybe I am 97 years behind or maybe just 7 yrs

with that issue alone.

Matt Strassler,2010, has a picture of ONE proton composed of 12 up and 10 down quarks about 20 of their antiparticles,

and 30 or so gluons and a dozen or so strange quarks

https://profmattstrassler.com/…aq/whats-a-proton-anyway/

That's something which I don't quite understand. How the proton decays is another hurdle.

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https://phys.org/news/2017-03-proton.html

How did the proton get its spin?

Progress in understanding the nature of the proton.

I have recently learned that Hermitian quantum mechanics cannot explain radioactive decay, the decay of the proton , and LENR. Hermitian quantum mechanics is the subject that everyone learns in school. It's formulation is based on waves and its mathematics uses real numbers only. It can only explain what happens in closed systems. Another type of quantum mechanics is required to understand what is going on inside open systems as represented by LENR, radioactive decay and the decay of the proton.

I have used terms in the above paragraph that requires a better explanation.

What is a closed system

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_system

A closed system is a physical system that does not allow certain types of transfers (such as transfer of mass) in or out of the system. The specification of what types of transfers are excluded varies in the closed systems of physics, chemistry or engineering.

In quantum physics

This equation, called Schrödinger's equation, describes the behavior of an isolated or closed quantum system, that is, by definition, a system which does not interchange information (i.e. energy and/or matter) with another system. So if an isolated system is in some pure state |ψ(t) ∈ H at time t, where H denotes the Hilbert space of the system, the time evolution of this state (between two consecutive measurements).

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What is an open system

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_system_(systems_theory)

An open system is a system that has external interactions. Such interactions can take the form of information, energy, or material transfers into or out of the system boundary, depending on the discipline which defines the concept. An open system is contrasted with the concept of an isolated system which exchanges neither energy, matter, nor information with its environment. An open system is also known as a constant volume system or a flow system.

Open system have input and output flows, representing exchanges of matter, energy or information with its surroundings.

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Hermitian quantum mechanics / Non Hermitian quantum mechanics

Space-time reflection symmetry, or PT symmetry, first proposed in quantum

mechanics by Bender and Boettcher in 1998

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/…rmitian_quantum_mechanics

https://phys.org/news/2016-11-…nored-symmetry-space.html

A theory of LENR must conform to Non Hermitian quantum mechanics. This QM is a superset of Hermitian quantum mechanics extended to the complex number plane and provides for CPT phase change that is central to the decay of the proton.

Quote from Rigel

Axil,

I am missing your point above completely. The Hermitian link is a stub. But the link on Carl M. Bender getting the prize was interesting. I also *read the comments. The user Hyperfuzzy looks like one of our posters here. I noticed the style of attacking others for proposing an idea. I have seen that somewhere...hmm.

This seems out of scope for LENR. Needs a better tie in.

Here is more information about PT symmetry in quantum physics and Non Hermitian quantum mechanics from Bender

http://www.europhysicsnews.org…2016/02/epn2016472p17.pdf

The tie in is symmetry breaking. In an open system like radioactive decay, symmetry is broken when a particle is converted into another particle. When the neutron decay, an electron and a neutrino are created. To make this decay happen, a symmetry violation is required.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/…ion#Violation_of_symmetry

Quote

The laws of nature were long thought to remain the same under mirror reflection. The results of an experiment viewed via a mirror were expected to be identical to the results of a mirror-reflected copy of the experimental apparatus. This so-called law of parity conservation was known to be respected by classical gravitation, electromagnetism and the strong interaction; it was assumed to be a universal law.^[20] However, in the mid-1950s Chen Ning Yang and Tsung-Dao Lee suggested that the weak interaction might violate this law. Chien Shiung Wu and collaborators in 1957 discovered that the weak interaction violates parity, earning Yang and Lee the 1957 Nobel Prize in Physics.^[

also see

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP_violation

http://inspirehep.net/record/1119586/plots

An instanton is critical in the decay of the proton. An instanton is a pseudo particle that is produced as a condensate of magnetic force.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instanton

Monopole flux line will interconnect as shown above in the figure to form a particle. These instantons form inside the proton in the presence of monopole field lines. These instantons destabilize the actions of the quarks inside the proton and the proton decays.

I have always wondered why magnetic field lines that don't connect were important to the LENR process. This instanton creation process inherent in the connection between magnetic flux lines is made possible by the parallel topology of these monopole flux lines.

The QCD vacuum angle θ (AKA theta angle) is central to the decay of the proton, When this angle is very small, the proton does not decay. But when instantons are formed inside the proton, the theta angle increases. This change in the nature of the vacuum produced by instanton formation generates proton decay.

https://www.nikhef.nl/pub/serv…_pdf/thesis_J_Boomsma.pdf

Effects of instanton interactions on the phases of quark matter

IMHO, this thesis is a goldmine for LENR theory.

This paper explains how the formation of instantons inside the proton will produce P symmetry breaking which will result in proton decay.

Another example of pseudo particle formation from magnetic energy is the formation of magnetic instantons in the fractional quantum hall effect. This demonstrates an example of how magnetic field lines can generated fractionally charged pseudoparticles as typified by composite fermion theory.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_fermion