Enhanced fusion in face-centered cubic metals

The hexagonal structure of graphite, iron oxide, mica and other materials with stacked crystal structures produce vortex spin based formations driven by the Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya Interaction as a spin based filter or magnetic lensing effect producing spin-transfer torque in materials when exposed to perpendicular magnetic anisotropy.

This magnetic vortex production is why mica, graphite, and quartz play a role in LENR reactor materials...ie Rossi's wafer.

For an indepth discussion about this issue see

http://e-catworld.com/2016/01/…stals-and-lenr-axil-axil/

Here is how spin is formed into a vortex structure

Quote from David Fojt

You talk about special nucleus behavior like a lot of people therefore i suggest rather special electron trajectories which should induce high magnetic field.

@David Fojt : You are talking of the hen and Axil about the egg. The field structure inside a nucleus is different from the field-structure outside the nucleus, as it has more twist's. (Not exactly spin like). But a spinning (outside) field will much better couple to the nuclear field than just a static field.

But as you say. Theory under construction...

A similar theme, just read on revolution green site: cavities enhance reactions

It's time to properly model cavities!

Nature as a model

Nature provided the reference for the development of the new process. In biological systems, enzymes with small pockets in their surface accelerate chemical processes.

“We thought about how we could apply theses biological functions to organic chemistry,” explains Lercher. “While searching for suitable catalysts that accelerate the reaction, we stumbled upon zeolites – crystals with small cavities in which the reactions take place under cramped conditions comparable to those in enzyme pockets.”

Cornered hydronium ions

But, do cramped quarters really increase the reactivity? To answer this question, Lercher’s team compared the reactions of carbon compounds with acids in a beaker to the same reactions in zeolites. The result: In the crystal cavities, where the reacting molecules, for example alcohols, meet upon the hydronium ions of the acids, reactions run up to 100 times faster and at temperatures just over 100 °C.

“Our experiments demonstrate that zeolites as catalysts are similarly effective as enzymes: Both significantly reduce the energy levels required by the reactions,” reports Lercher. “The smaller the cavity, the larger the catalytic effect. We achieved the best results with diameters far below one nanometer.”

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It is proven that cracks would be important.

Piantelli runs cold fusion at nickel with high speed and reproducibility by utilizing nickel whiskers, i.e. thin needle-like crystals enclosing one screw-like dislocation, grown at the surface of nickel with atom beam epitaxy at low pressure (Knudsen cells).

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You talk about : https://www.google.fr/search?q…_AUIBigB&biw=1366&bih=648

Nope.

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I suggest you have to understand the meaning of "stacking fault energy" to go away.

Why?

Quote from David Fojt

Jurg,

what's about metallic oxide cavities ? as iron oxide for example ? both its have an high curie point .

Quote from Zephir_AWT

Piantelli runs cold fusion at nickel with high speed and reproducibility by utilizing nickel whiskers, i.e. thin needle-like crystals enclosing one screw-like dislocation, grown at the surface of nickel with atom beam epitaxy at low pressure (Knudsen cells).

Zeolites are interesting (molecular sieve). Iron works differently as it only consists up to 2% of an odd number of nucleons. Thus it depends what your goals are:

Attach a magnetic moment to a massive nucleus (Ni,Fe,Al) or producing low orbit hydrogen. successful LENR needs both. I would first focus, as already told, on getting the need 0.3..0.55 nm cavities. (where zeolites are great) second you need a strong short-time field change, that preferably has two gradients.

https://www.chemistryworld.com…-sub-nano/3001719.article

Japanese researchers have created sub-nano scale platinum clusters with high catalytic activity for use in fuel cell applications.1 The tiny catalyst particles - the smallest of which contain just 12 atoms in total - could help to conserve the planet’s limited supply of platinum.

The team found that as they decreased the size of the clusters, their catalytic activity for the reduction of oxygen increased. At 12 atoms, each and every atom was exposed at the surface and the catalytic current produced was 13 times that of commercial platinum nanoparticles, which by contrast contain hundreds or even thousands of atoms. According to the researchers, however, the improved performance is probably not due to a simple increase in surface area but to quantum size effects that are not yet fully understood.

Source: © Nature Chemistry

Space-filling model of phenylazomethine dendrimer template for metal cluster assembly

Lead researcher, Kimihisa Yamamoto of Keio University in Yokohama, says the fact that their sub-nano clusters perform so well goes against perceived wisdom within the field. ’In the community of catalyst chemistry - especially fuel-cell catalysts - the fact that a platinum nanoparticle around 3 nanometres exhibits the best performance has become an established theory. However, our findings at least suggest that these sub-nano clusters made under specific conditions exhibit a high catalytic activity.’

The team created their platinum clusters by adding platinum (IV) chloride to dendritic phenylazomethine (DPA) templates - branched molecules that function as rigid, cage-like structures in which the metal atoms became trapped. They were able to tightly control the number of metal coordination sites, and therefore platinum atoms, in each cage. Adding a reducing agent released the platinum clusters as stable structures.

According to Yamamoto, their results will lead to drastic reductions in the amount of platinum needed in fuel cells, with further progress becoming possible through the incorporation of a second metal into the platinum-based clusters. Although decreasing the size of particles is generally thought to decrease the reduction potential, this does not seem to hold true when sub-nano particles are bimetallic, he notes.

Younan Xia at Washington University in St Louis recently created bimetallic (platinum and palladium) nanoparticles for fuel cell applications

2, but whereas Yamamoto’s current work focuses on controlling size, Xia’s focused on controlling shape.

’Size and shape are the two most important parameters in determining the activity of a catalyst. Size control is what we would like to achieve too, but it has been difficult using our synthetic method. Interestingly, the method described in this paper cannot control the shape. So it is still a challenge to develop a method capable to controlling both size and shape,’ says Xia.

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There is most likely 12 atom palladium nanocatalysts commercially available somewhere in the global marketplace. LookingForHeat shoud source this material as an aid to the LENR research community or they might manufacture this stuff in house.

It is my belief that the SunCell reaction is based on the production of sub nano particles of silver that condenses out of the silver vapors of arc generated silver vapor smoke. In sulf sustain plasma mode, the plasma enters a cycle where these silver nanoparticles are continually reformed from the energy produced by the plasma as the plasma cools at the outer edges in a condensation process and the nanoparticles are recirculated into the plasma core in a continuing reaction cycle.

The Ideal shape of the LENR active nanoparticles is the nanowire.

(Simulation of the continuous polarization dependence of the photoinduced surface plasmon polaritons field distribution in a silver nanoresonator of 5.7 μm length and 67 nm radius under 800 nm excitation. Details of the the induced |Ez| distribution with polarization angle φ.

The picture shows how Surface Plasmon Polaritons (SPP) form on the surface of a nanowire. Heat produces a periodic barrier called a quantum or thermal phase slip that confines packets of electrons is a regular pattern whose number is proportional to the temperature. The heat photons combine with the trapped electrons to form polaritons. The hotter it gets, the more vigorous is the productions and the power of the SPP.

The pattern of polarization shows that all the SPPs behave in the same way and thus are regimented by Bose Condensation. Under Bose Condensation, all the energy of the polariton condinsate is available to any member of the condinsate, a process called superradiance (AKA...all for one and one for all).

Quote from axil

According to Yamamoto, their results will lead to drastic reductions in the amount of platinum needed in fuel cells, with further progress becoming possible through the incorporation of a second metal into the platinum-based clusters. Although decreasing the size of particles is generally thought to decrease the reduction potential, this does not seem to hold true when sub-nano particles are bimetallic, he notes.

axil : This is good news for chemical applications and shows the potential of Pt as a chemical catalyst. In LENR we need cavities of sub nano size not particles, but in a pile of small particles there will always be some small cavitiesm but with random shape.

Quote from axil

It is my belief that the SunCell reaction is based on the production of sub nano particles of silver that condenses out of the silver vapors of arc generated silver vapor smoke.

This is most likely wrong. But any "stable" plasma forms out zones with a "grid like structure", that look similar to your drawings. The SUN-CELL can be explained by plasma physics.

Quote from Wyttenbach

axil : This is good news for chemical applications and shows the potential of Pt as a chemical catalyst. In LENR we need cavities of sub nano size not particles, but in a pile of small particles there will always be some small cavitiesm but with random shape.

This is most likely wrong. But any "stable" plasma forms out zones with a "grid like structure", that look similar to your drawings. The SUN-CELL can be explained by plasma physics.

Metal nano and micro particles produce vortexes of light/electrons in what can be termed as polariton solitons. (7)

It is worth explicitly point it out because it is such an important reference (7) “Plasmonics with a twist: taming optical tornadoes on the nanoscale”. This article provides a wonderful explanation of how metal nanoparticles integrate with polaritons to form EMF energy concentrations.

Simply put, the most powerful EMF amplifiaction is produced by the widest RANGE in particle sizes. A ultra small particle produces the most EMF amplification.

Nanoplasmonics provide many types of EMF amplification mechanisms. One of the more difficult mechanisms to understand is how a pile of nano and micro particles greatly amplify EMF. The reference provided in this post shows how the topology in the way particles aggregate explains how EMF is concentrated through vortex formation. The reference defines an analogy between a vortex and a gear. Like a funnel, a large particle gathers the energy from a wave of EMF far larger than its diameter, In the case of the Rossi system, this type particle according to the patent between 1 to 100 microns but mostly 5 micron nickel particles available commercially off the shelf (COTS). Other nanoparticles are produced as an ongoing process during E-Cat operation by what is termed “Secret Sauce” chemical additives. These additives provide the smallest nanoparticles in the particle aggregations. A picture of how these particles aggregate is now worth understanding (8). But there is a constraining factor that limits the aggregation of a certain size limit due to dipole forces (9).

The largest particles produce relatively huge amounts of dipole generated current. . Other particles of various sizes accumulate around the large nickel particles (100 microns). Each of these particles produces a photonic vortex proportional to the size of the large particle member of the aggregation. These vortexes fit together like gears where the large vortex provides a large amount of power concentration, and the other smaller vortexes provide a gear train that speeds up the rotation rate of the smaller gears down the train.

Finally, the smallest vortices associated with hydrogen crystals, spin at high rates of speed providing the largest EMF power amplification. If a 12 atom nanoparticle could be had to add to the particle mix, a huge EMF amplifiaction effect could be produced.

The takeaway is that a large spread of particles sizes produced within an aggregation of particles generates the most powerful EMF amplification effects. This fact explains why the “secret sauce” effect provides such a large EMF power amplification result. These alkali metal hydrides supply the intermediately sized gears that allow the large nickel gears to transfer their vast store of energy with little loss to the smallest hydrogen based gears down a smoothly running vortex power transmission chain. The smallest particles are the hydrogen Rydberg matter which has its own unique supercharged EMF amplification mechanism.

I venture to say that there is randomness associated with this particle aggregation process that enables a sort of natural selection where the most effective dust pile configurations provide the most EMF amplification. When there are an abundance of particles, the chances are good that some of these piles will be LENR capable. That is to say, when there are a large number of particles, the chances are good that some of their aggregates will produce EMF implication great enough to catalyze quantum mechanical level effects.

There is also a certain lifetime associated with particle formation. Particle piles are constantly falling apart. These particle aggregates must be constantly rebuilt to maintain a sustained reaction rate.

6 - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Catalyzer

7 – Plasmonics with a twist: taming optical tornadoes on the nanoscale

http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1405/1405.1657.pdf

8 – Particle aggregation

https://vimeo.com/36691535

9 – The effect of the dipole-dipole repulsion on the size of the L-J particle aggregation

Magnetic monopole beam

One of the amazing revelations that have come out of nanoplasmonic research is the explanation of how the “dark mode” polariton soliton can produce a monopole magnetic beam. This amazing revelation is not theory; it is based on experimental results. But there is a theoretical explanation that goes along with the experimental data (10). The monopole magnetic beam becomes pronounced at polariton soliton (PS) intermediate energy levels since the Surface Plasmon Polariton (SPP) align all the spins of the polaritons inside the soliton to project out of the soliton from its center perpendicular to its direction of wave rotation. The polariton has a spin of 2.

There is even an experimental micrograph that shows the soliton and the monopole beam coming out of it

This beam can extend out to 100 microns away from the soliton.

This beam must be triggered into forming a monopole configuration by using a high electrostatic potential (50 to 100 kilovolts as per Rossi's patent) (Kerr effect)

10 - Half-solitons in a polariton quantum fluid behave like magnetic monopoles

http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1204/1204.3564.pdf

Holmlid has explained that metalized hydrogen is a superatom where the positive charge carriers are located in the center of the crystal and the negative charged carriers are located in a cloud orbiting around the positive center.

This metalized structure is an example of HOLE superconductivity. Protons are the holes and they are superconducting.

Particle tracks produced by LENR ash show a strange type of particle that looks to me like metalized hydrogen particles charged up with and carrying a large about of energy,

The photos of this metalized crystal in X-ray photo emulsions show what is going on. A handful of people or groups that I know of have done research on this metalized hydride but they might have not understood what the particle that they were seeing actually was.

These groups were the guys describing the monopole, the AIRBUS guys, Leonid Urutskoev, and the Proton 21 people.

IMHO, the person who has done the best work is Keith A. Fredericks at http://restframe.com/

Keith does not know what he is seeing has comes about, but he does understand how the metalized hydride behaves.

Keith thinks that the energy loaded metalized hydride crystal is a tachyon.

This tachyon is a very energy intensive analog particle that acts like a synthetic monopole. Keith has captured the paths of these particles as they ionize photo emulsion chemicals. From this method, he has detected the magnetic and energy content of these analog particles.

I have continually explained how duality in physics works; metalized hydrides behave like a tachyon. There is an entire field in string theory that predicts what a tachyon will do. One feature of its behavior is Hadronization where energy is converted into mesons.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadronization

https://www.scientificamerican…hat-is-known-about-tachy/

What Holmlid has built might be a quasiparticle of metallized hydrogen that looks like and behaves just like a tachyon is projected to behave in string theory.

Keith has calculated that the energy carried by these strange particles is huge at 7.29 × 10e6 GeV /c2 and with a magnetic field of β0 = 1.83 × 10e7 tesla.

In the proton 21 case, no hydrogen is present. So the perplexing thing for me to understand is that both nanowires and metalized hydrogen look and perform the same in these emission studies.

In order to preface Keith Fredericks' video, a proviso is offered. In order to get the monopole magnetic property of the nanoparticle to express itself, a PT (parity-time symmetry breaking) state change is required.

In other works, the nanoparticle does not follow time symmetry after the state change. This could be the reason why it looks like it is going backward in time.

ICCF-18 : Keith Fredericks

Quote from axil

Holmlid has explained that metalized hydrogen is a superatom where the positive charge carriers are located in the center of the crystal and the negative charged carriers are located in a cloud orbiting around the positive center.

axil : For that purpose we need a new atomic nuclear model. Following Mills theory and calculations, we can exclude that there exists a separate strong nuclear force. Everything can be explained by magnetic flows and captured photons.

One goal of the new theory must be the explanation how external fields couple to the nucleus.

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There is even an experimental micrograph that shows the soliton and the monopole beam coming out of it

Axill, from where you got this picture? I'm pretty sure, it has nothing to do with monopole beam. You're freak who rolls your fantasies out of sleeves...

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The Ideal shape of the LENR active nanoparticles is the nanowire.

Why? Because you just found fancy picture at the web?

axil  @David Fojt i find your current line of discussion quite intriguing. I'm very curious where it leads. I'm not sure if you are aware of it but I recently Found this very interesting and extremely rich in information publication on "charged induced enhancement of hydrogen adsorption for hydrogen storage materials" by someone called Xiang Sun.

http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/…article=1014&context=etds

It contains over 190 pages of really good clear data and information including very good background and clear development of his ideas and results.

I was very impressed by this publication and couldn't help thinking a lot of his observations could be applicable to LENR...

I was initially chasing the thermodynamics and kinetics of sorbtion as a route the the thermal aspects of LENR especially for very small particles less than a um..

But If I understood right from this particular study the very hot part comes from thermalisation of the initial "cool" Hydrogen plasma in the glow discharge at atmospheric pressure rather than in the electrodes themselves. This heating of the plasma to very high temperatures apparently happens very rapidly. Interestingly I understand he could control the temperature rise to sustainable manageable values with out burn out by applying the microwaves... I need to look deeper I think to better understand this.

Of particular interest for your interesting discussion I think are the sections Hydrogen clusters... normally these are very low temperature phenomena when only hydrogen is involved... But when they include a metal ion they can occur at high temperatures in excess of 3000 K if I understood right... infact if I understood right they could be very applicable to the metal Plasmas I think Axil has been discussing elsewhere. Also Xiangs discussion on enhanced Hydrogen adsorption that takes advantage of these phenomena looks quite interesting I think.

The Metal Hydrides experiments he performed do seem quite similar in nature to those performed for LENR. Especially those where glow discharge is observed. I'm quite curious if he observed LENR effects in his experiments without realizing it or even looking for it.

Would applied changing magnetic field cause charge effects to occur in Nickel particles I wonder and if so could they impact hydrogen sorption?

Incidentally on a different but possibly related topic have Nickel nanocarpets been considered and tested in LENR devices?

http://pubs.rsc.org/services/i…/b909899b/b909899b-f1.gif

http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content…elanding/2009/cp/b909899b

They have been studied for their super hydrophobic properties which is interesting in some ways... But more relevantly I could not find any thing on their use for hydrogen storage etc.

I'm curious about them for a number of reasons:

1. each fiber has very narrow diameter in the nano meter/ sub micrometer range, they are individually rough, they are densely packed but aligned and separated.

If LENR stimulates activity on adjacent sites due to radiation or ion emission or something from the surface it seems to me this geometry and arrangement is optimum for that.

2. since the are connected to a common surface perhaps that could be used for electrical connection to allow the carpet to be used as a cathode or anode for glow discharge, or to allow electrical or thermal energy harvesting from the LENR, or to allow some kind of thermal control through thermal conduction. Or even allow charge enhanced hydrogen sorbtion as discussed above.

3. Being Nickel they have magnetic properties that may be useful for stimulation etc but could also be exploited to move and align the fibers to some useful effect... maybe.

Well just thought I'd mention this incase it's useful for LENR.

I wonder if they can adsorbe hydrogen or other gases effectively and or if the retain their carpet structure if coated in a mono layer of carbon.... or lithium....

Axil regarding the nano threads... Have you considered nano carpets?

I'm not sure if the individual threads are narrow enough they are about 200nm diameter I think but the arrangement seems intersting to me...

It seems to me the fact these nano threads could have a common back plate it might be possible to use this for direct control of the process on the threads as well maybe bring advantages for glowdischarge formation due to the multiple threads acting as spikes if used as a cathode or anode as well as the more obvious electrical/thermal conduction.

These nano carpets are quite easily produced from electroplating using an alumina template and then devolving the template to leave the nano threads and carpet.

More on time symmetry...

Time symmetry requires that the laws of nature operate the same when time goes either forward or backwards.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_translation_symmetry

To the best of my knowledge, most physicists don't believe that antimatter is actually matter moving backwards in time. It's not even entirely clear what would it really mean to move backwards in time, from the popular viewpoint.

If I'm remembering correctly, this idea all comes from a story that probably originated with Richard Feynman. At the time, one of the big puzzles of physics was why all instances of a particular elementary particle (all electrons, for example) are apparently identical. Feynman had a very hand-wavy idea that all electrons could in fact be the same electron, just bouncing back and forth between the beginning of time and the end. As far as I know, that idea never developed into anything mathematically grounded, but it did inspire Feynman and others to calculate what the properties of an electron moving backwards in time would be, in a certain precise sense that emerges from quantum field theory. What they came up with was a particle that matched the known properties of the positron.

Just to give you a rough idea of what it means for a particle to "move backwards in time" in the technical sense: in quantum field theory, particles carry with them amounts of various conserved quantities as they move. These quantities may include energy, momentum, electric charge, "flavor," and others. As the particles move, these conserved quantities produce "currents," which have a direction based on the motion and sign of the conserved quantity. If you apply the time reversal operator (which is a purely mathematical concept, not something that actually reverses time), you reverse the direction of the current flow, which is equivalent to reversing the sign of the conserved quantity, thus (roughly speaking) turning the particle into its antiparticle.

For example, consider electric current: it arises from the movement of electric charge, and the direction of the current is a product of the direction of motion of the charge and the sign of the charge.

Positive charge moving left is equivalent to negative charge moving right. If you have a current of electrons moving to the right, and you apply the time reversal operator, it converts the rightward velocity to leftward velocity. But you would get the exact same result by instead converting the electrons into positrons and letting them continue to move to the right; either way, you wind up with the net positive charge flow moving to the right.

By the way, optional reading if you're interested: there is a very basic (though hard to prove) theorem in quantum field theory, the TCP theorem, that says that if you apply the three operations of time reversal, charge conjugation (switch particles and antiparticles), and parity inversion (mirroring space), the result should be exactly equivalent to what you started with. We know from experimental data that, under certain exotic circumstances, the combination of charge conjugation and parity inversion does not leave all physical processes unchanged, which means that the same must be true of time reversal: physics is not time-reversal invariant. Of course, since we can't actually reverse time, we can't test in exactly what manner this is true.

The SPP can be compared to the electron in terms of time symmetry breaking into a positron. The SPP is not LENR active until it has been converted to its antiparticle by a time reversal operator. That operator is the KERR effect that changes the rotation of photons inside the whispering gallery wave. The purpose of the LENR stimulus is to change the nature of the SPP into its LENR active form.

Quote from Zephir_AWT

Axill, from where you got this picture? I'm pretty sure, it has nothing to do with monopole beam. You're freak who rolls your fantasies out of sleeves...

Why? Because you just found fancy picture at the web?

Display More

See

Half-solitons in a polariton quantum fluid behave like magnetic monopoles

http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1204/1204.3564.pdf

What the Rossi experiments has shown over many years is that LENR in a lattice is not workable because the reaction cannot be controlled. The LENR reaction wants to operate at the boiling point of the metal lattice (nickel) which is 3000K. Rossi has struggled to control the LENR reaction at low temperatures but he always fails because LENR would invariably get to 3000K and meltdown his reactor. So Rossi finally decided to use reactor structural material that doesn't melt at 3000K. This material must be an insulator that does not melt at 3000K. Mills has stumbled on the same reaction and his SunCell runs at the vapor point of silver (2200C). Mills has solved the meltdown problem is another way, he justs runs everything as a liquid without any containment.

Using a lattice for LENR is a losing proposition. THe plasma approach to the LENR reaction is the only way to go. I beleive that this tube material is boron nitride, a transparent isolator whose melting point is 3000C.