Using String theory in condensed matter physics

https://www.ibm.com/blogs/rese…ational-anomaly-on-earth/

Scientists Observe Gravitational Anomaly on Earth

The motion of electrons inside a ribbon of a semimetal is governed by essentially the same space-time-warping equations as the original mixed axial-gravitational anomaly.

This law-breaking anomaly had previously been derived in purely theoretical reasoning with methods based on string theory. It was believed to exist only at extremely high temperatures of trillions of degrees, as an exotic form of matter, called a quark-gluon plasma, at the early stages of the universe deep within the cosmos or created using particle colliders. But to their surprise, the researchers discovered that it also exists on Earth in the properties of solid-state physics, on which much of the computing industry is based on, spanning from tiny transistors to cloud data centers. This discovery is appearing today in the peer-reviewed journal Nature.

Dr. Johannes Gooth, an IBM Research scientist and lead author of the paper. "We can now build novel solid-state devices based on this anomaly that have never been considered before to potentially circumvent some of the problems inherent in classical electronic devices, such as transistors."For the first time, we have experimentally observed this fundamental quantum anomaly on Earth which is extremely important towards our understanding of the universe," said Dr. Johannes Gooth, an IBM Research scientist and lead author of the paper. "We can now build novel solid-state devices based on this anomaly that have never been considered before to potentially circumvent some of the problems inherent in classical electronic devices, such as transistors."

Prof. Dr. Karl Landsteiner, a string theorist at the Instituto de Fisica Teorica UAM/CSIC and co-author of the paper. This is an incredibly exciting discovery. We can clearly conclude that the same breaking of symmetry can be observed in any physical system, whether it occurred at the beginning of the universe or is happening today, right here on Earth," said Prof. Dr. Karl Landsteiner, a string theorist at the Instituto de Fisica Teorica UAM/CSIC and co-author of the paper.

String theory has also been used in the study of superconductors and might also have applications in LENR relating black holes theory to polariton condensates.

The Gravitational Anomaly is a duel in physics

Meaning of Duality in Physics

Posted on November 1, 2012 by Suresh Emre

The literal meaning of the word “dual” implies two but in philosophy “dual” usually means “not one.” In physics dual means equivalent. There are multiple descriptions of physical reality. These descriptions are not necessarily equivalent but if they are then we call those dual theories.

The concept of duality in physics can be best described by dual universes. We do not know whether dual universes actually exist or not, but we can think of them as mathematical universes.

Physical laws are expressed in terms of equations. What is an equation? It has a left hand side and a right hand side. The equation of a physical law maps the physical quantities on the right hand side to the physical quantities on the left hand side. An equation expresses a functional relationship.

If there is a dual universe every physical quantity in this universe would have a corresponding physical quantity in the dual universe in such a way that the mathematical equation of the physical law is the same in both universes. This is the key point. After the transition to the dual universe the mathematical form of the physical law remains the same but the physical quantities are replaced by their duals.

Transition to the dual universe is known as duality transformation which transforms all physical quantities into their duals. Duality transformations typically involve simple rotations but these duality rotations can be very abstract too.

I mentioned earlier that in physics dual means equivalent. The equivalence refers to the equivalence of the form. Dual theories are equivalent because their equations have the same form. The physical quantities, however, are different. For example, an electron in this universe may appear as a magnetic monopole in the dual universe. In both universes the physical law is expressed using the Maxwell equations. The equations are exactly the same but the physical quantities have been switched with their duals. This is the idea behind the unification through a duality transformation.

If an electron in this universe appears as a magnetic monopole in the dual universe and if I know the details of the duality transformation then I know something about the nature of the real entity (unified field or particle) that exists, perhaps, in a higher dimensional realm. Electron is one projection and magnetic monopole is another projection of the same entity in the dual universes.

In this type of unification the equation itself is taken as the fundamental entity. The physical quantities are mere projections. The implication is that the abstract realm of the equation is more fundamental than the physical realm.

Discovering the laws of physics and writing them down as mathematical equations is one thing and finding the solutions of those equations is another. It took Einstein a decade to formulate the law of gravitation in terms of an equation. It took a century and hundreds of physicists to find all the mathematical solutions of that equation in different physical settings. People are still solving the Einstein equation. Same goes for the Dirac equation. It took Dirac only a year to come up with his famous equation for the relativistic motion of an electron. People are still applying Dirac equation and finding solutions in the presence of various external fields. Finding solutions can be more difficult than formulating a law of physics in terms of an equation.

Under the duality transformation the equation remains the same while the physical quantities are exchanged by their duals. This means that we understand both universes in terms of the same law. If it is difficult to solve the equation for a particular physical quantity we then switch to the dual universe and solve the same equation for the dual quantity then convert that solution to it equivalent in this universe. Finding a solution for the dual quantity is sometimes easier.

A partial list of duels in Physics

AdS/CFT correspondence, (anti de Sitter/conformal field theory correspondence), sometimes called the Maldacena duality

Dual resonance model

Duality (electricity and magnetism)

Englert–Greenberger duality relation

Holographic duality

Kramers–Wannier duality

Mirror symmetry

Montonen–Olive duality

Mysterious duality

String duality is a class of symmetries

S-duality

T-duality

U-duality

Wave–particle duality

http://physicsworld.com/cws/ar…-bose-einstein-condensate

The paper referenced in this article could be drawing another duel between string theory and condensed matter physics.

String theory phenomenology and quantum many–body systems

Sergio Gutiérrez, Abel Camacho, Héctor Hernández

arXiv:1707.07757 [gr-qc]

In the paper, the authors calculate how additional space-like dimensions affect a condensate of ultracold atoms, known as Bose-Einstein-Condensate. At such low temperatures, the atoms transition to a state where their quantum wave-function acts as one and the system begins to display quantum effects, such as interference, throughout.

In the presence of extra-dimensions, every particle’s wave-function has higher harmonics because the extra-dimensions have to close up, in the simplest case like circles. The particle’s wave-functions have to fit into the extra dimensions, meaning their wave-length must be an integer fraction of the radius.

It seems to me that all the conditions required to show the hidden dimensions expected by string theory are meet in condensed matter physics using the bosonic quasiparticle called the Surface Plasmon Polariton (SPP). This boson can form non-equilibrium Bose-Einstein condensates at room temperature and beyond.

In “Oscillatory behavior of the specific heat at low temperature in quasiperiodic structures” E.L. Albuquerquea;∗, C.G. Bezerraa, P.W. Maurizb, M.S. Vasconcelos,

arquivos.info.ufrn.br/arquivos/2009125149a1081961856e8a74678fd2/PhysicaA04.pdf

a structure (see figure 2) featuring quantum like 11 level discontinuity in specific heat as predicted by the Mexican paper is shown to exist.

The behavior of a variety of particles or quasi-particles (electrons, phonons, photons, polaritons, magnons, etc.) has been and is currently being studied in quasi-periodic systems. A fascinating feature of these quasi-periodic structures is that they exhibit collective properties not shared by their constituent parts.

Furthermore, the long-range correlations induced by the construction of these systems are expected to be reflected to some degree in their various spectra, designing a novel description of disorder. A common factor shared by all these excitations is a complex fractal energy spectrum.

Could this discontinuous fractal based specific heat spectrum of SPPs be exposing the higher dimensions of reality as predicted by the Mexicans?

Grand unification of the forces of nature is an important concept in LENR because it can explain why the weak force seems to be strengthened in LENR where LENR ash comes out of LENR reactions stabilized as if the weak force has acted instantaneously to stabilize the products of nuclear activity.

The concept that grand unification of the forces of nature might also correspond to the establishment of a bose condinsate to expose the folded dimensions of strings to a quantum like energy filling process to activate a strengthened weak force inside the influence of that bose condinsate.

The energy of grand unification is not associated with a single particle but is marshaled as a shared resource of an aggregation of coherent identical particles.

When a nuclear event occurs within the province of the bose condinsate... a condinsate that has accumulated the required combined excitation energy shared among the members of its aggregate members, the weak force no longer functions as a separate force. In this condition, the excitation produced by the nuclear reaction is instantaneously relaxed into a stable configuration.

This concept explains why gamma radiation is sometimes seen in a very weak LENR system where energy pumping is not sufficient to power the development of a bose condinsate. But when the LENR system is robustly pumped with sufficient energy to keep the bose condinsate in place, no gamma radiation is detected.

Figure 1 in arXiv:1707.07757 [gr-qc] shows what a fractal energy spectrum would look like.

On page 367 and 368 it is explained, as energy is added to the system, that additional energy goes into filling the 11 energy levels from low orfer to higher order. For example, e1 to e2 then on the next level e4 to e4 then on the next level e5 to e6 and so on.

When a given energy level is completely filled, there is a discontinuous jump in specific heat to the next energy level which makes more room for more energy storage space.

As more energy is loaded into the SPP BEC, more energy storage space is created to accommodate that added energy. The specific heat of the BEC increases as energy is added but with quantum like discontinuities up through 11 levels. These 11 levels correspond to the 11 dimensions required by string theory.

According to the Mexican paper,

arquivos.info.ufrn.br/arquivos/2009125149a1081961856e8a74678fd2/PhysicaA04.pdf

this energy filing mechanism represents how the hidden dimensions of string theory are utilized to handle the increasing amplitude of a particle's wave function as additional energy is added to that wave function.

When the energy of the wave function of the particle increases, the fundamental forces begin to converge as per grand unification.

In terms of LENR, the SPP BEC and a high energy particle both with increasing energy have the same Grand unification functionality as energy is added to each system.

Figure 1 in arXiv:1707.07757 [gr-qc] shows what a fractal energy spectrum would look like.

On page 367 and 368 it is explained, as energy is added to the system, that additional energy goes into filling the 11 energy levels from low orfer to higher order. For example, e1 to e2 then on the next level e4 to e4 then on the next level e5 to e6 and so on.

When a given energy level is completely filled, there is a discontinuous jump in specific heat to the next energy level which makes more room for more energy storage space.

As more energy is loaded into the SPP BEC, more energy storage space is created to accommodate that added energy. The specific heat of the BEC increases as energy is added but with quantum like discontinuities up through 11 levels. These 11 levels correspond to the 11 dimensions required by string theory.

According to the Mexican paper,

arquivos.info.ufrn.br/arquivos/2009125149a1081961856e8a74678fd2/PhysicaA04.pdf

this energy filing mechanism represents how the hidden dimensions of string theory are utilized to handle the increasing amplitude of a particle's wave function as additional energy is added to that wave function.

When the energy of the wave function of the particle increases, the fundamental forces begin to converge as per grand unification.

In terms of LENR, the SPP BEC and a high energy particle both with increasing energy have the same Grand unification functionality as energy is added to each system.

In response to the requirement for data supporting theoretical predictions of discontinuity in the specific heat of polariton/plasmonic based Bose condensates, please consider this example of specific heat discontinuity in a family of solid state systems showing the associated onset of unconventional superconductivity.

http://iopscience.iop.org/arti…88/0953-8984/23/22/222201

Specific heat discontinuity, ΔC, at Tc in BaFe2(As0.7P0.3)2—consistent with unconventional superconductivity

Bose condensation is solid state systems might fill the need for use as a research tool to show string theory productions.

Quote from Alan Smith

'Bose condensatES IN solid state systems might BE .... a USEFULresearch tool FOR THOSE WORKING ON string theory. productions.'

FTFY.

Thanks for the help. You write real good.

Another method that might be used in the exploration of string theory comes out of optics associated with the Bose Condensation of light.

Calorimetry of a Bose–Einstein-condensed photon gas

https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms11340

Also see this article

https://phys.org/news/2016-04-capacity-condensed.html

"the temperature of a gas of light can not be measured with a thermometer; but that is also not necessary. "In order to determine the temperature of the gas, it is only necessary to know the different wavelengths of the light particles – the distribution of its colors", says Klärs. And this can be determined with extreme precision with the methods available today."

This level of extreme precision is just what the string theorist needs to test his ideas.