Quote from axil

In order for the Sun to use metallic hydrogen in the production of solar heat, that metallic hydrogen must maintain its lattice form even when the temperature of the Sun reaches into the millions of degrees. How can such a process be happening?

Holmlid wrote about that in the newest paper that was linked earlier by Ahlfors. Since not everybody can access it or cannot/don't want to sci-hub it, I've also shared some notes I took from the paper (you have to expand the quoted section in my comment), which you didn't read apparently.

He writes that the inner solar temperature is thought to be about 15 million Kelvin, corresponding to an energy of 1.3 keV. The bond energy of H(0) in state s=2 is roughly similar, while that of H(0) in state s=1 is four times higher and therefore H(0, s=1) might be stable inside the Sun (for how long? not clear). At the photosphere (surface of the Sun), due to the temperature of 5800 K (~0.5 eV), higher spin states (which would be less strongly bound together) of H(0) would also exist, and I think, also the less dense Rydberg matter/H(1) form.

Quote from axil

The superconductive nature of metallic hydrogen must be protecting its lattice structure from any particles or radiation that solar activity can produce. A positive feedback loop that makes the metallic hydrogen superconductivity stronger as the outside environment becomes more energetic must be in place.

At the temperatures involved it would not be superconductive or superfluid, as he mentions in the paper. In a work published in 2016 (open access) he observed a transition temperature at a few hundred °C (definitely above room temperature), depending on the p(0)/D(0) and carrier material, and seemingly consistent in behavior to the critical temperature (T_c) of a superconductor. The small clusters mentioned - H₃(0) and H₄(0) - have not been observed to lift in a static magnetic field (Meissner effect) and so they're not thought to be superconductive (but no conclusive proof exists for this state within the material, as far as I'm aware of).

By the way, since Holmlid is now basically suggesting that the Sun (and similar stars) could be composed of Rydberg matter/ultra-dense hydrogen and that related H(0) formation/destruction processes occur within it and its atmosphere with implications on its energy output and lifetime, I don't expect him restraining himself from proposing other, perhaps even more controversial ideas. This could either be a good or a bad thing.

The temperature at the core of the Sun is unknown. If this core is liquid then there may not be any fusion reactions going on. The 15,000,000 K temperature is a value that comes out of the fusion reaction that is purported to be occurring inside the core. But that PP fusion reaction may not be happening at the core.

The muon neutrino rate produced by the Sun is three time what is to be expected if PP fusion were happening inside the Sun. But if LENR was producing that energy rate, the muon production rate would be correct.

If the neutrino rate was a result of proton decay rather than PP fusion, then most of the neutrinos that are produced would be Muon neutrinos.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestake_experiment

Quote

Solar neutrino oscillation

The first experiment that detected the effects of neutrino oscillation was Ray Davis's Homestake experiment in the late 1960s, in which he observed a deficit in the flux of solar neutrinos with respect to the prediction of the Standard Solar Model, using a chlorine-based detector.^[6] This gave rise to the Solar neutrino problem. Many subsequent radiochemical and water Cherenkovdetectors confirmed the deficit, but neutrino oscillation was not conclusively identified as the source of the deficit until the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory provided clear evidence of neutrino flavor change in 2001.^[7]

Solar neutrinos have energies below 20 MeV. At energies above 5 MeV, solar neutrino oscillation actually takes place in the Sun through a resonance known as the MSW effect, a different process from the vacuum oscillation described later in this article.^[1]

The solar neutrino oscillation may not be occurring or even valid. All this theory is based of PP fusion happening in the Sun. Holmlid should calculate what the neutrino rate should be if the solar heat source came from metallic hydrogen based nuclear reactions.

axil

I'm not trying to debate on what is the correct inner Sun temperature or what nuclear reactions normally occur within it - although Holmlid is suggesting here that they could also be the same meson-producing ones seen in the laboratory from H(0). Only two things:

• Temperature alone, within known limits, should not pose a problem for the stability of H(0) inside the Sun
• From experimental studies, above several hundred °K the H(0) is not superfluid nor superconductive (presumably)

Regarding:

• From experimental studies, above several hundred °K the H(0) is not superfluid nor superconductive (presumably)

The structure of UDH requires that it must always be superconducting since the separation of the positive core and the negatively charged spin wave that closely covers that core requires HOLE superconductivity to be in effect.

It could be when the LENR reaction is actively feeding energy into the structure of UDH that it remains intact regardless of the external temperature. But when the inflow of energy stops then the UDH eventually collapses.

I assume that the BEC produce LENR and then LENR supports and maintains the BEC.

The BEC requires energy to exist since it is pumped and at a non-equilibrium state.

axil

From Hirsch, abstract of this paper:

https://arxiv.org/abs/1201.0139

Quote

[...] all superconductors, whether `conventional' or `unconventional', exhibit the Meissner effect.

Thus, if the previously mentioned small clusters of H(0) do not float in a magnetic field, they're probably not superconductive.

Regarding: "Thus, if the previously mentioned small clusters of H(0) do not float in a magnetic field, they're probably not superconductive."

This is a conundrum.

What comes to mind is the condition in LENR where gamma radiation is produced. This is a very strange condition.

Consider:

Quote

Evidence of electromagnetic radiation from Ni-H Systems

http://newenergytimes.com/v2/l…ctromagneticRadiation.pdf

This gamma radiation only appears in a system that is very weakly pumped. Rossi's system produced gamma radiation when that system was very cold. Rossi solved this issue when he added a heater to the his reactor design so that the reactor was hot before it was started.

It could be that the polariton BEC does not form unless the polaritons are vigorously pumped. When that BEC forms, then that BEC can absorb the gamma emissions of the nuclear reactions that are generated by the activity of the UDH.

I confess that I do not fully understand what is happening in this weakly pumped cold condition. The weakly pumped system may only produce a feeble meissner effect which is just able to generate the spin wave and the hole superconductor but with not enough strength in the meissner effect to be detected magnetically. But it seems that the polariton BEC that forms in the spin wave of the UDH reinforces and augments the superconductivity and the associated meissner effect in the Hole superconductor.

It has been discovered that a BEC will generate hawking radiation like a black hole. Hawking radiation is thermal and could be where excess heat is generated in LENR. Unless the polariton BEC forms, no excess heat is generated. The energy produced by the LENR reaction will be muons, gamma, or at least NOT thermal emf.

See

Observation of self-amplifying Hawking radiation in an analog black ...

https://arxiv.org/pdf/1409.6550

Quote

It has been proposed that a black hole horizon should generate Hawking radiation. In order to test this theory, we have created a narrow, low density, very low temperature atomic Bose-Einstein condensate, containing an analog black hole horizon and an inner horizon, as in a charged black hole. We observe Hawking radiation emitted by the black hole. This is the output of the black hole laser. We also observe the exponential growth of a standing wave between the horizons. The latter results from interference between the negative energy partners of the Hawking radiation and the negative energy particles reflected from the inner horizon. We thus observe self-amplifying Hawking radiation.

https://johncarlosbaez.wordpre…/2011/11/28/liquid-light/

Liquid Light

Elisabeth Giacobino works at the Ecole Normale Supérieure in Paris. Last week she gave a talk at the Centre for Quantum Technologies. It was about ‘polariton condensates’. You can see a video of her talk here.

What’s a polariton? It’s a strange particle: a blend of matter and light. Polaritons are mostly made of light… with just enough matter mixed in so they can form a liquid! This liquid can form eddies just like water. Giacobino and her team of scientists have actually gotten pictures:

Physicists call this liquid a ‘polariton condensate’, but normal people may better appreciate how wonderful it is if we call it liquid light. That’s not 100% accurate, but it’s close—you’ll see what I mean in a minute.

Here’s a picture of Elisabeth Giacobino (at right) and her coworkers in 2010—not exactly the same team who is working on liquid light, but the best I can find:

How to make liquid light

How do you make liquid light?

First, take a thin film of some semiconductor like gallium arsenide. It’s full of electrons roaming around, so imagine a sea of electrons, like water. If you knock out an electron with enough energy, you’ll get a ‘hole’ which can move around like a particle of its own. Yes, the absence of a thing can act like a thing. Imagine an air bubble in the sea.

All this so far is standard stuff. But now for something more tricky: if you knock an electron just a little, it won’t go far from the hole it left behind. They’ll be attracted to each other, so they’ll orbit each other!

What you’ve got now is like a hydrogen atom—but instead of an electron and a proton, it’s made from an electron and a hole! It’s called an exciton. In Giacobino’s experiments, the excitons are 200 times as big as hydrogen atoms.

Excitons are exciting, but not exciting enough for us. So next, put a mirror on each side of your thin film. Now light can bounce back and forth. The light will interact with the excitons. If you do it right, this lets a particle of light—called a photon—blend with an exciton and form a new particle called polariton.

How does a photon ‘blend’ with an exciton? Umm, err… this involves quantum mechanics. In quantum mechanics you can take two possible situations and add them and get a new one, a kind of ‘blend’ called a ‘superposition’. ‘Schrödinger’s cat’ is what you get when you blend a live cat and a dead cat. People like to argue about why we don’t see half-live, half-dead cats. But never mind: we can see a blend of a photon and an exciton! Giacobino and her coworkers have done just that.

The polaritons they create are mostly light, with just a teeny bit of exciton blended in. Photons have no mass at all. So, perhaps it’s not surprising that their polaritons have a very small mass: about 10^-5 times as heavy as an electron!

They don’t last very long: just about 4-10 picoseconds. A picosecond is a trillionth of a second, or 10^-12 seconds. After that they fall apart. However, this is long enough for polaritons to do lots of interesting things.

For starters, polaritons interact with each other enough to form a liquid. But it’s not just any ordinary liquid: it’s often a superfluid, like very cold liquid helium. This means among other things, that it has almost no viscosity.

So: it’s even better than liquid light: it’s superfluid light!

The flow of liquid light

What can you do with liquid light?

For starters, you can watch it flow around obstacles. Semiconductors have ‘defects’—little flaws in the crystal structure. These act as obstacles to the flow of polaritons. And Giacobimo and her team have seen the flow of polaritons around defects in the semiconductor:

The two pictures at left are two views of the polariton condensate flowing smoothly around a defect. In these pictures the condensate is a superfluid.

The two pictures in the middle show a different situation. Here the polariton condensate is viscous enough so that it forms a trail of eddies as it flows past the defect. Yes, eddies of light!

And the two pictures at right show yet another situation. In every fluid, we can have waves of pressure. This is called… ‘sound’. Yes, this is how ordinary sound works in air, or

under water. But we can also have sound in a polariton condensate!

That’s pretty cool: sound in liquid light! But wait. We haven’t gotten to the really cool part yet. Whenever you have a fluid moving past an obstacle faster than the speed of sound, you get a ‘shock wave’: the obstacle leaves an expanding trail of sound in its wake, behind it, because the sound can’t catch up. That’s why jets flying faster than sound leave a sonic boom behind them.

And that’s what you’re seeing in the pictures at right. The polariton condensate is flowing past the defect faster than the speed of sound, which happens to be around 850,000 meters per second in this experiment. We’re seeing the shock wave it makes. So, we’re seeing a sonic boom in liquid light!

It’s possible we’ll be able to use polariton condensates for interesting new technologies. Giacobimo and her team are also considering using them to study Hawking radiation: the feeble glow that black holes emit according to Hawking’s predictions. There aren’t black holes in polariton condensates, but it may be possible to create a similar kind of radiation. That would be really cool!

But to me, just being able to make a liquid consisting mostly of light, and study its properties, is already a triumph: just for the beauty of it.

In a World-First, Scientists Have Achieved ‘Liquid Light’ at Room Temperature

A Frankenstein mash-up of light and matter.

For the first time, physicists have achieved ‘liquid light’ at room temperature, making this strange form of matter more accessible than ever.

This matter is both a superfluid, which has zero friction and viscosity, and a kind of Bose-Einstein condensate – sometimes described as the fifth state of matter – and it allows light to actually flow around objects and corners.

Regular light behaves like a wave, and sometimes like a particle, always travelling in a straight line. That’s why your eyes can’t see around corners or objects. But under extreme conditions, light can also act like a liquid, and actually flow around objects.

Bose-Einstein condensates are interesting to physicists because in this state, the rules switch from classical to quantum physics, and matter starts to take on more wave-like properties.

They are formed at temperatures close to absolute zero and exist for only fractions of a second.

But in this study, researchers report making a Bose-Einstein condensate at room temperature by using a Frankenstein mash-up of light and matter.

“The extraordinary observation in our work is that we have demonstrated that superfluidity can also occur at room-temperature, under ambient conditions, using light-matter particles called polaritons,” says lead researcher Daniele Sanvitto, from the CNR NANOTEC Institute of Nanotechnology in Italy.

Creating polaritons involved some serious equipment and nanoscale engineering.

The scientists sandwiched a 130-nanometre-thick layer of organic molecules between two ultra-reflective mirrors, and blasted it with a 35 femtosecond laser pulse (1 femtosecond is a quadrillionth of a second).

“In this way, we can combine the properties of photons – such as their light effective mass and fast velocity – with strong interactions due to the electrons within the molecules,” says one of the team, Stéphane Kéna-Cohen from École Polytechnique de Montreal in Canada.

The resulting ‘super liquid’ had some strange properties.

Under normal conditions, when liquid flows, it creates ripples and swirls – but that’s not the case for a superfluid.

As you can see below, the flow of polaritons is disturbed like waves under regular circumstances, but not in the superfluid:

The flow of polaritons encounters an obstacle in non-superfluid (top) and superfluid (bottom). Credit: Polytechnique Montreal

“In a superfluid, this turbulence is suppressed around obstacles, causing the flow to continue on its way unaltered,” says Kéna-Cohen.

The researchers say the results pave the way not only to new studies of quantum hydrodynamics, but also to room-temperature polariton devices for advanced future technology, such as the production of super-conductive materials for devices such as LEDs, solar panels, and lasers.

“The fact that such an effect is observed under ambient conditions can spark an enormous amount of future work,” says the team.

“Not only to study fundamental phenomena related to Bose-Einstein condensates, but also to conceive and design future photonic superfluid-based devices where losses are completely suppressed and new unexpected phenomena can be exploited.”

The key to forming a Bose Condensate of polaritons is to confine heat photons and electrons together for long enough for them to become entangled. This means that the electrons and photons stay together for long enough for them to come to a thermal equilibrium.

In Ultra dense hydrogen, electrons are confined in a thin layer that covers the UDH, this layer is called a spin wave. This spin wave is a quantum well for electrons. Heat cannot get inside this spin wave because of the meissner effect. Heat cannot leave the spin wave because the hydrogen gas above the spin wave reflects the heat back onto the spin wave. The inside and outside surface of the spin wave produces a two sided mirror that keeps the heat in around and on the spin wave. This two faced mirror effect that confines light produces a polariton condensate to form on the surface of the UDH. This process of confining reflection happens on all metal nanowires except the surface of the metal provides the interior reflecting surface of the two faced mirror.

Quote from can

Incidentally, Holmlid calls the "building blocks" composing the long H(0) chain clusters "quasi-neutrons" (with protium) and "quasi-dineutrons" (with deuterium). In the processes (also spontaneous) that apparently eventually cause the production of mesons and muons, small picometer-scale fragments of the ultra-dense hydrogen/deuterium material can get ejected from it with MeV velocities, remaining neutral.

Short excerpt from http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169895.g019 (open access) where they are cited:

I just want to remind everybody that the famous Bohr coulomb formula for the potential is just OK for calculating the electric energy. All other Energies( kinetic & magnetic) of the electron are neglected. This is also the main reason why also the relativistic Dirac equation is wrong at the nuclear level.

Further on the model for relativity used in mainstream physics breaks down in strongly curved (dense matter) space.

The "strange" idea that a proton (deuteron) is orbiting a spinning electron can only be understood, when a new model for nuclear matter is used.

I will not expand on this here, because people are mentally stressed, when I try to explain that there is no "free time variable" at small distances an the math looks quite different. But if you dig deep into Mills approach, then you will be able to understand, that there are different states (forms of) matter, which I call 2/3D matter 3/4D matter and 4D matter. At least the 4D matter behaves like a liquid! 3/4D is in between.

Conclusion: There yet is no sound explanation for Holmlid's findings.

For those interested I have added in the attached zip document excerpts from the most recent theoretical description for ultra-dense hydrogen. Perhaps Wyttenbach will be able to make complete sense of them (by the way: Holmlid doesn't think anymore that it's inverted matter where the proton orbits the electron). It's in a zipped password-protected format to avoid indexing by Google (as it contains copy-pasted text). The password is "holmlid" without the double quotes.

The papers these excerpts come from are:

Excitation levels in ultra-dense hydrogen p(−1) and d(−1) clusters: Structure of spin-based Rydberg Matter (often cited in recent papers as containing the theory for the structure of UDH)

Emission spectroscopy of IR laser-induced processes in ultra-dense deuterium D(0): Rotational transitions in D(0) with spin values s =  2, 3 and 4

The origin of the Meissner effect in new and old superconductors by Hirsch (also here) is cited as the basis for the theory.

I wonder if I got it right (I'm not 100% sure).

Below are depicted three separate "building blocks" of ultra-dense hydrogen in various different spin states (s=1, 2, 3) that I tried to reproduce in a 3d program with correct relative orbit sizes and motion. Other features are drawn exaggerated for the sake of clarity. Note that in reality UDH atoms aren't supposed to be stable on their own.

The electron according to the theory has no orbital motion as in RM or regular atoms, but only a spin motion.

However it has superimposed a "circular motion with orbit radius r_q = ħ/2m_ec and with the velocity of light c", called zitterbewegung, which for all intents and purposes in this case still would still cause the electron it to orbit around the ions, if I understand correctly.

As the angular velocity of the electron remains the same (velocity of light) regardless of the size of the orbit, the visual effect should be as follows:

https://www.lenr-forum.com/attachment/2747-0001-2-gif

Would this depiction be roughly correct? I'm not sure.

Quote from can

Below are depicted three separate "building blocks" of ultra-dense hydrogen in various different spin states (s=1, 2, 3) that I tried to reproduce in a 3d program with correct relative orbit sizes and motion. Other features are drawn exaggerated for the sake of clarity. Note that in reality UDH atoms aren't supposed to be stable on their own.

can: I'm working on it. But it's new ground. 4D matter looks quite different and the energies do certainly not correspond to a guessed 3D Bohr or QM like approximation.

Thus what Holmlid measures and the conclusions thereof are two different things. As Julian mentioned: The explanation includes the reason for the Zitterbewegung, which is by far not obvious. I hope I can soon tell much more.

JulianBianchi

Admittedly I should have probably used a different term than "building block" and/or be clearer that UDH is not supposed to exist in the form a single proton and electron.

As for the zitterbewegung, the main issue here is that probably I used a very naïve model based on what little I thought I understood. A quick search on this Hubius helix is giving me some ideas on how I could proceed replicating or approximating it in the 3d program I used for the above animation (which is not a dedicated mathematical graphing suite, although procedural generation is possible), but that's likely outside the scope of this thread. If you have some references that could somehow help me in that task, I'd be interested.

Details, details, details...

The view of the electron configuration the covers the positive core of the UDH most importantly needs to account for the superconductive behavior of the UDH. When an electron imparts energy into the electron cloud cover that enshrouds the UDH core, its energy must be transferred along that cloud without resistance and in a way the does not disturb the condinsation of the that cloud. The energy comes in at one point in the cloud and leaves undiminished at the opposite end of the cloud.

In order for the electron cloud to form a polariton condinsate, orbital like continuous motion might not be supported. In other words, the electrons cannot move that much. Additionally, the electron cloud is being acted on by the repulsive nature of the meissner effect where a state of balance between the coulomb force and the meissner effect forms and suspends the electron cloud at a fixed average distance from the positive core. This electron cloud would be responsive to any motion of the protons in the positive core. All the electrons in the cloud would also be constrained because they are paired in a cooper pairing to form bosons.

The electron cloud would behave like the surface of an ocean with waves of spin coupled electrons in correlated movement as happens in a spin wave. Like water molecules in those waves, the meissner effect would constrain the electons in mostly a two dimensional membrane with some perturbations in the movement of the electrons in the third dimension to react to any movements that occur in the positive core

How a spin wave looks as follows:

Consistent to my way of thinking, the same basic mechanisms that occur in UDH also occur in transition metal nanowire. An electron cover on the outside surface of the nanowire forms that are in a dipole motion with holes. These electrons host the condinsation of polaritons as mentioned in post 32. This polariton condensate makes the nanowire superconductive and provides a place where LENR reaction energy can be stored.

axil

This is what Holmlid is writing, from various papers. What does it mean? How should it be visualized? The electron is stated to have no [ordinary] orbital motion, but also to still circle the nucleus in a Rydberg-like motion.

can

see post

RNBE 2016 William Collis - a heretical theory involving unusual particles.

take note of

http://physics.aps.org/articles/v9/43

This article describes ultra dense water. The electrons (atoms?)are in a six way superposition between the positive core. This means that six electrons become one big electron that is six times more energetic than any single member. Weird stuff. Note the use of the term " smeared out".

We need to get use to the concept of particles as waves. Like a strum of 6 guitar strings which produce a composite note that include the vibrations of all six strings. It is just like white light is a combination of many primary colors. This " smearing out" is what happens in entangled, and coherent particles in a condensate. This is what a compound quasiparticle is, a new complex waveform that acts like a new type particle.

I have said that the UDH forms a tachyon and I have verified via string theory predictions that this quasiparticle does what is seen in Holmlid's experiments. I most people cannot go that far, however.

See

http://www.pnas.org/content/111/44/15601.full

Physicists have identified dozens of different subatomic species in the particle zoo, but most physical and chemical interactions arise from only three: the proton, the neutron, and the electron. There are a lot of those: solids and liquids contain on the order of 10^24 particles per cubic centimeter.

• In February, JILA physicists and German theorists described the dropleton (or “quantum droplet”), a quasiparticle made of a network of electrons and holes that combines quantum characteristics with some properties of a liquid. Image courtesy of the Cundiff group and Brad Baxley (JILA, Boulder, CO).

Each of those quantum mechanical particles may interact with all of the others in the material due to the long-range nature of the electromagnetic force, which adds up to one sprawling headache of a math problem for condensed matter physicists who want to study the properties of matter on the subatomic scale. The problem is particularly vexing for condensed matter physicists who study crystalline lattices or superconductors.

Enter the quasiparticle, a mathematical construct that makes near-impossible calculations not only possible, but also straightforward. Decades ago, researchers realized that they don't have to tackle the many-body problem that arises from the messy interactions of real quantum particles. Instead, a crystal solid can just as accurately be studied and analyzed as an averaged bulk object along with a collection of quasiparticles: disturbances in the solid that act just like well-behaved, nonrelativistic particles that barely interact at all. They're fictitious and easier to work with, and their collective behavior matches that of the real subatomic particles.

An electron quasiparticle, for example, includes both the real electron and the nearby particles it affects—and may therefore have a different mass. Another quasiparticle, a “hole,” represents the absence of an electron (i.e., a place where an electron recently passed) and has the opposite charge. It is particularly convenient in studies of the properties of superconductors. The “polaron,” a quasiparticle also related to electrons, helps describe how an electrons disturbs nearby ions. In April 2012, physicists introduced the “orbiton,” a quasiparticle that's like an electron without spin or electric charge—representing a modern thrust to use quasiparticles to separate out the different mechanisms of an electron.

Closely related to quasiparticles are collective excitations, similarly fictitious entities that can be used to describe and quantify the overall behavior of a complex system. Plasmons, for example, are a collective excitation that can illustrate how the electron density of a foil changes in response to a bombardment of energy. Phonons describe the effects of a sound wave moving through a solid.

Some researchers even go so far as to argue that all particles are, in some way, quasiparticles—because they all arise from perturbations in an energy field.