LENR and UDH

    Eric Walker

    Yes: the transition from H(1) to H(0) means from RM to UDH.


    I'm not sure if this could be regarded as an acceptable answer in this context, but I'll report anyway: a few days ago I sent Leif Holmlid an email asking a couple questions regarding the practical usage of the condensation energy of H(0). Incidentally, part of his reply might be relevant here. Summarizing, he wrote that while in principle it's possible, such energy tends to get retained in the material in the form of inner motion (rotation) of the H-H pairs in the superfluid H(0) clusters along their main axis (schematic diagram here) with no loss of energy to the surrounding, similarly to what happens with regular molecules in superfluid helium (random example from a Google search where this effect is cited). This is also what the oscillation between the H(0) and H(1) forms as reported in earlier works implies, from what he writes.


    So, my guess is that this energy would not necessarily have to be provided all at once. After all, so far he's used a Nd:YAG laser typically at 532 nm (2.33 eV per photon) or 1064 nm (1.77 eV per photon) to break up the ultra-dense material in his experiments.

    Quote from can

    So, my guess is that this energy would not necessarily have to be provided all at once. After all, so far he's used a Nd:YAG laser typically at 532 nm (2.33 eV per photon) or 1064 nm (1.77 eV per photon) to break up the ultra-dense material in his experiments.


    Just to restate my understanding of Holmlid's work since I haven't mentioned it in a while ( can is already aware of it, I think): my working assumption is that (1) he's not doing an adequate job of controlling for competing hypotheses that might account for his observations, and (2) he's mixing up theoretical assumptions and empirical observations so thoroughly as to not be able to disentangle them.

    Quote

    So, my guess is that this energy would not necessarily have to be provided all at once. After all, so far he's used a Nd:YAG laser typically at 532 nm (2.33 eV per photon) or 1064 nm (1.77 eV per photon) to break up the ultra-dense material in his experiments.


    The term, "break up" means activating a change of state inside optical cavity of the polariton using the Kerr effect. This effect changes the waveform of the photons in the polariton optical cavity by changing the optical properties of the space inside that cavity.


    An experiment involving optical cavities and polaritons and their laser activation is as follows


    Accelerated alpha-decay of 232U isotope achieved by exposure of its aqueous solution with gold nanoparticles to laser radiation

    A.V. Simakin, G.A. Shafeev


    http://www.google.com/url?sa=t…TUA&bvm=bv.46471029,d.dmQ

    axil

    The excerpt below is what he actually does with the laser, in Holmlid's words (so, without any "can filter" in-between, which might be using incorrect terminology), from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijms.2009.02.014, published in 2009 and one of the first on UDH. The method described is the basis for most of his studies and observations on this material throughout the years.



    It seems that there are problems linking some papers through the DOI system (especially from Elsevier) as of recently, so here is another backup link: http://www.sciencedirect.com/s…cle/pii/S1387380609000724 (the paper is not open-access)

    Such pseudo-religious academic,... nonsense. Don't you thunk?..


    AND You! can out-think... mother nature,


    That will most certainly be, our downfall.



    Too bad they didn't have an army of Pseudo-academic buffoons back in the old days.

    The H-Bomb, would never have been invented..

    Hi Mr. Nobody. Welcome to the forum. Take a moment to read through some of the threads and get to know the place. When you decide to comment on something, please address details of things that other people have said that you agree or disagree with, rather than commenting with vague, insulting generalities. Or, at least, provide some kind of analysis backed by an argument. Future posts such as the one above will be moved to the bargain bin.

    IMHO, Coulomb explosion is an old idea that has been recently replaced in Holmlid's newest paper by the recognition that the kinetic energy imparted to the expanding particle cloud is far beyond what can be supplied by Coulomb explosion or even 14.2 MeV based fusion reaction. Speeds at 3/4 C must be supplied in the 100 MeV range and above.


    Holmlid: "Relativistic charged particles with velocity up to 500 MeV u-1 thus 0.75 c are observed."


    In post 32, I describe the onset of the meissner effect that produces the movement of electrons out of the positive (hole) core. In this condition, the coulomb barrier is no longer in place. It has been superseded by the meissner effect. Bose condensation of holes keeps the electrons away from the core. The laser pulse might WEAKEN the meissner effect and allows the spin wave of electrons to get closer to the core as defined by spin state 1 with a distance of .56pm.


    From the referenced paper:

    Quote

    The origin of the particle signals observed here is clearly laser-induced nuclear processes in H(0). The first step is the laser-induced transfer of the H2(0) pairs in the ultra-dense material H(0) from excitation state s = 2 (with 2.3 pm H-H distance) to s = 1 (at 0.56 pm H-H distance) [2]. The state s = 1 may lead to a fast nuclear reaction.


    Spin state = 1 might be produced by the WEAKENING of the nussiner effect by the laser pulse. thereby bringing the electron cloud closer to the core.

    axil

    I think you're complicating things up more than needed. Ultimately, the point is that the laser pulse (or other kinds of impulse) can induce a state change in the ultra-dense material where the interatomic distance is such that conventional and non-conventional nuclear reactions occur quickly.


    Additionally, the laser can also be used to cause a Coulomb explosion process on the ions composing the ultra-dense hydrogen material. The stripped ions repel each other with a kinetic energy proportional to the distance they had before breaking up, and this is what Holmlid et al have done so far to probe/measure the properties of the UDH.


    Both of these processes may occur at the same time.



    I do not expect that coulomb explosion is significant in producing energetic particles because exergetic particles are generated in darkness when no laser pulse is used. In point of fact, when the UDH is stored in darkness energetic particles are still generated and when that stored IDH is briefly exposed to room light (this does not produce coulomb explosion) energetic particle emissions return to high levels.

    The prolific emission of muons precludes the fusion assumption because fusion cannot generate enough energy to produce muons requiring about 200 MeV (a negative and positive muon pair) from spontaneous particle production. So the S = 1 state is most probably stable. Furthermore. no fusion based gammas are seen.

    axil

    I don't think that fusion is assumed to be the source of energy for muon production. D+D fusion is thought to be occurring alongside other nuclear processes. One does not exclude the other. Excerpt from http://aip.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1063/1.4928572 (open access):





    Here is a slightly more expanded hypothesis than that of the paper cited in a previous post. This is about protium:

    http://www.worldscientific.com…10.1142/S0218301316500853 (open access)




    Tunneling has been suggested in other publications to be already occurring at the 2.3pm distance of state s=2 and be the cause a low rate of D+D fusion (when deuterium is used) without a laser. The 0.56pm of state s=1 distance is similar to that of muonic hydrogen atoms; I don't think UDH in this state would remain stable for a long time.


    Excerpt from http://www.worldscientific.com…10.1142/S0218301314500505 (paywalled). This one is a bit older; the D(-1) notation was still used.


    Since no gammas are seen in the far field, the energy from fusion must be absorbed quantum mechanically via teleportation into the polariton storage mechanism as discussed in post 32. That would leave helium transmutation as the cause of fusion but no appearance of fusion energy output to the far field. Since the same fusion results are seen using protium, the fusion mechanism must involve muons catalyzed fusion. Holmlid can check for this by looking for an increased percentage of deuterium in the pure protium feedstock since deuterium is the first step in the helium production process.


    Remember that Rossi has just produced a paper to explain how neutrons move from lithium 7 into light nickel to produce Ni62 and Ni64. Protium would use this same mechanism to produce deuterium from protium. Rossi says that a meson does this isotope manipulation.

    axil

    In a paper published in 2014 Holmlid et al do report gamma emission (photons) > 80 keV from the hot plasma caused by laser-induced fusion processes in the D(0) layer generated in their reactor. It's not measured directly, but rather by photoemission at two metallic foils placed at various distances from the laser target.


    They verify that the signal is due to photons (which travel at the speed of light) and not something else (particles with mass) by the time it takes for the signal to be detected at each foil. The energy of this gamma emission seems to be only roughly determined by employing a copper piece of known thickness, at least from what I could gather. I guess that reading along the lines the signal may have had a component that was in more recent papers determined with similar indirect methods (by measuring the current generated at metallic foils placed at various distances) to be due to mesons.


    From other sources (for example this discussion) gammas of this range seem to be what amateur experimentalists with Fusor-like devices should expect with ordinary D+D fusion. It appears that the D+D => 4He* => 4He + γ (23.85 MeV) reaction is so rare it's normally ignored, although with cold fusion experiments it's been reported to seemingly occur without gamma production.


    Holmlid et al. also observe 4He (although the method used to infer the presence of specific ions here might be considered questionable by some skeptics).

    It's implied that it comes from the nuclear reactions:


    D + T => 4He (3.54 MeV) + n (14.06 MeV)

    D + 3He => 4He (3.66 MeV) + p (14.6 MeV)


    With T and 3He being produced by the main D+D reactions:


    D + D => T (1.01 MeV) + p (3.02 MeV)

    D + D => 3He (0.82 MeV) + n (2.45 MeV)


    These all reportedly occur within the ultra-dense deuterium layer, whose density is such that according to what Holmlid writes, most energetic particles produced cannot leave it easily without colliding and fusing with other [ultra-dense] D atoms. Under certain conditions (a thin enough UDD layer) these particles can be observed on the outside.

    Quote

    Regarding:


    In a paper published in 2014 Holmlid et al do report gamma emission (photons) > 80 keV from the hot plasma caused by laser-induced fusion processes in the D(0) layer generated in their reactor.

    In the Dekalion R5 reactor, X-Rays up to 300 KeV were seen after each spark. In these spark/laser shot initiated reactions, the LENR process is restated immediately after each EMF pulse.


    Polaritons are constantly reforming in that they only live for a few picoseconds. New polaritons are constantly formed to replace the ones that have died. When the EMF pulse initiates, a change of state occurs in each new polariton which enables the LENR reaction. This LENR initiation process produces Bremsstrahlung as explained in post 32.


    In a system like Rossi's, where there is no continuing EMF pulsing and the LENR reaction and the associated BEC is stable and self renewing, the BEC is not destroyed by the EMF pulse. This is self sustain mode. The LENR reaction remains in place as long as a high voltage electrostatic field is maintained accross the dirty plasma. Energy production in this type of LENR system is stable. In a stable LENR system, Bremsstrahlung only occurs at the beginning of BEC formation and then again when the LENR reaction terminates when the BEC is destroyed.


    If Holmlid where to look at the energy distribution of the X-Ray/gamma spectrum he is detecting in foils, Holmlid will see a Bremsstrahlung like energy distribution after each EMF pulse.

    Quote from Ahlfors

    http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com…002/2017JA024498/abstract


    This paper and its implications are certainly going to stir heated discussions; too bad that unlike several other recent papers from him/his group it's paywalled and thus most people won't get to read it.

    Abstract

    Quote

    Ultra-dense hydrogen H(0) is a very dense hydrogen cluster phase with H-H distances in the picometer range. It has been studied experimentally in several publications from our group. A theoretical model exists which agrees well with laser-pulse induced time-of-flight spectra and with rotational spectroscopy emission spectra. Coulomb explosions in H(0) in spin state s=1 generate protons with kinetic energies larger than the retaining gravitational energy at the photosphere of the Sun. The required proton kinetic energy above 2 keV has been directly observed in published experiments. Such protons may be ejected from the Sun and are proposed to form the solar wind. The velocity distributions of the protons are calculated for three different ejecting modes from spin state s=1. They agree well with both the fast and the slow solar winds. The best agreement is found for H(0) cluster sizes of 3 and 20-50 atoms; such clusters have been studied experimentally previously. The properties of ultra-dense hydrogen H(0) give also a few novel possibilities to explain the high corona temperature of the Sun.

    Plain Language Summary

    Quote

    The solar wind contains protons from the Sun with high velocity. The mechanism for their ejection from the strong gravitiation at the Sun's surface has been debated for a long time. Protons with high enough energy can be ejected from a condensed form of hydrogen called ultra-dense hydrogen, which is stable even at the temperature of the Sun. Experiments show that such a mechanism exists. Calculations now give good agreement with the velocities of both the slow and the fast solar winds.

    Quote from can

    This paper and its implications are certainly going to stir heated discussions; too bad that unlike several other recent papers from him/his group it's paywalled and thus most people won't get to read it.

    Abstract

    Plain Language Summary

    Regarding: This paper and its implications are certainly going to stir heated discussions


    This discussion has already occured


    See all my posts on Robitaille via search


    Here are a few of many:


    The Liquid Sun


    MFMP: 18 steps to LENR excess heat (BasE-Cat recipe)

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