Ruby Carat has just announced a new 28 minute LENR video about the 'Hydrotron' work of Ed Storms.
I think we both did this Alain- I posted the same thing in 'News'
A partial transcription of the on-screen captions appearing in the video.
QuoteDisplay More[04:08] [Storms] In hot fusion energy is released all at once in one big burst. For instance two deuterons will come together immediately and immediately blow apart into different combinations of protons and neutrons which carry the energy away. In hot fusion the reaction is instantaneous and the energy is released as energetic particles. In cold fusion nuclei come together slowly and energy is released as photons - gradually as the nuclei get closer and closer together. That's the distinguishing characteristic of cold fusion and what makes cold fusion truly unique as a nuclear reaction. That slow kind of interaction is not the kind of interaction people have experience with, nor have much understanding of theoretically.
[4:59] The more ways in which Nature has to do something the easier it is to occur and the more often it occurs. LENR occurs very seldom and it's difficult to duplicate. Therefore cold fusion must be something rare and unique. This says Nature really ha s only one way of doing LENR and unless you have the precise Nuclear Active Environment the reaction isn't going to happen.
[5:28] LENR requires a significant change in the material to occur. Getting that change in the material has been the real big problem to making the effect reproducible. Right now the NAE is created by accident: only a few places at random are nuclear active - few places have the right combination of elements to work -- less than 1% of samples are active. The effect does not occur throughout the sample, only in special, very rare, randomly-created regions that host the reaction, called the Nuclear Active Environment. More nuclear active sites means more energy.
Lower power samples would have fewer active sites; higher power sampels would have more active sites. The histogram (on screen) is represented as a probability distribution. The probability of having a large number of active sites is low. The probability of having only a few active sites is high. The probability of zero active sites is very high. That's why LENR has been difficult to reproduce.
[6:43] To make LENR I assume that something changes within the material. I call that change the creation of the Nuclear Active Environment. The Nuclear Active Environment has to be something that is universally present in all the experiments to work, no matter what method or material is used, whether using light-hydrogen or heavy hydrogen.
[7:08] What are the characteristics of the NAE? We know a few of them. Deuteriumor Hydrogne must be available as fuel. The higher the concentration of D or H in the NAE the faster the reaction goes; something in the NAE hides the Coulomb barrier of H or D; something in the NAE communicates the energy to the lattice rather than go off as energetic particles. We know these characteristics of the NAE from the way LENR behaves, but we don't know the details yet. When we talk about the NAE let's talk about where those details are located in the material. We want to look where we expect that material to be located. I expect it to be located on the surface.
[08:00] What about the surface of a metal allows a nuclear reacton to occur? Only the top few microns of the surface are active. A few microns of palladium on platinum surface work as well. After examining hundreds of photo-micrographs of active sample surfaces taken by others and by myself the only thing I could see common to all expeirmental methods and conditions were cracks.
[08:45] In hot fusion the Coulomb barrier is overcome by brute force using high energy. In codl fusion, the Coulomb barrier is lowered by using electric charge. There must be a condition where the electric charge is suitably large. Cracks have the potential to produce that condition of large enough charge.
[09:05] For a long time people people thought cracks were bad. Large cracks allow deuterium to leak out of the palladium. We see that happen. If you put some of this material that has cracks in a liquid you can see the bubbles of hydrogen coming out of those cracks. So cracks were ignored or people tried to avoid them. What I propose is the crack should have a particular size and when the gap has that size the nano-space allows hydrogne nuclei - deuterons or protons - to set up a series, say, proton-electron-proton-electron with the electron between each nuclei hiding or reducing the Coulomb barrier.
[10:02] The size of the crack has yet to be determined. The crack must be small enough so a hydrogen molecule will not enter, since hydrogen molecules do not produce nuclear reactions. The crack must be big enough for a single nucleus of hydrogen to enter the crack and be retained and not interact chemically. I'm guessing something less than 10 nanometers.
[10:40] Cracks always start small. Cracks always start at the size that would be nuclear active, but only for a short time. The holes themselves are not active. Holes and cracks show stress has re-organized the surface. That stress also produces nano-cracks in the walls of these larger cracks. That is wher eyou have to look to find the genie of cold fusion.
[11:10] [Narrator] The NAE is proposed to be a nano-sized gap that hosts a unique form of hydrogen. While large spaces and cracks allow hydrogen to escape the material, tiny nano-sized gaps are small enough to retain a single nuclei of hydrogen in a covalent chain called a hydroton. Subjected to the high concentration of negative charge in the walls of the gap, the electron shared by the hydrogen nuclei are forced into a more compact state with an average smaller distance between nuclei. But what happens to create a nuclear reaction?
[11:55] [Storms] The LENR reaction causes multiple phenomenon. Heat and helium can be produced; tritium and transmutations are observed. All LENR behavior - using all isotopes of hydrogen - can be explained by a single basic mechanism operating in a single nuclear active environment. That would be a lot to expect for something so unusual to have a variety of ways to occur.
[12:38] Consider a nano-sized crack forming in a material. Hydrogen nuclei concentrate in the gap by diffusion, forming a covalent chain called a hydroton which releases Gibbs energy, stabilizing the gap. Hydrogen can form a chemical compound that has lower energy than any hydrogen anywhere else in the material. So that hydrogen migrates there and forms this compound; and because that compound is more stable than any other, the hydrogen structure cannot decompose without that energy being re-applied in order to get out of the gap.
Hydroton formation follows all the rules of a chemical reaction. That narrow crack would have a very high concentration of negative charge on the walls which would force the hydrogen into a structure that I believe would help hide the Coulomb barrier and help the resonance process take place. Once that builds up to sufficient number, something then triggers the Hydroton into vibration. Atomic vibrations due to temperature changes could trigger the Hydroton. Because it has a linear structure, it can start to vibrate such that these two come together, while these other two go further apart, etc…
The nuclei begin to vibrate in line. Moving charges can make photons The nuclei find themselves too close together with too much mass-energy for the distance. They are on their way to forming a fusion product. The system "knows" that if it collapses It will gain energy since the end product has less mass than the sum total. The Hydroton "knows" which direction to go and it keeps streaming photons on each close approach. Each pulse brings the nuclei closer together giving off a bigger photon on each close approach. Finally the last photon goes off and it becomes a deuteron because the electron between them gets absorbed in the final product. But there's hardly any mass-energy left so the deuteron becomes stable or gives off a very weak gamma.
Now there's a deuteron in the nano-gap. If there is another proton or deuteron there it can start the process all over again; if there is another deuteron there it can make helium or if a proton happens to be there it will make tritium. End products can diffuse out of the nano-crack and be replaced by more hydrogen; or end products can stay there in the nanospace and fuse again.
The bouncing is symmetrical: it isn't just when they bounce this direction that they give off photons. When they bounce the other direction they give off photons too. The nuclei are bouncing in a symmetrical way, they lose mass in both directions. At some point two particular nuclei have lost enough mass that they don't bounce - they stick together. And then these two over here - they stick together.
[16:29] Where during this process do the nuclei recognize they have too much mass and need to get rid of it? In hot fusion, this is done quickly and overwhelms this process. This is the unique feature of cold fusion, this is where cold fusion differs from hot fusion. Cold fusion is slow and methodical and because it occurs over a period of time the energy has time to get out in small quanta. The electron must have special properties. The electron is the only thing new and novel here: everything else is consistent with normal physics except for that electron. Something new has been discovered and is required to make cold fusion work.
The nanocrack is not destroyed; the crack is a manufacturing tool. Atoms go into the nanocrack and fuse. End products diffuse out - or stay. The nanospace is an assembly line in the fusion process. That crack becomes attractive as a NAE.
It's also attractive because it's very difficult to produce (matching experimence with these systems) and it's outside the thermodynamic characteristics of a material -- cracks can occur in any aterial regardless of its thermodynamic properties.
[18:00] [Narrator] Nano-spaces allow a different form of atomic interaction to occur where hydrogen nuclei and electron can form a chain called a Hydroton. Pulsing in resonance, periodically smaller distances coax nuclei into a slow fusion process where smaller bits of mass convert to enegy through coherent photon emission. An electron is absorbed to make the final product. All the isotopes of hydrogen are proposed to behave the same way. Any other element in the gap resonates to transmutation.
[18:40] [Storms] Cold fusion was rejected by educated people with experience in hot fusion which plays by entirely different rules. Cold fusion plays by rules by rules that we don't presently understand and those rules involve a slow interaction and a slow release of energy. Cold fusion has to follow all the laws of nature as we presently know and love them. Cold fusion/LENR does not violate any chemical or physical laws but there's something missing in the laws of nature; they're not conflicting with anything. we just don't have all the pieces yet. That's the big discovery: that a chemical compound of hydrogen created very special circumstances can then fuse.
[19:45] [Narrator] Nano-gaps and Hydrotons are able to explain the broad variety of evidence in LENR experiments. By reasoning that follows the data and begins with tritium production.
[19:56] [Storms] Tritium provides the key to understanding this process and how the hydroton model can be verified. Tritium is osberved in cold fusion cells, but it's not made by hot fusion reaction as no commensurate neutrons are found in LENR. There are a limited number of ways to make tritium.
The only path that makes sense is a deuteron d fuses with a proton p and captures an electron e. Tritium will decay to helium-3 and an electron over a half-life of 12.3 years. All isotopes of hydrogen must behave the same way. If that's the only way to make tritium then that's the only way you can get helium. Also the electron must also be captured during helium-4 production. One of the deuterons fuses with an electron to make hydrogen-4, the hydrogen-4 decays rapidly and doesn't accumulate. To make helium-4 and the electron as part of the decay hydrogen-4 does not normally decay to helium-4, but this must happen for the hydroton model to work. If this is an exception - and the electron is not captured - then the hydroton model falls apart because where then does the electron go? It has to be there to hide the coulomb barrier. It's there in the other two reactions. Then why wouldn't it be there in the helium-4 reaction? So right there normal nuclear expectations break down.
[21:48] The hydroton is a whole new world that cold fusion - and Pons and Fleischmann have revealed exists. It was totally invisible until they came along and said "hey, here's something that can only work if the rules change". So we better start looking at new rules. The Hydroton is in fact the structure that makes those rules operate.
[22:15] I've taken these various ideas - many of them are not original to me - what is original is putting them togeter in a logical relationship and then on the basis of that relationship they can predict precisely what's going to happen. There's no wiggle room in this theory. I am not like most theoreticians: there are no parameters to adjust in the nano-gap/Hydroton model. It is either right or wrong, it's as easy, as simple as that. I either go down flames - or I'm right - And the result is suddenly I can make sense of cold fusion. Suddenly now I know hot to make it reproducible, and once it works, I know how to engineer it. The only problem is I haven't yet proven that.
[23:09] [Narrator] Beginning with experimental facts and following a logical process of reasoning has produced both questions that challenge the standard model of nuclear physics and provided testable predictions that will confirm or deny the Nano-gap Hydroton hypothesis.
[23:25] [Storms] The Hydroton is predicted to be a form of metallic hydrogen - material thought to be made by squeezing hydrogen at very high pressure. The nano-gap makes this possible. Metallic hydrogen is difficult to detect because once it forms, it fuses. That allows us to harvest the mathematical understanding of metallic hydrogen - which is already in the literature - to explain this material and also relate what we're seeing to another kind of measurement.
[24:05] Cold fusion represents a whole new way of looking at nuclear interaction, the rules of which will have other implications and it will have other applications and will allow us to do things we can't even suspect can be done now, including the deactivation of radioactive material that we have generated by the other energy sources.
[24:32] [Narrator] Only experimental results will validate the hypotheses of the Nano-gap Hydroton model. New data supports the Hydroton prediction that the amount of tritium produced depends on the deuterium to protium ratio in the fuel. To confirm the Nuclear Active Environment as a nano-gap creating the right-sized nano-space that will host the reaction with 100% reliability is crucial. Determining if light-hydrogen systems are producing tritium is an important next step.
Laboratory evidence that identifies emitted photons as coming from a particular reaction would be defining for the Hydroton model.
[25:23] Cold fusion technology will be a radically different type of power creating a paradigm shift in global operations. One cubic kilometer of ocean water contains fusion energy equal to all the world's oil reserves and a nano-sized source of power hold the promise of a defining next step in our human evolution.
[25:50] [Storms] What we need to do is find a way to try to create that material in the presence of hydrogen. It's no good to try to create it in the absence of hydrogen. In the absence of hydrogen the crack will simply continue to grow and if you put hydrogen in later the crack is too big in size and it's no longer nuclear active. So you have to have the hydrogen present simutaneously with the formation of the crack structure. That's the secret of the process: you have to have these two things happen simultaneously.
[26:30] It's like opening a window. You open it a little bit and you see a little of what's outside and it looks really interesting and you open it a little bit more and all of a sudden you realize "Wow! There's a whole new world out there!". This theory has opened the world into a way of looking at cold fusion that hasn't been explored in completion.
[26:50] My guess is once we understand how LENR works there will be some other metal or alloy and some combination of deuterium and light-hydrogen that will be even better than we presently have. We are nowhere near the ideal at this point.
I found these excerpts interesting when put together:
QuoteDisplay More[07:08] […] something in the NAE hides the Coulomb barrier of H or D […]
[08:45] […] In cold fusion, the Coulomb barrier is lowered by using electric charge. There must be a condition where the electric charge is suitably large. Cracks have the potential to produce that condition of large enough charge.
[09:05] […] What I propose is the crack should have a particular size and when the gap has that size the nano-space allows hydrogen nuclei - deuterons or protons - to set up a series, say, proton-electron-proton-electron with the electron between each nuclei hiding or reducing the Coulomb barrier.
[11:10] […] tiny nano-sized gaps are small enough to retain a single nuclei of hydrogen in a covalent chain called a Hydroton. Subjected to the high concentration of negative charge in the walls of the gap, the electron shared by the hydrogen nuclei are forced into a more compact state. […]
[12:38] Consider a nano-sized crack forming in a material. Hydrogen nuclei concentrate in the gap by diffusion, forming a covalent chain called a Hydroton which releases Gibbs energy, stabilizing the gap. Hydrogen can form a chemical compound that has lower energy than any hydrogen anywhere else in the material. So that hydrogen migrates there and forms this compound; and because that compound is more stable than any other, the hydrogen structure cannot decompose without that energy being re-applied in order to get out of the gap. […]
[23:25] [Storms] The Hydroton is predicted to be a form of metallic hydrogen - material thought to be made by squeezing hydrogen at very high pressure. The nano-gap makes this possible. Metallic hydrogen is difficult to detect because once it forms, it fuses. That allows us to harvest the mathematical understanding of metallic hydrogen - which is already in the literature - to explain this material and also relate what we're seeing to another kind of measurement.
Storms' idea of cold fusion/LENR however is limited to cracks forming in a material. What does he think about plasma-based experiments? If the same or similar processes occur in a plasma, then it means that the Hydroton (a form of metallic hydrogen as he says) can get created there too, which implies that it might be something less rare and unique than expected.
QuoteLENR occurs very seldom and it's difficult to duplicate. Therefore cold fusion must be something rare and unique. This says Nature really has only one way of doing LENR and unless you have the precise Nuclear Active Environment the reaction isn't going to happen.
Polaritons are a mix of electrons and photons that are produced in cracks and bumps on the surface of a metal. It is this mixture of light and electrons that allows concentration of this spin only quasiparticles to aggregates to such a large and essentially unlimited extent that low energy nuclear reactions will occur.
Ed Storms once said that there was no way that electrons can axxumulate to such and extent to produce nuclear reactions. Ed Storms is wrong. The production of polaritons is how that accumulation can occur.
Ed Storms said:
QuoteAttempts have been made by various theoreticians to propose a mechanism to explain how the Coulomb barrier can be reduced within the PdD lattice. These models generally involve changing the energy or local concentration of electrons. Initiation of a nuclear reaction in ordinary materials by such processes is prevented by chemical effects, as is shown later in the paper.
Hi Alain, Ed Storms is testing a few of the hypotheses. In one test, they are trying to make the right-sized cracks that will create the reaction. If they can, we're in business. If not, then we are back to nowhere (cause I sure don't have a device).
Breakthrough please!
Hey is this my first post?!
Je suis femme qui travaille.
How do you find the time?
Paix et amour,
Ruby
"Breakthrough please!"
Be ungry acute. Look somewhere else (e.g. Karabut-Hagelstein-Tanzella vibrating plates, or peculiar not maxwellian plasmas, or ...).
Hey Ruby, As long as you are here, how do you feel about Rossi and his claims now?
Display MoreHi Alain, Ed Storms is testing a few of the hypotheses. In one test, they are trying to make the right-sized cracks that will create the reaction. If they can, we're in business. If not, then we are back to nowhere (cause I sure don't have a device).
Breakthrough please!
Hey is this my first post?!
Je suis femme qui travaille.
How do you find the time?
Paix et amour,
Ruby
I address why cracks and pumps are important in LENR in this recent post:
Alfors, There are multiple theories. Unfortunately, we only need one. I'll take it from wherever it comes. But the fact is, it's been almost thirty years, and the "current" batch of theories has been getting nowhere in regards to determining experiments or engineering a technology. I don't see how it hurts to look at some fresh ideas.
Maryugo, I believe Sergio Focardi discerned that Rossi can indeed make heat. But like everybody else, he is unable to make a technology, and he doesn't work well with others. If he can get a technology by his own bootstraps, I wish him luck and I can't wait to buy one.
Axil, I am not a scientist and cannot say what is right, but I just let the scientists talk and let them figure it out. As I said before, my only desire is a technology - even as the science is still being worked out.
Hey Post #2!
Ruby
Well said Ruby. We do seem to be somewhat stuck as far as theories go. Problem is that we have not one or two, but one or two dozen.
BTW, Welcome to LENR Forum. 
@rubicarat
Hagelstein -Tanzella papers are MOSTLY experimental. With zero results, alas. But to their credit far away from Palladium, Nickel and Deuterium.
QuoteMaryugo, I believe Sergio Focardi discerned that Rossi can indeed make heat. But like everybody else, he is unable to make a technology, and he doesn't work well with others. If he can get a technology by his own bootstraps, I wish him luck and I can't wait to buy one.
Ruby, thanks for participating here. I didn't have much luck getting responses on your blog.
I am not sure I know what "unable to make a technology" means. Could you please expand on that a bit?
If Rossi knows he can't produce a working device, what did he sell to IH for $11 Million (and then asked for $89 more)?
Also, how do you know Rossi didn't fool Focardi (and Levi and the others)? Remember, he did not allow calibration for most of his tests and never allowed full range calibration at all. Absent calibration, how do we know Focardi was not fooled?
Hi Mary, I don't have a lot of time for chat, so I don't participate much on these boards.
"Unable to make a technology" means that LENR researchers are trying to engineer something without knowing exactly how it works, i.e., engineering a technology without fully understanding the science. This direction has not been successful, and the proof of that is we still have no device that operates yet.
I do not know what Rossi sold to IH, but it was supposedly the secret to make heat. IH was unsuccessful with the formula, so it is clear they did not get the full Monty.
I do not know if Rossi fooled Focardi. How could I?
Nevertheless, when an eminent scientist checks out a prototype for several years (since 2007 I believe) before publicly announcing it's reality (2011), I tend to believe them. What reason would I have to not accept what the expert says? Focardi had experience with these Ni-H systems since the inception of this field. If anyone would know what they were talking about, it would be him. Yes, I believe Rossi can make big heat based on Sergio Focardi's word. I only hope he, or someone, will make a technology.
Alfhors, Most of the systems that have been studied are Pd-D, and thus the majority of data is on these systems. Ni-H has much less published data, and other systems, virtually nill. Scientists will go where the data is, so I don't see how you can get "far away" from Pd-D if you want to find what is happening.
Hey! I'm starting a new job today, and the next 17 weeks I am jammed working. UGH.
I've got to make some more money to make another movie - this time one for the general public.
Let's try this: BREAKTHROUGH for the HOLIDAYS!
See you in December for The Party!
Ruby
Post #3
PS THANK YOU LENR-forum -Alain -David -Alan all of you who are keeping this board alive. You have an amazing resource here! I hope I can participate more in the future.
@rubicarat
... "so I don't see how you can get "far away" from Pd-D if you want to find what is happening."
Hi Alfhors,
In science, data is the light.
Peace,
Ruby
Amen ...
