MIT CLUB OF NORTHERN CALIFORNIA - Peter Hagelstein : Cold Fusion - Real, But Is It Ready?

Also worth pointing out that proton-proton collisions result in a short-lived resonance (fusion of sorts). The pp resonance quickly decays back into two protons. It's not until inverse beta decay, a very rare process in this case, occurs during the lifetime of the resonance that the pp converts to pn (deuterium), which is stable and which is then quickly consumed by a further step in the pp chain. (My understanding at any rate.)

Having said all that, what would the pp fusion rate be at ambient pressure from a hydrogen load of 10 micrograms of hydrogen?

A pretty low rate, I would assume.

Quote from axil

Have said all that, what would the pp fusion rate be at ambient pressure from a hydrogen load of 10 micrograms of hydrogen?

How about the fusion rate of the gazillions of H atoms used to cool turbines?

"According to John Speranza, vice president, hydrogen product sales, Proton Energy Systems, almost 70 percent of all electric power generators over 60 MW worldwide use hydrogen cooling."

http://www.power-eng.com/artic…ut-safety-is-crucial.html

Quote from Paradigmnoia

How about the fusion rate of the gazillions of H atoms used to cool turbines?

"According to John Speranza, vice president, hydrogen product sales, Proton Energy Systems, almost 70 percent of all electric power generators over 60 MW worldwide use hydrogen cooling."

http://www.power-eng.com/artic…ut-safety-is-crucial.html

The point that I am trying to make is that fusion has nothing to do with LENR.

Quote from axil

The point that I am trying to make is that fusion has nothing to do with LENR.

One difficulty there is that proton and/or deuteron interactions, when one may be shielded (eg. D atom or D minus ion, versus D+ or naked deuteron) and both suitably confined on, or in, a suitable catalytic surface and/or at, or in, a suitable interface, and, for example, the two oppositely motivated by some pulsed and/or static electrostatic field, and/or specifically directed phonon or EM field-- all such condensed matter catalysis make near vacuum modeling inadequate or even wrong, and may also make "center of a star" modeling inadequate or incorrect as well. Localized structures that could never be stable in the gas or plasma phases, and field gradients that could never be coherent or directed, can both readily persist at (hypothetical?) LENR operating temperatures.

Quote from Longview

One difficulty there is that proton and/or deuteron interactions, when one may be shielded (eg. D atom or D minus ion, versus D+ or naked deuteron) and both suitably confined on, or in, a suitable catalytic surface and/or at, or in, a suitable interface, and, for example, the two oppositely motivated by some pulsed and/or static electrostatic field, and/or specifically directed phonon or EM field-- all such condensed matter catalysis make near vacuum modeling inadequate or even wrong, and may also make "center of a star" modeling inadequate or incorrect as well. Localized structures that could never be stable in the gas or plasma phases, and field gradients that could never be coherent or directed, can both readily persist at (hypothetical?) LENR operating temperatures.

In my opinion, the road to a deeper understanding of the LENR reaction lays in the theory of Axions and the Primakoff effect.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primakoff_effect#cite_note-2

The Primakoff effect, named after Henry Primakoff, is the resonant production of neutral pseudoscalar mesons by high-energy photons interacting with an atomic nucleus.

When a high intensity source of photons hits an atomic nucleus, a Axion is generated. This atomic nucleus can be a proton. When the Axion is produced by the flux of photons, the Axion changes the theta parameter of the color gluons from its near zero value to something close to pie. The Axion changes the color of the quarks inside the proton so that it becomes unstable and decays into a Kaon.

I see a close correlation between what the Rossi theory paper says and the Axion causation of the LENR reaction. For Rossi, the EMF interaction with the nucleus produces a meson instead of a Axion. This LENR reaction mediator works at a distance to produce the LENR reaction.

In the Ross theory paper

https://arxiv.org/pdf/1703.05249

It covers the decay of the proton and how introduction of dipole moment in the quarks produce decay.

Quote

A basic example is why the process p + n ! d +

is allowed

but not p ! p (d) +

. The solution is different for the spin polarizability

and quadrupole polarizability. For spin polarizability, a solution is that the

interaction is due to non-classic EM fields. The basic interpretation of this is

that the interaction cannot form real photons. Virtual photons are still possible,

but the reaction p ! p +

is a normal interaction found for particles, which

is a source for a static EM field. For the quadrupole polarizability the solution

to the forced forbidden spontaneous de-excitation is different. The only solution

would be that the hypothetical ground state have negative energy, i.e. the full

reaction p ! p +

is forbidden by energy conservation. This is an expected

property of the nucleons as long as they not decay. The upper limit of proton

decay is of the order of 1031 years, according to one of the best-measured upper

limits on Earth. The reason this is expected comes from the properties of the

internal structure of the proton. The internal structure through EM interaction

consists of three charged quarks with no electric dipole moment. The electric

structure then consist of two perfect aligned opposite dipoles. The opposite

dipoles are capable of forming two photons, so that spontaneous de-excitation

p ! e+ + 2

would be possible if one assumes that lepton and baryon number

could be exchanged.

A state with energy lower than zero is also found when expanding the instance

of spontaneous de-excitation from photons only to photons plus mesons.

The I=2 meson has a mass square below 0. The spontaneous de-excitation

would then be p ! p + instead of p ! p +

but the would stay in place

by the absence of energy available for kinetic energy separation of the meson

and proton.

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It sounds to me like Rossi has seen photon/nuclear interaction as causative in his research and experimentation of the LENR reaction. Notice that Rossi never mentions fusion.

The standard model of particle physics expects to see Axions produced by photon/proton interactions. Ross's invention of the neutral meson reaction particle is beyond the standard model. Rossi would do better if he modify his thinking to conform with the Axion standard dogma.

Quote from axil

The point that I am trying to make is that fusion has nothing to do with LENR.

Yes. Nuclear fusion and Low Energy don't seem to belong together.

Quote from AlainCo

It make me think of a Cro Magnon tribe chief saying that sex could not happen without some violence...

Never heard of seduction.

There is an old saying: you can't teach an old dog new tricks.

AlainCo wrote: "It make me think of a Cro Magnon tribe chief saying that sex could not happen without some violence...Never heard of seduction"

Current scientific literature prefers the term “European Early Modern Humans” (or EEMH), instead of “Cro-Magnon.

Axil wrote: There is an old saying: you can't teach an old dog new tricks.

Hopefully ELMH " European Late Modern Humans" can be seduced to learn new tricks apart from ITER.

Quote from axil

In my opinion, the road to a deeper understanding of the LENR reaction lays in the theory of Axions and the Primakoff effect.

Let's have a bit more of this, please. I deduce from the Feynman diagrams for the Primakoff Effect, that show high energy gammas, ones whose mass energy equivalence meets or exceeds the subatomic particles in question. That would make it very hot fusion.... entirely the province of stellar cores or the hottest experiments possible (if that).

On the other hand, it appears that axions are in an energy range of a few micro eV / c² And hence far too low to easily account for the missing required mass in neutron synthesis from proton + electron interactions in the mesothermal domain of LENR, that is the axions would have to assemble and add within a very short space/time window to bring the resonance to stability / constructive collapse.

Quote from Longview

That would make it very hot fusion.... entirely the province of stellar cores or the hottest experiments possible (if that).

The axion is the quanta of the theta parameter that controls the color mechanism of the color gluons. Changing this theda parameter has nothing to do with fusion or high energy. A change in theda will change the makeup of the quarks inside protons and neutrons.

The Primakoff effect is the method that allows the theta parameter to be changed under the influence of a strong magnetic field. Recent observations using gravity waves as a means to detect neutron star collision has removed many candidates for dark matter. The status of the axion as the dark matter particle has been enhanced. So the chance that the axion is the LENR active element has increased. But there is another way that quarks can go crazing inside protons and neutrons, that being instanton generation. The instantan would change the theta parameter without any production of axion quanta. An instanton is a changed pair of particle that is generated from magnetic flux lines.

When the theta parameter goes from 0 to pi, the proton or neutron (hadron) becomes quark soup and "strange" quarks are generated. The proton and the neutron change into a kaon.

Additional hadron decay modes are available if a magnetic monopole field produces the change in theda

p+ → μ+(muon) + π0(pion)

There are many possible decay paths for the hadron as follows

Grand Unified Theories & Proton Decay

physics.bu.edu/NEPPSR/TALKS-2009/Kearns_GUTs_ProtonDecay.pdf

So you need Primakoff at meson energies, to somehow create a reaction product (axions) that themselves are likely insufficient and insufficiently directed to allow or enable LENR (?)

Something like a stick of dynamite to move an anthill so that the ants can work toward a new turbine raceway on that dam we were dreaming of.....

Quote from Longview

So you need Primakoff at meson energies, to somehow create a reaction product (axions) that themselves are likely insufficient and insufficiently directed to allow or enable LENR (?)

Something like a stick of dynamite to move an anthill so that the ants can work toward a new turbine raceway on that dam we were dreaming of.....

It is not as you think. The magnetic power can be modest. Dennis Cravens has created the LENR reaction using powdered SmCo7 magnetic dust.

See

The Dennis Cravens Golden Ball reaction

It is the shape and characteristics of the magnetic field not its power that matters.

Quote

To assure a strong

magnetic field in the active material the spheres contain a

ground samarium cobalt (Sm2Co7) magnet, which stays

magnetized at higher temperatures. This was powdered and

the powder is mostly random but it should provide a strong

magnetic field within the sample.

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No problem, but what has that to do with the Primakoff Effect? And for that matter, magnetic influences on LENR do not necessarily suggest axions are directly involved. Samarium cobalt is not only a strong ferromagnet, but is very likely a potent catalyst for chemical reactions, since each of its components is as well. We would have to dissociate these catalytic effect(s) from the strong ferromagnetism before even concluding that one or the other, or both were operating. Then we would still have an immense effort to support axion involvement.

LENR does not appear to require exotic explanations. The likely reactions are quite favorable from overall enthalpy considerations. The problem is the activation energy, which in a strictly thermal collisional regime is very difficult to overcome. This is exactly the regime in which directed magnetic, directed electrostatic and pulsed electromagnetic fields might be expected to undermine / overcome such a large activation barrier.

"SmCoO₃ perovskite catalyst obtained from Sm(NO₃)₃·6H₂O and Co(NO₃)₂·6H₂O, using the sol-gel citrate method showed excellent catalytic performance towards the utilization of greenhouse gases via methane dry reforming"

Catalytic conversion of methane and carbon dioxide (greenhouse gases) into syngas over samarium-cobalt-trioxides perovskite catalyst by Osazuwa, Osarieme Uyi; Cheng, Chin Kui Journal of Cleaner Production, 04/2017, Volume 148

Certain bacteria and fungus have shown the ability to transmute elements and derive energy from radioactive sources through metabolic based methods. This biological LENR causation method is a killer issue for the fusion meme. The LENR reaction is more a "lock and key mechanism" than a "power overcoming a barrier" mechanism.