Ken Shoulders ; The Man Who Made Black Holes

This is a major piece Alan. Thanks for this. Ken's work needs to be remembered. He believed that EVO's were not only relevant but responsible for LENR. Where there are plasmas and voltage spikes there are EVO's. You are right - he could be grumpy. But he was always understated. I knew him for >35 years and never knew him to be wrong about anything he stated with certainty.

Regarding:"Ken Shoulders also believed that EVO’s were capable of transforming into mini Black Holes, or in their various manifestations (all EVOs are not the same) could be harnessed for: Unlimited Energy production, Antigravity, Propulsion, Transmutation, Teleportation, Unimaginable destructive capability. Quite a list."

I beleive that the EVO is a nanoparticle or a cluster of nanoparticles that are produced by the vaporization of a metal by the high heat generated by the arc discharge. Those nanoparticle(s) host surface plasmon polaritons that become entangled.

Polaritons can be either bright of dark. The dark polaritons absorb energy and store it LIKE A BLACK HOLE. The bose condinsate formed by these polaritons act just like black holes in that they generate hawking radiation, the source of heat radiation. What goes into the Polariton BEC is high energy radiation and what comes out is hawking radiation (heat). These clusters of nanoparticles are self sustaining and feed off the decay of matter that they induce.

Ken Shoulders saw in his experiments both white EVOs and Black EVOs. These EVOs correspond to the dark and bright polaritons that are well knowing in nanoplasmonics.

Strange as it may seem, these EVO behave like the string theory predictions of tachyons. This prediction includes black hole behavior, monopole behavior, hadronization (meson production) and massive energy storage/high mass. Tachyons tracks have been seen in LENR ash.

The EVO is a micro sized version of ball lightning.

See

https://pdfs.semanticscholar.o…b31ed4376cd74fabd3202.pdf

Quote

Observations of ball lightning have been reported for centuries,

but the origin of this phenomenon remains an enigma. The

`average' ball lightning appears as a sphere with a diameter of

300 mm, a lifetime of about 10 s, and a luminosity similar to a

100-W lamp1. It floats freely in the air, and ends either in an

explosion, or by simply fading from view. It almost invariably

occurs during stormy weather2,3. Several energy sources have been

proposed to explain the light, but none of these models has

succeeded in explaining all of the observed characteristics. Here

we report a model that potentially accounts for all of those

properties, and which has some experimental support. When

normal lightning strikes soil, chemical energy is stored in nanoparticles

of Si, SiO or SiC, which are ejected into the air as a

®lamentary network. As the particles are slowly oxidized in air,

the stored energy is released as heat and light.We investigated this

basic process by exposing soil samples to a lightning-like discharge,

which produced chain aggregates of nanoparticles: these

particles oxidize at a rate appropriate for explaining the lifetime

of ball lightning.

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Figure 1 Transmission electron micrograph of nanoparticle chains sampled from the

discharge environment. These particles were deposited on a nickel grid, after sampling

the gas space above a 14.9-kV discharge on a silt loam soil containing 12.5% carbon. The

soil was placed in a layer on a flat conducting (graphite) base below a vertical graphite

electrode, with a gap of 22mm to the soil, and 3.0 C charge transferred from a 204mF

capacitor. The extended chains are made up of spheres 5±70 nm in diameter; the chain

width is 25±125 nm. Six of the highest-power runs were examined in this way, with three soils. All showed similar results, except one showing only larger particles.

Quote from Alan Smith

There is no arc.

Where can I find the reference to that?

http://oriharu.net/evo/Basic_EVO_Questions.pdf

Quote

How is an EVO Made: They are ubiquitous and usually made by sparking processes. The spark you make by static electricity contains mainly EVOs. Even breaking a rock or rapidly forming a bubble makes EVOs.

These processes produce nanoparticles that are excited by the energy around the site of nanoparticle formation carried in the form of EMF.

A polariton is an electron that has been entangled with a photon. This new particle loses its negative charge and most of its mass. Polaritons can combined together into a soliton as a bose condinsate because they are bosons. This is what gives the EVO their ability of these electron like particles to group together by the trillions.

As Piantelli has shown in his experiments, It is true that polaritons can be formed on the surface of transition metal without a sparking process but the EVO is usually associated with sparking.

Polaritons can also form on the surface of collaping cavitation bubbles.

I have sought some more information about Ken Shoulders and what I have read wasn’t impressive. That was not because of what others told about him but that is about his speculative ideas about energy.

He showed to have a serious lack of understanding the foundations of physics (that is not equal to the Standard Model of physics). And mavericks without a deep insight in the foundations of physics are never a genius. At the most they had once or more times in their live “a lucky shot”.

Alan Smith,

“Ken always spoke so highly of you”

Sorry, impossible! Ken Shoulders and I didn’t know each other, so you have someone else in mind (or you are joking). Besides that, I didn’t meant that Ken Shoulders was not impressive as an experimentalist and as a technical designer/inventor, it is your description in the first post that’s besides reality (so it didn’t impressed me). EVO has no proven relation with LENR and Ken Shoulders wasn’t a genius. Every century there are only a handful of geniuses. The difficulty is not about Ken Shoulders, the problem has to do with readers who dive into his ideas because they trust your opinion.

No good deed goes unpunished

In reference to sparks (EDIT: and also low-voltage), in Shoulders' US 5018180 A (the first patent in the document, I haven't gone deep reading the literature) it's mentioned:

Quote

[...] Examples of anomalous structure in the context of a plasma environment are varied, including lightning, in particular ball lightning, and sparks of any kind, including sparks resulting from the opening or closing of relays under high voltage, or under low voltage with high current flow.

And from the same this should be relevant too:

Quote

In general, the production of EV's is accompanied by the formation of a plasma discharge, including ions and disorganized electrons, generally where the EV's are produced at the cathode, with the plasma charge density being at least 10⁶ electron charges per cubic micrometer, and typically 10⁸ charges per cubic micrometer. In the case of a relatively short distance between cathode and anode of a source, the high plasma density accompanying the formation of the EV's is usually produced in the form of a local spark.

Regarding: "In much of his work Shoulders describes EVO's as discrete toroidal entities"

The polariton as EVO exists in a toroidal entity called a whispering gallery wave where two contra rotating waves of photons circulate in a high Q mode (AKA little energy loss). The entangled electrons associated with the photon currents remain in a electron hole dipole in the metal that supports the EVO. The whispering gallery wave can be located at a distance from the metal that produced it.

The whispering gallery wave is an optical microcavity, Science has resently demonstrated experimentally the emergence of spontaneous symmetry breaking in an ultrahigh-Q whispering-gallery microresonator. The Optical whispering gallery (WGW) microcavity is the structural form that the Surface Plasmon Polariton assumed in LENR. These whispering gallery modes are analogous to the acoustic resonances in the whispering gallery in St. Paul Cathedral in London.

A critical clue to the role of symmetry breaking in LENR is the observation that the application of an electrostatic field catalyzes spontaneous symmetry breaking in the WGW via the Kerr effect. In the quiescent magnetic state, the WGW produces a magnetic field like a dipole magnet. But these field lines can be slightly anisotropic and these magnetic field lines will produce a minimal LENR effect.

But when a high voltage electrostatic field is applied to the WGW, the index of refraction inside the wave becomes complex via the KERR effect and the counter rotating photon currents combine into a unified current.

This activated WGW is now transformed from a magnetic dipole to a magnetic monopole thus greatly amplifying its magnetic strength. This structure can now produce a powerful LENR response in proportion to the number and energy content of photons that are circulating inside the WGW.

Regarding: :"capable of forming chains of inter-twined toroids"

When the high voltage electrostatic field is applied, the TAO Effect is also applied to a group of WGWs (AKA polariton solitons),

The polariton soliton is a superconductor because it is a Bose condinsate and as such is subject to the TAO effect.

Quote

Theorists succumb to Tao

Mysterious microscopic spheres could point towards an unconventional theory for superconductivity

From: the Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia US

Some 20 years ago physicists thought they understood almost everything about superconductivity. Below a certain temperature elements such as mercury suddenly lose all resistance to electric current due to electrons forming pairs, in accordance with the famous Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) theory. But in 1986 the discovery of copper oxide materials that become superconducting at relatively high temperatures wrecked this view. Today, high-temperature superconductivity in the cuprates still remains a puzzle, but could it be that our understanding of conventional superconductors is even beginning to show cracks? According to Jorge Hirsch of the University of California in San Diego, a phenomenon called the Tao effect cannot be explained by the conventional BCS theory, and instead requires an alternative electrodynamic description that applies to all superconductors (Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 187001).

Superconducting surprise: The Tao effect was discovered in 1999 by the present author and co-workers at Southern Illinois University and Princeton University. To our complete surprise, when we applied a strong electric field to a group of superconducting microparticles we found that millions of them spontaneously aggregated into balls about a millimetre in size. Normal metallic particles either bounce between the two electrodes in a DC electric field or form chains in an AC electric field, so the field-induced formation of balls appears to be unique to superconductors.

The Tao effect was first observed with powders of high-temperature superconductors such as bismuth strontium calcium copper oxide. However, subsequent experiments performed in 2002 and 2003 with low-temperature superconducting powders, and also with magnesium diboride, confirmed that die effect occurs for all superconductors. The interaction between superconductors and an electric or magnetic field is an important topic in superconductivity. As early as 1935, more than 60 years before superconducting balls were first observed, Fritz London and his brother Heinz suggested that superconductors and normal conductors should respond differently to static electric fields. In particular, they predicted that a static electric field could penetrate into superconductors as far as a static magnetic field. In our initial experiments with low-temperature superconductors, we found that two critical values of electric field occurred as the strength of the field was increased. The first was the point at which the superconducting microparticles suddenly started to aggregate into stable balls, beyond which the size of the ball started to decrease until the second critical value was reached. At this point, the balls instantaneously disintegrated and flew onto the electrodes.

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When Ken Shoulders was working, the polariton was not discovered, but in the last 10 years, its nature is intensively studied. The polariton is a condensed matter entity. It needs a metal surface to form. But after formation it can become decoupled from that metal surface and float around. The entangled electrons that are part of the polariton condensate are still a part of the electron/hole dipole, it is the photon portion of the polariton that can travel.

As the polariton soliton extracts energy from quarks in the matter around it, the polariton soliton stores that energy in WGWs and the LENR effect becomes more powerful over time, because the new photons add more spin to the WGW. As the energy content of the WGW increases, the frequency of the photons increases from infrared to extreme ultraviolet. (1)

Fabiani revealed that he has seen balls of light eating the structure of a reactor when the activation signal is applied. So Rossi has produced the EVO and it is the cause of his reaction.

1 - The equation for photon energy is {\displaystyle E={\frac {hc}{\lambda }}} E = hc/y

Where E is photon energy, h is the Planck constant, c is the speed of light in vacuum and y is the photon's wavelength

Quote from Alan Smith

Do you mean 'eating'? Or heating? The second would be correct.

From this post:

https://animpossibleinvention.…u-people-wouldnt-believe/

Fabiani alludes to the KERR effect as the E-Cat stimulus E-Cat reaction as follows:

Quote

“Over the years we realized that the reaction needs more stimuli than only heating. Everyone thinks that thermal stimulus is enough but that’s just the beginning. It’s not enough for maximum efficiency. It’s the base, the synthesis of the reaction. But the reaction has almost behaviors as of living matter, and it has responses as a function of the stimuli. They can be of many types other than thermal. And these are the ones that trigger, let’s call it the most fun part of it, allowing excellent gains in terms of response to the stimuli.”

Fabiani then talks about the SPP as a soliton of photons(ball lightning) and the KERR effect that activates that soliton as follows:

Talking about the validity of the E-Cat technology, Fabiani continues:

Quote

“With the failures, I found myself having to believe in it. Why? Because when something fails, you see the behavior of the object. The next time you adjust it, then you see that it behaves very differently. And then you realize that it is something unique. We have it all filmed, which still cannot be disclosed. We have photographs of creatures that emit pure light that have completely melted the reactor down, all in a very quiet way. You just turn off the stimuli system and the reaction is switched off. It’s impressive.

Is meltdown heat or is it eat?

A characteristic of the stimulus that can be distilled from the Fabiani quotes is that the stimulus is EMF field based. Study of the KERR effect reveals how its behavior is instructive in how LENR behaves including self sustaining mode.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerr_effect

The DC Kerr effect, is the special case in which a slowly varying external electric field is applied by, for instance, a voltage on electrodes across the sample material. Polariton lifetimes are measured in picoseconds or at most microseconds. The polariton soliton must be restimulated after it comes into existence so that it can reach optimum power projection. Polaritons are not in equilibrium with new polaritons replacing dead ones on a short timescale. The electrostatic activation field must be constant in order to sustain the polariton at nominal power levels.

In the optical or AC Kerr effect, an intense beam of light in a medium can itself provide the modulating electric field, without the need for an external field to be applied. In terms of the LENR reaction, the light produced by the polariton grows so bright, that the KERR field is self stimulating. This situation occurs in self sustain mode where the reaction builds on itself to the point where the light (aka white EVO) that it generates equals in intensity of the power produced by a laser, a self sustaining light level.

In the Demo, Rossi was running the QX at 30% maximum power. This is achieved by reducing the electrostatic field strength so that the power projection of the polaritons is not optimized. When the QX runs at maximum power, the voltage applied to the electrodes is maximized. So the voltage level that produces the electrostatic field controls the power level of the QX.

Only under maximum electrostatic stimulation is the self sustain condition reached. But there is a danger that the reaction will become supercritical when running in self sustain mode. This is the meltdown condition.

Rossi protects against meltdown in the QX because the solid metal nanoparticles that support the polariton of entangled electron dipole motion is vaporized at high temperature, This kills all the polaritons in the QX. When the temperature of the plasma becomes low enough for metal nanoparticles to reform, then the LENR reaction can be reestablished. In this way the QX is passively protected from meltdown because its structure is beyond the meltdown temperature of the metal reactant (aluminum).

Quote from Alan Smith

I have other eyewitness accounts of the 'lava lamp' lights inside the reactor that did not involve a melt-down. I stand corrected about FF's comment though, I had forgotten his reference to 'melted'.

Dear Alan, you are intellectually honest and a pleasure to converse with. It is well worth my time to explain to you how the LENR reaction works. There are not many whose intellectual virtues make them so worthy.

Quote from mmckubre

This is a major piece Alan. Thanks for this. Ken's work needs to be remembered. He believed that EVO's were not only relevant but responsible for LENR. Where there are plasmas and voltage spikes there are EVO's. You are right - he could be grumpy. But he was always understated. I knew him for >35 years and never knew him to be wrong about anything he stated with certainty.

Hello...

It is pleasant to me to see you here at a forum. You gave to science much, you still can make a lot of things, to help another and to understand in what you were mistaken...