The USA trials :: https://www.notechmagazine.com…/rail-energy-storage.html
As usual blackmailing the working ones...
cleaner fuels like hydrogen, which produces water vapor instead of carbon dioxide when burned.
Sabine's stating the obvious
..the trouble with hydrogen
Australia wants to export green solar hydrogen and Canada wants to export wind hydrogen...
and then there is pink nuclear hydrogen
13.6 eV per atom .. regardless of whether its 'with CO2' or CO2-free
but somewhere beyond the rainbow.hydrogen
>10,000,000 eV per deuterium atom
gamma hydrogen by coldfusion...
This teenager's improvement on the electric motor has attracted a lot of attention. Seems to have been confirmed, and if so would represent a major advancement.
https://ukdaily.news/this-17-y…lectric-motor-278522.html
This teenager's improvement on the electric motor has attracted a lot of attention. Seems to have been confirmed, and if so would represent a major advancement.
Looks cool, seams we where lucky to have him alive though,
"
The young man did not arrive there by chance: during his young career as a self-taught engineer, he would have already developed no less than sixty prototypes, which includes a robotic hand and a kart capable of driving at more than 110 km/
"
This teenager's improvement on the electric motor has attracted a lot of attention.
Version of the story in the Smithsonian mag is a bit more comprehensive.
QuoteSansone tested his motor for torque and efficiency, and then reconfigured it to run as a more traditional synchronous reluctance motor for comparison. He found that his novel design exhibited 39 percent greater torque and 31 percent greater efficiency at 300 revolutions per minute (RPM).
So the performance increase isn't actually against a conventional SRM of a comparable size, but against a version of his own machine that has been bodged to run like a conventional SRM. Not quite the same thing.
Still, it is great to see the spirit of invention is not dead in the young.
With the best permag DC motors running at 95%+ efficiency and 3 phase motors achieving much the same, his efforts are commendable, but the story itself is just click-bait.
With the best permag DC motors running at 95%+ efficiency and 3 phase motors achieving much the same, his efforts are commendable, but the story itself is just click-bait.
Ah much more than click bait, this kid will have investors throwing money his way. Maybe you should get this kid involved in LENR, maybe his involvement will bring in the research money it so needs, and add a little glamour!
At least four studies published this year say hydrogen loses its environmental edge when it seeps into the atmosphere. This is because it reduces the concentration of molecules that destroy the greenhouse gases already there, potentially contributing to global warming.
If even 10 per cent leaks during its production, transportation, storage or use, the benefits of using green hydrogen over fossil fuels would be completely wiped out, two scientists told Reuters.
They say the lack of technology for monitoring hydrogen leaks means there is a data gap, and more research is needed to calculate its net impact on global warming before final investment decisions are taken. Yet governments and energy companies are lining up big bets on green hydrogen. In Europe, the energy squeeze prompted by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine is forcing governments to seek alternative sources of power – and the spike in gas prices has made green hydrogen appear much more affordable. The European Union approved €5.2 billion in subsidies for green hydrogen projects in September. The United States, meanwhile, included billions of dollars of green hydrogen tax credits in its Inflation Reduction Act.
Studies on the risk of leaks undermining green hydrogen’s climate benefits have been published by Columbia University, the Environmental Defense Fund, the universities of Cambridge and Reading, and the Frazer-Nash Consultancy. Anne-Sophie Corbeau, Columbia University said: We need much better devices to measure the leakage, and we need regulation which actually enforces the measurement of the leakage. It is estimated that leakage rates could reach up to 5.6 per cent by 2050 when hydrogen is being used more widely. Norway’s climate research institute CICERO is also working on a three-and-a-half-year study, due to conclude in June 2024, on the impact of hydrogen emissions. Maria Sand, who is leading the research, says there is a big gap in the science.
Hydrogen has not been monitored for leaks in the past, and most of the odourless gas used now is made where it is consumed – but there are plans to pipe and ship it vast distances. The fossil fuel industry hopes that hydrogen could eventually move through existing infrastructure, such as gas pipelines and liquefied natural gas import and export terminals. About 1 per cent of the natural gas – which is mostly methane – moving through European infrastructure leaks. However, rates are higher in some countries including Russia, according to analysts and satellite images of leaks. “There’s a lot we don’t know about hydrogen,” says Sand. “We don’t know yet if we can assume it will behave the same way as methane.”
Initial results of tests in pipelines at DNV’s Spadeadam research site in northern England showed that hydrogen leaks in the same places and rates as natural gas. Companies working on green hydrogen projects say, however, that careful monitoring would be needed. Scientists and analysts say that as hydrogen molecules are much smaller and lighter than those in methane, they are harder to contain.
Once hydrogen enters pipelines, it can weaken metal pipes which can lead to cracking. Hydrogen is also far more explosive than natural gas which could create safety issues. While potential leakages of hydrogen are not expected to be on a scale that could derail all green hydrogen plans, any seepage would erode its climate benefits, scientists say.
Green hydrogen vs grey hydrogen
Hydrogen, a highly combustible gas that can store and deliver energy, is the simplest and most abundant element on Earth, but it doesn’t typically exist in its free form and must be extracted from compounds that contain it, such as water, coal, natural gas or biomass. Producing the hydrogen long used in oil refineries, chemicals factories and the fertiliser industry relies on natural gas or coal, in processes that emit large amounts of carbon dioxide. This type of fossil-based hydrogen is often referred to as ‘grey’ hydrogen.
Industry experts estimate that close to 95 per cent of hydrogen production currently uses fossil fuels, and it generates as much CO2 as the emissions of the UK and Indonesia combined.
‘Green’ hydrogen, by contrast, is made by using renewable energy to split water into its two components – water and oxygen – through electrolysis, without producing greenhouse gases.
This type of ‘clean’ hydrogen could replace fossil fuel in sectors that can’t easily switch to electricity, such as steel making or heavy transport. The chief attraction of using hydrogen as a fuel is that the main by-product is water vapour, along with small amounts of nitrogen oxides, making it far less polluting than fossil fuels – assuming it doesn’t seep out. Leaks are one of many issues plaguing the adoption of green hydrogen, besides high costs, safety concerns, and the need to invest in enough renewable energy to make it, as well as in the infrastructure to store and transport the colourless gas.
How can the risks of hydrogen leaks be assessed?
In December 2022, Brussels called for applications for funding for more research into the risks linked to a large-scale deployment of hydrogen. It asked the research to show how hydrogen could reduce global warming by replacing fossil fuels, but also how it could contribute to global warming in the event of leakages. The Environmental Defence Fund’s study, meanwhile, urged governments and businesses to gather data on hydrogen leakage rates first, then identify where the risks were highest and how to mitigate them before building the infrastructure needed. The Frazer-Nash report also flagged how measures to prevent hydrogen leaks needed to be taken into account to allow for greater up-front and maintenance costs.
Richard Lowes, senior associate at The Regulatory Assistance Project think-tank, said: The more we know about how to produce it in a sustainable way, and the regulation and management needed, the more it costs and therefore that limits its use unless there is no alternative.
Hydrogen projects are on the rise globally Almost 300 green hydrogen projects are under construction or have started up worldwide, but the vast majority are tiny demonstration plants, International Energy Agency data shows. The largest is in China where Ningxia Baofeng Energy Group is using green hydrogen produced from solar power to make petrochemicals such as polyethylene and polypropylene. Consultancy DNV forecasts that green hydrogen would need to meet about 12 per cent of the world’s energy demand by 2050 to hit Paris climate targets. Based on the current pace of development and DNV’s modelling of future uptake, the world is only on track to reach about 4 per cent, DNV says.
David Cebon, a professor of mechanical engineering at the University of Cambridge, says 4 per cent might be only what’s “manageable”, given the huge amount of renewable energy needed to make enough green hydrogen. To replace the dirty hydrogen used now in refineries, fertiliser and chemical plants, almost double the electricity produced by every wind turbine and solar panel worldwide would be required – and that’s before green hydrogen is used for anything else, such as steelmaking, transport or heating, Cebon says. Still, the EU is considering mandates for green hydrogen’s use in transport, while countries such as South Korea, Japan and China have targets for hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles.
Energy giant BP, which is planning to build multiple green hydrogen projects, including a facility in Britain due to start in 2025 known as HyGreen Teesside, says it is developing leakage monitoring systems. Felipe Arbelaez, senior vice president for hydrogen and carbon capture at BP, said: We really want to launch an effort now to assess how low can we maintain the level of leakage across a value chain and that’s going to be the critical thing.
Display MoreAt least four studies published this year say hydrogen loses its environmental edge when it seeps into the atmosphere. This is because it reduces the concentration of molecules that destroy the greenhouse gases already there, potentially contributing to global warming.
If even 10 per cent leaks during its production, transportation, storage or use, the benefits of using green hydrogen over fossil fuels would be completely wiped out, two scientists told Reuters.
They say the lack of technology for monitoring hydrogen leaks means there is a data gap, and more research is needed to calculate its net impact on global warming before final investment decisions are taken. Yet governments and energy companies are lining up big bets on green hydrogen. In Europe, the energy squeeze prompted by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine is forcing governments to seek alternative sources of power – and the spike in gas prices has made green hydrogen appear much more affordable. The European Union approved €5.2 billion in subsidies for green hydrogen projects in September. The United States, meanwhile, included billions of dollars of green hydrogen tax credits in its Inflation Reduction Act.
Studies on the risk of leaks undermining green hydrogen’s climate benefits have been published by Columbia University, the Environmental Defense Fund, the universities of Cambridge and Reading, and the Frazer-Nash Consultancy. Anne-Sophie Corbeau, Columbia University said: We need much better devices to measure the leakage, and we need regulation which actually enforces the measurement of the leakage. It is estimated that leakage rates could reach up to 5.6 per cent by 2050 when hydrogen is being used more widely. Norway’s climate research institute CICERO is also working on a three-and-a-half-year study, due to conclude in June 2024, on the impact of hydrogen emissions. Maria Sand, who is leading the research, says there is a big gap in the science.
Hydrogen has not been monitored for leaks in the past, and most of the odourless gas used now is made where it is consumed – but there are plans to pipe and ship it vast distances. The fossil fuel industry hopes that hydrogen could eventually move through existing infrastructure, such as gas pipelines and liquefied natural gas import and export terminals. About 1 per cent of the natural gas – which is mostly methane – moving through European infrastructure leaks. However, rates are higher in some countries including Russia, according to analysts and satellite images of leaks. “There’s a lot we don’t know about hydrogen,” says Sand. “We don’t know yet if we can assume it will behave the same way as methane.”
Initial results of tests in pipelines at DNV’s Spadeadam research site in northern England showed that hydrogen leaks in the same places and rates as natural gas. Companies working on green hydrogen projects say, however, that careful monitoring would be needed. Scientists and analysts say that as hydrogen molecules are much smaller and lighter than those in methane, they are harder to contain.
Once hydrogen enters pipelines, it can weaken metal pipes which can lead to cracking. Hydrogen is also far more explosive than natural gas which could create safety issues. While potential leakages of hydrogen are not expected to be on a scale that could derail all green hydrogen plans, any seepage would erode its climate benefits, scientists say.
Green hydrogen vs grey hydrogen
Hydrogen, a highly combustible gas that can store and deliver energy, is the simplest and most abundant element on Earth, but it doesn’t typically exist in its free form and must be extracted from compounds that contain it, such as water, coal, natural gas or biomass. Producing the hydrogen long used in oil refineries, chemicals factories and the fertiliser industry relies on natural gas or coal, in processes that emit large amounts of carbon dioxide. This type of fossil-based hydrogen is often referred to as ‘grey’ hydrogen.
Industry experts estimate that close to 95 per cent of hydrogen production currently uses fossil fuels, and it generates as much CO2 as the emissions of the UK and Indonesia combined.
‘Green’ hydrogen, by contrast, is made by using renewable energy to split water into its two components – water and oxygen – through electrolysis, without producing greenhouse gases.
This type of ‘clean’ hydrogen could replace fossil fuel in sectors that can’t easily switch to electricity, such as steel making or heavy transport. The chief attraction of using hydrogen as a fuel is that the main by-product is water vapour, along with small amounts of nitrogen oxides, making it far less polluting than fossil fuels – assuming it doesn’t seep out. Leaks are one of many issues plaguing the adoption of green hydrogen, besides high costs, safety concerns, and the need to invest in enough renewable energy to make it, as well as in the infrastructure to store and transport the colourless gas.
How can the risks of hydrogen leaks be assessed?
In December 2022, Brussels called for applications for funding for more research into the risks linked to a large-scale deployment of hydrogen. It asked the research to show how hydrogen could reduce global warming by replacing fossil fuels, but also how it could contribute to global warming in the event of leakages. The Environmental Defence Fund’s study, meanwhile, urged governments and businesses to gather data on hydrogen leakage rates first, then identify where the risks were highest and how to mitigate them before building the infrastructure needed. The Frazer-Nash report also flagged how measures to prevent hydrogen leaks needed to be taken into account to allow for greater up-front and maintenance costs.
Richard Lowes, senior associate at The Regulatory Assistance Project think-tank, said: The more we know about how to produce it in a sustainable way, and the regulation and management needed, the more it costs and therefore that limits its use unless there is no alternative.
Hydrogen projects are on the rise globally Almost 300 green hydrogen projects are under construction or have started up worldwide, but the vast majority are tiny demonstration plants, International Energy Agency data shows. The largest is in China where Ningxia Baofeng Energy Group is using green hydrogen produced from solar power to make petrochemicals such as polyethylene and polypropylene. Consultancy DNV forecasts that green hydrogen would need to meet about 12 per cent of the world’s energy demand by 2050 to hit Paris climate targets. Based on the current pace of development and DNV’s modelling of future uptake, the world is only on track to reach about 4 per cent, DNV says.
David Cebon, a professor of mechanical engineering at the University of Cambridge, says 4 per cent might be only what’s “manageable”, given the huge amount of renewable energy needed to make enough green hydrogen. To replace the dirty hydrogen used now in refineries, fertiliser and chemical plants, almost double the electricity produced by every wind turbine and solar panel worldwide would be required – and that’s before green hydrogen is used for anything else, such as steelmaking, transport or heating, Cebon says. Still, the EU is considering mandates for green hydrogen’s use in transport, while countries such as South Korea, Japan and China have targets for hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles.
Energy giant BP, which is planning to build multiple green hydrogen projects, including a facility in Britain due to start in 2025 known as HyGreen Teesside, says it is developing leakage monitoring systems. Felipe Arbelaez, senior vice president for hydrogen and carbon capture at BP, said: We really want to launch an effort now to assess how low can we maintain the level of leakage across a value chain and that’s going to be the critical thing.
I do not think this is an issue. Say you would like to use Hydrogen to stabilize wind energy production. That means that you need (Sweden, if i'm right in an analysis) to produce Hydrogen 10% or such of the Wind energy in my estimates using a 3X conversion factor in the roundtrip electricity <-> electricity via Hydrogen. If 10% of that is lost, then we are talking about 1% Hydrongen lost and not 10%. Also technically speaking reducing that 10% loss is probably not too difficult of a problem might not be so large. But good to know for the engineers for sure. If you use Hydrogen in car's then the losses seam higher and more difficult to reduce than if you take advantage of the energy in a plant - also something to concider.
LENRs are with no doubt a new hope to fix the tritium problem:
Thanks for your link. In the next thread - Detailed treatment of Maxwell's errors, I explain the connection of my Maxwell error articles with implementation of LENR.
Physicists and researchers could not catch what I did... Back in 2017, I realized that there is no "electric field" in nature, there are no "electric forces" in nature, and therefore nuclear reactions are of a magnetic nature.
For this reason, I came to the conclusion that any reactors in which an electric discharge is carried out, and such reactors as nickel-hydrogen reactors and such reactors as "hydrowave installation" have the same physical nature and have the same physical beginning. - this is the reaction of e-capture on hydrogen ... I will immediately note that the electron does not have orbital motion around the nucleus of an atom. Therefore, the statements of researchers like what Parkhomov wrote – «Therefore, an assumption arose that the CTN phenomenon is related to the fact that the screening of the electric charge of the proton (deuteron) can be carried out by an electron whose orbit is much closer to the nucleus than in ordinary atom», are the delusions of researchers.
Afanasiev's merit lies in the fact that in his hydro-wave installation, in the absence of a cathode and an anode, and in the absence of electricity supply to the generator, electric discharges are organized, which are the cause of the e-capture on the proton ...
And now about the main thing... What escapes the attention of physicists? And what do physicists not suspect? The fact is that in all these installations, a "photon" or "ethereal mass" is supplied, which, as I have repeatedly pointed out, having a value 9 orders of magnitude less than the mass of a proton in a "single photon", produces a colossal change in the physical, magnetic properties electron, along with such quality of the electron - especially for a free electron, as the ability to accumulate this mass in itself, and then this "critical mass" will manifest itself in such physical phenomena as the e-capture reaction, and the cascade synthesis of a deuteron, triton, helium-4 nucleus , and so on - the researchers found silicon, and magnesium, and calcium, and iron ... Even lead was recorded in Kanarev's electrolytic cell.
as the ability to accumulate this mass in itself, and then this "critical mass" will manifest itself in such physical phenomena as the e-capture reaction,
The critical reaction in LENR is the formation of H*-H* or clusters of H*. A cluster of 9 H*- H* can directly fuse to 2 4-He and split one proton into Kaons. (See Holmlid) Even more thrilling is that larger clusters can fuse to 12-C that ultimately decays in to parts like 4-He, 3-He and Deuterium!!!!!! + n,p... (Spectrum states see ::https://www-nds.iaea.org/relnsd/vcharthtml/VChartHTML.html go to 12-C levels)
The H*-H* process needs no external energy and is the first electron capture process. The conversion just runs faster with photon energy.
And of course we all teach that LENR is a magnetic process and screening is a term defined by clue bang -bang physicists...
Breakthrough in fuel cells for cars:: https://mainichi.jp/english/ar…30202/p2g/00m/0bu/032000c
Honda Motor Co. plans a new fuel cell vehicle for sale next year, packed with a fuel cell stack developed with General Motors Co. of the U.S., its general manager, Testsuya Hasebe, told reporters Thursday.
That will lower the cost of the fuel cell stack to a third of what it is now, he said.
Solar, wind helped EU stay away from coal
In 2022, wind and solar supplied more of the European Union’s electricity than any other power source for the first time ever, reports the think tank Ember. Other sources of low-carbon energy took hits: hydroelectric was hobbled by historic droughts, and an unexpectedly high number of French nuclear reactors had to be taken offline for maintenance. Meanwhile, mild weather and public efforts to reduce energy use kept demand lower than in 2021. The end result: Europe did not return to coal in a big way to replace gas supplies withheld by Russia. “Any fears of a coal rebound are now dead,” says Dave Jones, Ember's head of data insights.
JCMNS reviewers made many valuable suggestions for my paper, "More about why cold fusion will lower the cost of energy." Among other things, I looked at the latest EIA data for utility scale power generation technologies, and I added another table. There have been dramatic changes in the cost of different generators. Here is the latest info from the EIA and Lazard, which I put in two endnotes:
Capital Cost and Performance Characteristic Estimates for Utility Scale Electric Power Generating Technologies. 2020, Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department Of Energy https://www.eia.gov/analysis/s…/powerplants/capitalcost/
Especially:
https://www.eia.gov/analysis/s…capital_cost_addendum.pdf
Table 1:
https://www.eia.gov/analysis/s…pitalcost/xls/table1.xlsx
Levelized Cost of Energy Comparison—Unsubsidized Analysis 2021, Lazard https://www.lazard.com/media/4…energy-version-150-vf.pdf
Paper with new table on p. 8:
https://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/RothwellJmoreaboutw.pdf
Let me try tossing the tables into this message. First run them through Google sheets . . .
Table 1. Generator cost per kilowatt of capacity for home generators (Lowe’s retail)
| Generator size | Cost per kilowatt |
| 5300 W | $113 |
| 3500 W | $151 |
| 800 W | $230 |
| 21,000 W deluxe standby | $305 |
Table 2. Power company generator cost per kilowatt of capacity (“overnight” cost). (Energy Information Agency) [6]
| Generator type | Cost per kilowatt |
| Natural gas. Combustion turbine—industrial frame | $713 |
| Wind (Great Plains) | $1,265 |
| Solar photovoltaic—tracking | $1,313 |
| Natural gas. Combined-cycle with 90% CCS | $2,481 |
| Coal. Ultra-Supercritical coal (USC) (cheapest) | $3,676 |
| Coal. USC with 90% CCS (most expensive) | $5,876 |
Table 3. Unsubsidized, levelized cost of a megawatt hour of electricity from various generators. (Lazard) [7]
| Generator type | Lowest cost | Highest cost |
| Solar photovoltaic, Thin Film Utility Scale | $28 | $37 |
| Wind, Onshore | $26 | $50 |
| Natural gas, Combined cycle | $45 | $74 |
| Coal | $65 | $152 |
| Natural gas, Peaking | $151 | $196 |
That works pretty well.
Interesting piece showing how information can be transmitted (currently over just a few meters) utilising thermal noise within an unpowered transistor to drive a signal to an antenna.
A new ultra-low-power method of communication at first glance seems to violate the laws of physics. It is possible to wirelessly transmit information simply by opening and closing a switch that connects a resistor to an antenna. No need to send power to the antenna.
Our system, combined with techniques for harvesting energy from the environment, could lead to all manner of devices that transmit data, including tiny sensors and implanted medical devices, without needing batteries or other power sources. These include sensors for smart agriculture, electronics implanted in the body that never need battery changes, better contactless credit cards and maybe even new ways for satellites to communicate.
Apart from the energy needed to flip the switch, no other energy is needed to transmit the information. In our case, the switch is a transistor, an electrically controlled switch with no moving parts that consumes a minuscule amount of power.
A new ultra-low-power method of communication at first glance seems to violate the laws of physics. It is possible to wirelessly transmit information simply by opening and closing a switch that connects a resistor to an antenna. No need to send power to the antenna.
By definition of SO(4) physics equal size or harmonically related EM masses can couple, what lowers their energy. Sender/receiver usually are harmonically related.
The question is what energy is needed to "turn" the switch...If a FET diode is used it could be very low.
It is interesting that "Ultra-Supercritical coal (USC)" is the cheapest coal technology listed by the EIA. It is not cheap at all! It is expensive compared to old fashioned coal fired generators. I do not know what the story is. I looked up this technology in places like this:
You can see it is very efficient. Perhaps it is more cost efficient over the life of the plant? Maybe less polluting?
Maybe the government wants all new plants to meet the highest standards for efficiency and pollution. As I said, I don't know, but the EIA data all comes from industry sources, so I guess this is the only kind they are still building.
Anyway, this is the pattern you often see in the last stages of an obsolescent technology. The last generation of sailing ships were gigantic fore-and-aft schooners. The last ones were made around 1920, for bulk cargo. Why schooners? Because they needed many fewer sailors and they were a lot safer to operate than square rigged ships. You could raise or lower the sails from the deck without climbing the mast. You could do it with a deck engine. The sails were so big, you probably could not do it any other way. In other words, the last sailing ships had many of the advantages of steamships. They borrowed technology from their modern rivals, in the final flowering of the technology. Similar to the way hybrid automobiles use electric car technology to extend the life of the internal combustion engine a few more years. It has not worked out as well as Toyota hoped. That's why they are licensing the technology to other auto companies for free. Hoping they will buy parts. It does not seem to be working. I don't see new hybrids coming onto the market.
The last generation of minicomputers in the 1980s tried to incorporate some of the advantages of microcomputers and personal computers.
It is interesting that "Ultra-Supercritical coal (USC)" is the cheapest coal technology listed by the EIA. It is not cheap at all! It is expensive compared to old fashioned coal fired generators. I do not know what the story is. I looked up this technology in places like this:
The fluidised bed systems used will burn low-grade coal (for example high-sulfur types) more readily than other systems, and with less contact corrosion between firebox-boiler components than old style furnaces. This coal can also be blended with woodchips, or woodchips can be used instead.
So they are 'future-proofed' while the woodchip racket lasts.
I looked up this technology in places like this:
Just hot air... already in 2005 the German coal plants did produce at 47.5% efficiency, what also GE mentions. They believe that something close to 50%, but still below 50% is 15% extra! So much a about marketing folks and first year math.
The reality is that 7 coal plants on this planet produce about 1/3 of all coal pollution. At least the German ones filter sulfur but none CO2...
