Macro-Scale “Exotic Vacuum Object” Self-Oscillating within a High Q Factor Circuit Producing Nuclear Reactions with an Optimized Fuel Mixture

Please read the paper entitled, "Macro-Scale "Exotic Vacuum Object" Self-Oscillating within a High Q Factor Circuit Producing Nuclear Reactions with an Optimized Fuel Mixture" at the following link: https://e-catworld.com/2019/01…n-optimized-fuel-mixture/

Or, download the PDF: https://e-catworld.com/wp-cont…2019/01/macroEVOfinal.pdf

I believe this document contains enough information to give potential replicators a solid foundation for the design of their systems.

I'd like to thank everyone who has provided their thoughts, commits, and assistance.

Does anyone have any thoughts or comments?

There are a multitude of reactions that could take place in the device, but I think the hydrogen-lithium reaction is one of the most predominant. This is because lithium seems to have a low energy window where reactions with protons can take place at around 215eV.

It's my opinion that the main problem that Rossi has had to overcome with the QX/SK is the overheating of the power supply. In the new schematic of the experimental setup that has been posted, it seems like Rossi is using a cooling system that uses both water and argon.

Anyone else have any thoughts?

http://www.palomartechnologies…ge-in-plasma-applications

I think this image may show that the self sustaining oscillations have a self DC bias.

http://www.watchframebyframe.com/watch/yt/wS7ge56CNhw

I recommend people watch the above video of the oscilloscope frame by frame.

I found a great comment by a user named giveadogabone. I'm amazed that he picked this up so quickly.

http://ecatworld.org/e-cat-qx-…comments-from-mats-lewan/

Quote

The internal resistance, as expresssed by (dv/di), of the operational QX is negative IMHO.

I do not see anything from the demo that is inconsistent with the concept of a hydrogen-filled CCNR gas discharge tube being biased with a DC current. Starting requires a voltage spike and the DC bias current must be sustained to keep the CCNR operational.

1.1 http://g3ynh.info/disch_tube/intro.html

Gas Discharge Tubes – Introduction

‘Paschen’s law’

For Hydrogen, the minimum breakdown voltage is about 300V @1 ((mm Hg) x cm). The QX electrodes are about 1cm? apart. That sets the approximate Hydrogen pressure at 1mm Hg.

A gas discharge tube, once it has struck, usually has a negative resistance characteristic. This means that the product of the voltage across the tube and the current through it diminishes as the current is increased. Thus the current is effectively unlimited, and must be controlled by the external circuitry if it is not to lead to the destruction of the tube or the power supply.

2.1: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_resistance

Negative differential resistances can be classified into two types:

Voltage controlled negative resistance (VCNR)

Current controlled negative resistance (CCNR)

In the most common type, with one negative resistance region, the graph is a curve shaped like the letter “S”. Devices with this type of negative resistance include the … electric arc, and gas discharge tubes …

2.2: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-filled_tube

Hydrogen is used in tubes used for very fast switching, e.g. … Hydrogen (and deuterium) can be stored in the tube in the form of a metal hydride,

2.3: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydride

Applications: Hydrides such as …, lithium aluminium hydride, …

So, a gas-filled discharge tube containing LiAlH has a negative resistance region and can oscillate in the right circumstances. That would include the QX. A detailed read of

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_resistance

is needed. e.g.

Amplification

A negative differential resistance device can amplify an AC signal applied to it if the signal is biased with a DC voltage or current to lie within the negative resistance region of its I–V curve.

Negative conductance (current controlled) oscillator: CCNR (“S” type) devices, in contrast, require a high impedance bias and are stable for load impedances greater than r. The ideal oscillator circuit is like that at bottom right, with a current source bias Ibias (which may consist of a voltage source in series with a large resistor) and series resonant circuit LC. The series LC circuit has low impedance only at its resonant frequency and so will only oscillate there.

Conditions for oscillation

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Here is another really good post by giveadogabone.

https://e-catworld.com/2017/12…as-guest-december-9-2017/

Compare photos [2:] of the demo oscilloscope during QX startup to [1:]. To my mind, Fig 4 and the photos have the same general form. The core of the paper is an equation, presented as (1) : i(t) = C.dV/dt + V.dC/dt

The QX and controller appear to be, in essence, a series RLC electrical circuit that oscillates at a near resonant frequency in normal operation. The second term of the equation shows the 'C' in the 'RLC' varying in time and this second term is always negative because V and dC/dt are always of opposite sign.

If C.dV/dt is low positive and V.dC/dt is large negative with positive V, then the value of i(t) can be negative whilst V is positive. The AC current then flows in the opposite direction to the voltage which is a definition of NDR (Negative Differential Resistance). The double layer inputs AC electrical energy into the external circuit.

The addition of a sufficient positive bias current to the circuit stops i(t) ever going negative in normal operation of the QX.

[1:] http://vant.kipt.kharkov.ua...

These equations are solved by numerical methods. Fig. 4 shows the dynamics of the double layer current capacitive component i (t) C (curve 1) and the active voltage U (t) a (curve 2) in the high-current pulsed discharge.

Fig. 4. The dynamics of the double layer current capacitive component i (t) C (1) and the active voltage U (t) a (2) of the high-current pulsed discharge

[2:] http://e-catworld.com/2017/...

Photos of oscilloscope during QX startup

At the following website you will find an interesting theory that all particles are structured as spheromaks.

http://www.xylenepower.com/Energy%20Contents.htm

I think the overheating of the power supply is one of the most fascinating aspects of the QX/SK.

There must be something anomalous taking place.

First, the power supply is only feeding a tiny amount of power to the SK. If it needs 380 watts of cooling that indicates somehow a massive amount of heat is being generated inside.

Secondly, the QX/SK probably does not require a large metal conductor to connect it to the power supply. So the conductive transfer of heat is probably minimal.

It seems to me that somehow the reactions in the QX/SK are transferring "something" to the QX/SK that's producing heat. That could be conventional electrical current. However, I think there could be ways of diverting, blocking, or rerouting that. I think what's more likely is that something anomalous like "cold electricity" (which has different properties than hot electricity until it is converted) is being transferred or perhaps very high frequency RF energy.

If we can learn what's heating up the control box we will learn a LOT about what's going on in the SK.

For example, the body of the reactor seems too small to transfer up to 60 kilowatts of heat (which Rossi says it can for short periods) to the heat exchanger. I'm guessing that there is some mechanism we do not know that is transferring the heat and that same mechanism is transferring heat to the power supply.

Any thoughts or comments?

One reason why I think the SK is so important, if the statements made about it can be verified, is that it represents the basic underlying mechanism of LENR increased to the greatest possible extent. I expect that EVO phenomena are at the heart of powder based systems such as Brillouins. However, in such powder based systems, I think that the output power per volume and mass of fuel is tremendously limited and controllability is a serious issue. The way I imagine it is that all the tiny EVOs from all the Super Abundant Vacancies and cracks and pits in a powder based system are gathered up and placed in the SK. The plasma ball in the SK is like the total of all the EVOs in a powder based system combined into a large EVO.

I think that powder based systems will have niches to fill, but that pure plasma based systems are the future due to high power density and total controllability.