Edo , the issue for discouraging discussion of this topic here is not censorship, but keeping the focus of the forum.
Quite right. There are other places for climate talks- funnily enough they are not big on LENR or UFO's - along with politics those are our 3 least preferred topics.
The connection between iron dumping and the climate mess is obvious. Glaciers in Antarctica did provide the most iron rich dust to the sea and surprisingly the cold water contains more fish than warmer waters...
Now the dust dispenser - the shell ice has largely disappeared in some places. Thanks to climate change.
years and actual climate change which can only ! be measure with some statistical significance over a period of at least 30 years.
We have climate data lasting for about 1 million years in the best case. Dendrology can give you up to 7000 years with high precision. Satellites cover 40..50 years with increasing precision. Thus from a science point of view everything is clear. Most of the last 100 year warming >80% & ocean acidification is man made.
But who opposes iron dumping? Guess? The usual FM/... mafia....
Edo , the issue for discouraging discussion of this topic here is not censorship, but keeping the focus of the forum.
I do respect that, but had to respond there... (won't stoke the fire more than this, promise)
Looks like the US government is getting involved in Marine Carbon Dioxide Removal (mCDR). They don't come out and say ocean seeding, but how many ways are there to use the oceans to remove, and/or sequestrate CO2? In typical bureaucratic fashion, there are so many alphabet agencies, departments, offices, etc. involved, I can't list them all! Here are 2:
Press Release | arpa-e.energy.gov
The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) today announced $36 million for 11 projects across 8 states to accelerate the development of marine carbon dioxide removal (mCDR) capture and storage technologies. Funded through DOE’s Sensing Exports of Anthropogenic Carbon through Ocean Observation (SEA-CO2) program, these projects will support novel efforts to measure, report, and validate mCDR and identify cost-effective and energy efficient carbon removal solutions. Advancing innovative approaches like mCDR to slash greenhouse gas pollution is critical to the Biden-Harris Administration’s efforts to tackle the climate crisis and achieve a net-zero emissions economy by 2050.
OST Activities and Products | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (noaa.gov)
The White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) is announcing a new Fast-Track Action Committee (FTAC) on Marine Carbon Dioxide Removal. Under the authority of OSTP’s National Science and Technology Council, the Committee will evaluate the merits of and concerns about different types of marine CDR and shape relevant policy and research on safe and effective marine CO2 removal and carbon sequestration
Naysayers are a dime a dozen. Here is one saying ocean seeding is a waste of time:
Iron Fertilization Isn’t Going to Save Us | Hakai Magazine
by Jack McGovan
January 12, 2024 | 1,000 words, about 5 minutes
Last year, global carbon emissions from burning fossil fuels reached an all-time high. As the world heats up, many influential bodies—such as the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the governments of China and the United States, and especially fossil fuel companies—are calling for the development of carbon removal technologies. These techniques pull carbon dioxide, a potent greenhouse gas, out of the air or water and lock it away in an inaccessible form. At a big enough scale, these technologies can theoretically counterbalance emissions and help cool things down—or at least slow the rate of warming.
That’s why, in November 2021, Edwina Tanner, a marine scientist at the Australia-based biotechnology company Ocean Nourishment Corporation, dumped a mix of nutrients from a boat into the water in Botany Bay, on the south side of Sydney, Australia. As waves rocked the craft, currents pulled the red-dyed slurry in every direction, permeating one tiny patch of the world’s largest carbon sink: the ocean.
The limiting factor for the abundance of life at the ocean’s surface is often the availability of essential nutrients like iron, nitrogen, and phosphorus. So when a glut of nutrients arrives in the form of volcanic dust, wildfire ash, water upwelled from the deep, or a lab-made mixture, the sudden bounty allows tiny photosynthesizing phytoplankton to flourish. Like plants, these single-celled organisms use sunlight and carbon dioxide as fuel. The important thing for those concerned with climate change is that when these phytoplankton die, some of them sink, dragging the carbon in their bodies to the seafloor where it becomes trapped.
Oceanographer John Martin first proposed the idea of manipulating the ocean’s nutrients to store carbon in the late 1980s. There have been a few experiments since, but in general, says Tanner, getting real-world data on how well nutrient fertilization works is incredibly challenging. The public doesn’t have a big appetite for large-scale climate experiments at sea, she says.
The last large-scale attempt was a decade ago and, to Tanner’s point, it was spectacularly controversial. So in recent years, scientists have instead turned to laboratory work, computational models, and smaller field trials to better understand ocean nutrient fertilization. Modeling published in 2017, for instance, suggests that adding nitrogen and phosphorus to the ocean could lock away up to 1.5 gigatonnes of carbon per year from the atmosphere.
Tanner and her team at Ocean Nourishment Corporation are among the many scientists striving to learn more. Although she hopes to run larger field experiments, it’s difficult to get permission from the Australian government for trials exceeding 2,000 liters of the nutrient mixture. In the Botany Bay experiment, the researchers added only 300 liters of their nutrient mix. Working with such small quantities makes calculating the consequences very challenging. To circumvent the restrictions, they’re building a bioreactor to test how different mixes of nutrients stimulate phytoplankton growth and affect the rate of carbon storage.
Other researchers, too, are digging into nutrient fertilization. In 2023, for example, Joo-Eun Yoon, an applied mathematician at the University of Cambridge in England, conducted experiments with a team in the Arabian Sea off Goa, India, to find out how to best deliver nutrients to the ocean. Maximizing carbon storage, it turns out, is not as simple as just dumping nutrients overboard.
Yoon says nutrient fertilization could potentially be made more effective. The key is whether scientists can stimulate the growth of bigger—that is, physically larger—phytoplankton species. Bigger phytoplankton “are very heavy,” she says. “[They] sink quickly onto the seafloor, and so they can reduce carbon dioxide more efficiently.”
Yoon is hoping to learn more through her work with the international Exploring Ocean Iron Solutions research consortium, which is aiming to run its own iron fertilization field experiments by 2025.
Yet even if nutrient fertilization can be made more efficient, Alessandro Tagliabue, an ocean biogeochemist at the University of Liverpool in England, is skeptical of its value. He says that even at its peak performance, the technique just can’t store that much carbon.
Modeling work published by Tagliabue that looks into ocean iron fertilization—a scenario where just iron is added to the ocean—shows that by the year 2100, the amount of carbon we could trap and store through this technique would amount to about 78 gigatonnes. For context, over just the past four years, the world has emitted about 75 gigatonnes of carbon.
In practice, inefficiencies and unforeseen complications mean iron fertilization would likely lead to even less carbon storage.
For example, setting up a large-scale nutrient fertilization project would require mining the minerals and building infrastructure to get them into the ocean. These activities would emit carbon, lowering the overall carbon sequestration potential by the time the nutrients hit the water. Even at its most efficient, says Tagliabue, “it buys us a handful of years.”
Worse still is the potential for negative side effects. Scientists already expect that nutrient stocks in the upper ocean will decrease as ocean temperatures rise. Tagliabue’s research suggests that the flurry of phytoplankton growth triggered by iron fertilization could also use up the available nitrogen or phosphorus, ultimately leading to a drop in animal biomass in the upper ocean.
Tagliabue didn’t study what would happen if a geoengineer added nitrogen and phosphorus to the mix, too. Doing so could presumably avoid throwing the ocean’s nutrient balance as far out of whack as only adding iron, he says. But increasing the complexity of this marine multivitamin would mean more mining and more infrastructure, complicating the process and likely further reducing the carbon that’s captured and stored.
Other modeling suggests that adding nitrogen and phosphorus to the ocean could reduce oxygen levels and increase the global volume of low-oxygen dead zones by 17.5 percent.
Like Tagliabue, Tanner doesn’t shy away from sharing the fact that ocean fertilization will only be able to counteract a couple of years’ worth of current carbon emissions. She says the technique is only one in a broader suite of potential carbon sequestration technologies being looked at, like storing carbon in seaweed.
There are going to be a mix of approaches that will transition us along the way to net zero, she says. Ocean Nourishment Corporation will not solve the climate crisis, she adds, “but we will provide part of the answer.”
Tagliabue is less enthusiastic. If iron fertilization can only capture a few years’ worth of emissions, he says, that’s “not useful in terms of global climate change.”
Display MoreNaysayers are a dime a dozen. Here is one saying ocean seeding is a waste of time:
Iron Fertilization Isn’t Going to Save Us | Hakai Magazine
by Jack McGovan
January 12, 2024 | 1,000 words, about 5 minutes
Last year, global carbon emissions from burning fossil fuels reached an all-time high. As the world heats up, many influential bodies—such as the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the governments of China and the United States, and especially fossil fuel companies—are calling for the development of carbon removal technologies. These techniques pull carbon dioxide, a potent greenhouse gas, out of the air or water and lock it away in an inaccessible form. At a big enough scale, these technologies can theoretically counterbalance emissions and help cool things down—or at least slow the rate of warming.
That’s why, in November 2021, Edwina Tanner, a marine scientist at the Australia-based biotechnology company Ocean Nourishment Corporation, dumped a mix of nutrients from a boat into the water in Botany Bay, on the south side of Sydney, Australia. As waves rocked the craft, currents pulled the red-dyed slurry in every direction, permeating one tiny patch of the world’s largest carbon sink: the ocean.
The limiting factor for the abundance of life at the ocean’s surface is often the availability of essential nutrients like iron, nitrogen, and phosphorus. So when a glut of nutrients arrives in the form of volcanic dust, wildfire ash, water upwelled from the deep, or a lab-made mixture, the sudden bounty allows tiny photosynthesizing phytoplankton to flourish. Like plants, these single-celled organisms use sunlight and carbon dioxide as fuel. The important thing for those concerned with climate change is that when these phytoplankton die, some of them sink, dragging the carbon in their bodies to the seafloor where it becomes trapped.
Oceanographer John Martin first proposed the idea of manipulating the ocean’s nutrients to store carbon in the late 1980s. There have been a few experiments since, but in general, says Tanner, getting real-world data on how well nutrient fertilization works is incredibly challenging. The public doesn’t have a big appetite for large-scale climate experiments at sea, she says.
The last large-scale attempt was a decade ago and, to Tanner’s point, it was spectacularly controversial. So in recent years, scientists have instead turned to laboratory work, computational models, and smaller field trials to better understand ocean nutrient fertilization. Modeling published in 2017, for instance, suggests that adding nitrogen and phosphorus to the ocean could lock away up to 1.5 gigatonnes of carbon per year from the atmosphere.
Tanner and her team at Ocean Nourishment Corporation are among the many scientists striving to learn more. Although she hopes to run larger field experiments, it’s difficult to get permission from the Australian government for trials exceeding 2,000 liters of the nutrient mixture. In the Botany Bay experiment, the researchers added only 300 liters of their nutrient mix. Working with such small quantities makes calculating the consequences very challenging. To circumvent the restrictions, they’re building a bioreactor to test how different mixes of nutrients stimulate phytoplankton growth and affect the rate of carbon storage.
Other researchers, too, are digging into nutrient fertilization. In 2023, for example, Joo-Eun Yoon, an applied mathematician at the University of Cambridge in England, conducted experiments with a team in the Arabian Sea off Goa, India, to find out how to best deliver nutrients to the ocean. Maximizing carbon storage, it turns out, is not as simple as just dumping nutrients overboard.
Yoon says nutrient fertilization could potentially be made more effective. The key is whether scientists can stimulate the growth of bigger—that is, physically larger—phytoplankton species. Bigger phytoplankton “are very heavy,” she says. “[They] sink quickly onto the seafloor, and so they can reduce carbon dioxide more efficiently.”
Yoon is hoping to learn more through her work with the international Exploring Ocean Iron Solutions research consortium, which is aiming to run its own iron fertilization field experiments by 2025.
Yet even if nutrient fertilization can be made more efficient, Alessandro Tagliabue, an ocean biogeochemist at the University of Liverpool in England, is skeptical of its value. He says that even at its peak performance, the technique just can’t store that much carbon.
Modeling work published by Tagliabue that looks into ocean iron fertilization—a scenario where just iron is added to the ocean—shows that by the year 2100, the amount of carbon we could trap and store through this technique would amount to about 78 gigatonnes. For context, over just the past four years, the world has emitted about 75 gigatonnes of carbon.
In practice, inefficiencies and unforeseen complications mean iron fertilization would likely lead to even less carbon storage.
For example, setting up a large-scale nutrient fertilization project would require mining the minerals and building infrastructure to get them into the ocean. These activities would emit carbon, lowering the overall carbon sequestration potential by the time the nutrients hit the water. Even at its most efficient, says Tagliabue, “it buys us a handful of years.”
Worse still is the potential for negative side effects. Scientists already expect that nutrient stocks in the upper ocean will decrease as ocean temperatures rise. Tagliabue’s research suggests that the flurry of phytoplankton growth triggered by iron fertilization could also use up the available nitrogen or phosphorus, ultimately leading to a drop in animal biomass in the upper ocean.
Tagliabue didn’t study what would happen if a geoengineer added nitrogen and phosphorus to the mix, too. Doing so could presumably avoid throwing the ocean’s nutrient balance as far out of whack as only adding iron, he says. But increasing the complexity of this marine multivitamin would mean more mining and more infrastructure, complicating the process and likely further reducing the carbon that’s captured and stored.
Other modeling suggests that adding nitrogen and phosphorus to the ocean could reduce oxygen levels and increase the global volume of low-oxygen dead zones by 17.5 percent.
Like Tagliabue, Tanner doesn’t shy away from sharing the fact that ocean fertilization will only be able to counteract a couple of years’ worth of current carbon emissions. She says the technique is only one in a broader suite of potential carbon sequestration technologies being looked at, like storing carbon in seaweed.
There are going to be a mix of approaches that will transition us along the way to net zero, she says. Ocean Nourishment Corporation will not solve the climate crisis, she adds, “but we will provide part of the answer.”
Tagliabue is less enthusiastic. If iron fertilization can only capture a few years’ worth of emissions, he says, that’s “not useful in terms of global climate change.”
I see this issue from a strictly physiological point of view. Microalgae can rapidly grow and capture CO2 when they have all available nutrients, Iron being one of the less mobile so it makes a lot of sense to add it to increase biomass growth.
We have a massive oil platform that is off the coast of Australia rusting away maybe that can become a source of iron and copper and anything else the sea can use 
Tonga!
We have a massive oil platform that is off the coast of Australia rusting away maybe that can become a source of iron and copper and anything else the sea can use
That is the reason why 'wreck fishing' for sport is so popular around the UK coast, maybe in other places too, but we have a lot of wrecks, - there's a whole very productive zone around them precisely because of the Fe leached from them. The big fish move in because there's plenty to eat there.
Iron being one of the less mobile so it makes a lot of sense to add it to increase biomass growth.
some recent cost estimates..guestimates?
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/share/XKZUWRUAA62S2V8VYDAJ?target=10.1029/2023GB007754
Key Points
-Iron fertilization efficiency is constrained mainly by carbon transfer efficiency into Antarctic Bottom Water and air-sea CO2 exchange
-Iron fertilization could cost below 100 US-Dollar per tonne CO2 on Antarctic shelves but may be much more expensive off shelves
-(Cost-)efficient Iron Fertilization is restricted to relatively small parts of the Southern Ocean that are protected by international law
Of course this report ignores the benefit of extra algae on the food chain
Cost comparison
By Nikki Main Science Reporter For Dailymail.Com
Published: 18:03 EDT, 16 September 2024 | Updated: 19:16 EDT, 16 September 2024
Scientists have proposed a controversial method to combat climate change - packing a giant swath of the Pacific Ocean with iron.
The technique, called ocean iron fertilization (OIF), dumps a powdered form of iron onto the sea's surface to stimulate the growth of a small marine plant called phytoplankton, which consumes carbon dioxide and traps the gas in the ocean.
Computer models showed that by releasing up to two million tons of iron into the sea each year, the effort would remove of nearly 50 billion tons of carbon dioxide by the year 2100.
Researchers plan to release the iron across 3,800 square miles northeast Pacific by 2026.
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Iron can help phytoplankton flourish which will absorb carbon dioxide from the ocean, preventing it from entering the Earth's atmosphere
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A team of scientists at the non-profit Exploring Ocean Iron Solutions (ExOIS) is exploring spreading iron sulfate in areas where the nutrient is scarce.
This includes the northeast Pacific Ocean which extends from the western coast of North and South America to the eastern coast of Asia and upward to the Arctic.
By distributing iron in these areas, scientists can boost the growth of phytoplankton, keeping carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere for years to come.
It is crucial to remove CO2 from the ocean, which can help mitigate climate change by reducing the amount of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere.
About 40 billion tons of carbon dioxide are released into the atmosphere every year, with the ocean absorbing about 30 percent.
The researchers hope that by distributing iron sulfate in the ocean, they will help the world limit global warming to 2.7 degrees Fahrenheit.
However, critics have warned that the iron could deplete nutrients for marine life, killing of some of the ocean's food web.
But the plan is moving forward, with the timeline just two years away.
Scientists are now working on a way to convert the iron into a powder that can easily dissolve in water and disperse into targeted areas of the ocean.
As the iron dissolves, it acts as a stimulant for phytoplankton by rapidly helping it grow, sometimes within days.
The nutrient increases the tiny plant's photosynthesis - the process of using sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into energy - by up to 30 times its normal production.
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View gallery
Scientists have reintroduced the idea of distributing iron into the sea to combat climate change
When the phytoplankton dies, the CO2 they absorbed will likewise sink to the sea floor, effectively stopping it from escaping into the atmosphere.
Dozens of experiments were conducted in the 1990s and 2000s including an experiment conducted in the northeast Pacific in 2006 which successfully caused the phytoplankton to flourish.
Despite its success, some researchers have expressed their concern that OIF could negatively impact parts of the ocean's ecosystem.
'Most likely [iron fertilization] will affect something that we don't really understand yet,' deep-sea expert Lisa Levin, who was not involved in the ExOIS program told Scientific American.
Scientists worry that OIF could create 'dead zones' that allow algal blooms to grow and consume all the oxygen in the water, killing all other living things.
Before the researchers can begin their efforts, however, they have to raise $160 million to fund the program but have so far received just a $2 million grant from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
They also need to apply for the US Environmental Protection Agency's approval to conduct trials after an international ban on ocean iron fertilization for commercial purposes was implemented in 2013.
The ban does not apply to OIF for research if it's closely monitored and won't harm the environment.
That muddy water carries lots of vitamins and minerals to the ocean, and it was assisted by tens of thousands more, around the world.
