BUBBLE FUSION STILL BUBBLING

  • I have to wonder if Max's "Neutron Detection" system could become confused by "Karabut-style" collimated X-Rays.


    Although, conversely, that also makes me wonder whether past systems that were set up to detect "collimated X-ray" emissions could become confused by neutrons...


    Hmmm :/

    "The most misleading assumptions are the ones you don't even know you're making" - Douglas Adams

  • AN INVESTIGATIVE STUDY ON NEUTRON EMISSIONS FROM TITANIUM-

    DEUTERIUM SYSTEM UNDER THERMAL SHOCK


    A Dissertation

    Presented to

    the faculty of the Graduate School

    University of Missouri - Columbia


    by

    Modeste Tchakoua Tchouaso

    Dr. Mark A. Prelas, Dissertation Supervisor

    DECEMBER 2017




    CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK


    The investigation of neutron detection from deuterium-titanium systems is important

    because it can provide a viable neutron source for calibration of neutron detectors and

    nondestructive analysis. The mechanism through which neutrons are produced in these

    systems is not well understood and experimental results are often irreproducible. Neutrons

    are postulated to be produced during the warm up phases of the titanium-deuterium system

    due to non-equilibrium conditions resulting from change in temperature and pressure of the

    system during absorption or desorption phases of deuterium in titanium. Another mechanism,

    known as fracto-fusion mechanism has been proposed to explain the means through which

    nuclear emissions results from condense matter. The fracto-fusion hypothesis suggests that a

    nuclear effect occurs from fracture caused by mechanical stress in crystals lattice. Cracks

    could result from internal pressure, or temperature variations, or both in solid matter. The

    formation of cracks in crystals creates traps that can hold huge amount of deuterium within

    the crystal structure of solids for titanium-deuterium interaction to occur leading to neutron

    emissions. This work was geared at understanding the reason for the inconsistency in neutron

    emissions from titanium-deuterium systems by investigating the roles of phase transitions,

    crack formation, heat production, the ratio atoms of titanium with respect to deuterium, and

    the surface treatment of titanium sample in neutron production. Three detectors were used in

    this investigation: a moderated helium-3 detector, an unmoderated helium-3 detector and a

    proton recoil detector. The detectors were calibrated using a Cf-252, and a PuBe source. The

    investigation involved using dehydrided, -325 titanium mesh with diameter of 14 𝜇𝑚 loaded

    with deuterium and subjecting the system to non-equilibrium conditions by repeatedly

    placing in liquid nitrogen followed by rapid warm up phases. The results show that degassing

    the system under high vacuum, while baking the system at high temperature, increases

    deuterium absorption in titanium lattice. The degassing procedure prevents the formation of


    oxide layers on the surface of titanium which inhibits deuterium absorption are easily

    removed at high temperatures, ensuring that deuterium atoms are inserted in titanium lattice.

    The presence of impurities in this system limits dehydriding. It is recommended that these

    experiments be carried out under high vacuum conditions. The X-ray diffraction pattern

    shows that titanium hydride is formed during deuterium loading. The loading of titanium with

    deuterium in titanium leads to a phase change from 𝛼-titanium to 𝛿 −titanium at room

    temperature but no noticeable neutron emission was observed during this phase change.

    Phase changes in titanium crystal leads to modifications in the lattice structure of titanium

    and increases its volume and size. The phase transition that occurs during titanium deuteride

    formation is exothermic leading to the release of heat. A large temperature increase was

    observed in two experiments during phase transition. The increase in temperature reduces the

    diffusion time, thus increasing the probability of titanium-deuterium reaction occurring.

    Cracks were observed in several titanium samples after loading with deuterium. Deuterium

    absorption process occurred much more rapidly in samples where cracks were formed. The

    cracks were also produced in certain locations in the sample and not in others. Hence, should

    a neutrons emission occurred, the nuclear reaction will occur at this location. However,

    neutrons burst was not observed in samples with large cracks. The observed neutrons

    produced from titanium-deuterium system were very small and only single neutron burst

    events were observed in an entire experiment. The occurrence of neutrons occurred in two of

    the 9 experiments conducted. The samples were analyzed for tritium production using a

    liquid scintillation detector, but tritium was not observed in any of the samples. There was

    also no evidence of transmutation occurring in this samples. We hypothesized that the

    titanium-deuterium reaction is a low probability process that is influence by crack formation.

    The process is likely due to a statistical process that depends on sample microstructure,


    number of defects, preparation condition and shocking procedure.

  • Tribo & fracto X-ray emission is well known.


    Maybe X-rays can dissociate deuterons, releasing neutrons (which, if slow enough, can activate nearby atoms).


    For instance:


    Investigation of Deuterium Loaded Materials Subject to X-Ray Exposure

    Theresa L. Benyo, et al. 2017.


    https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20170002544/downloads/20170002544.pdf

    "The most misleading assumptions are the ones you don't even know you're making" - Douglas Adams

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