The Exotic Vacuum Object (EVO) as the cause of the vacuum reaction.

Quote from Alan Smith

The problem with a lot pf mdern particle physics is that it is not falsifiable. For example, there are said to be 3 quarks in a proton. But they cannot exist independently or be separated from it. There is no proof beyond terabytes of impenetrable data which has been subjected to mathematical interpretations that select parts of the data that are never released to the wider community.

You are entitled to ask how error-free are the sensors, how bug-free are the millions of lines of code and mathematical postulates that come between the proton and the paper the claims are written on? But those questions cannot be answered, because nobody really knows.

Quark-gluon plasma (QGP) is a state of matter that occurs when the elementary particles that make up hadrons are freed of their strong attraction for one another. These particles are quarks and gluons.

QGP is formed when heavy ions collide at high energy. The resulting fluid expands rapidly with velocities close to the speed of light.

QGP exists at very high temperatures and energy densities. The temperature of QGP is 4 trillion degrees Celsius, which is 250,000 times hotter than the core of the sun.

Scientists can create QGP at specialized particle accelerators. At these accelerators, physicists shoot bare atomic nuclei at one another.

Quark-gluon plasma (QGP) is a state of matter that was present in the early universe, only a microsecond after the Big Bang. The study of QGP is important for understanding the early evolution of the universe.

Quarks are never found in isolation because of a phenomenon called color confinement. The only way to separate quarks and gluons is to create QGP.

The discovery of QGP occurred in 2005 when four international collaborations studied Au + Au collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC).

The study of QGP is also a testing ground for finite temperature field theory, a branch of theoretical physics that seeks to understand particle physics under high temperature conditions.

Quote from Zephir_AWT

Actually top quarks were already observed in form of dimers due to its decay time being shorter than the hadronization time..

The masses of the Higgs boson

and top quark

particles indicate that the Higgs field is likely metastable

.

The more massive the top quark, the more likely the universe is to be metastable or unstable.

The top quark weighs around 175 GeV, and the Higgs around 125 GeV. Plugging those two numbers into the stability equations reveals that the universe is metastable.

The Higgs field is unstable because it has a nonzero vacuum expectation value

. This means that the universe is sitting in a false vacuum

A bubble of true vacuum could form and grow outwards at the speed of light, destroying everything.

A definitive answer requires more precise measurements of the top quark's pole mass

How does the Higgs boson and top quark mass help us infer the stability/metastability of the universe?

Quote

ChatGPT

The Higgs boson and top quark mass can help us infer the stability/metastability of the universe through their effects on the Higgs potential, which is the energy field that gives particles mass. The Higgs potential has a shape that depends on the masses of the Higgs boson and top quark, as well as other parameters. If the Higgs potential has a certain shape, it can lead to instability or metastability of the vacuum of space. The precise values of the Higgs boson and top quark mass can therefore give us insight into the stability of the universe. However, it's important to note that this is a complex and ongoing area of research, and there is still much we don't know about the universe's stability.

https://qph.cf2.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-23a7afb35b5b3e89c0042f09f64fd769-lq

Quote from Cydonia

About his BEC postulate recently Alan Smith said it can only occur close to zero K, this is what the common litterature say too.

Now, maybe this low temperature criteria is a prerequisite for a BEC long duration stabiliby enough to detect it.

This brings up an issue that is as far as I know not encountered by science yet.

The EVO can be formed in many ways, but the way that seems to be the most straightforward and productive is spark production. EVOs can be generated through the initiation of sparks as shown by Ken Shoulders, Egely, and A. Rossi among others. Sparks produce a plasma that is tens of thousands of degrees centigrade. The EVO forms within that plasma. So the EVO can exist at any temperature as stated by MFMP research.

What is a Domain Wall of the EVO and how does it form …

One of the perplexing characteristics of the EVO’s existence in a plasma based system is why superconductivity and coherence can exist in a plasma temperature of hundreds of thousands of degrees. The EVO Domain Wall is one of the processes that enable this ability.

The concept of a Domain wall comes from cosmology. It delineates topological defects that can form at a cosmological phase transition. This was first pointed out by Kibble and, in a cosmological context; the defect formation process is known as the Kibble mechanism.

A domain wall is a type of topological soliton that occurs whenever a discrete symmetry is spontaneously broken. Domain walls are also sometimes called kinks in analogy with closely related kink solution of the sine-Gordon model or models with polynomial potentials. Unstable domain walls can also appear if spontaneously broken discrete symmetry is approximate and there is a false vacuum.

A domain (hyper volume) is extended in three spatial dimensions and one time dimension. A domain wall is the boundary between two neighboring domains. Thus a domain wall is extended in two spatial dimensions and one time dimension.

The Kibble–Zurek mechanism (KZM) describes the non-equilibrium dynamics and the formation of topological defects in a system which is driven through a continuous phase transition at a finite rate. It is named after Tom W. B. Kibble, who pioneered the study of domain structure formation in the early universe, and Wojciech H. Zurek, who related the number of defects it creates to the critical exponents of the transition and to its rate—to how quickly the critical point is traversed.

Based on the formalism of spontaneous symmetry breaking, Tom Kibble developed the idea for the primordial fluctuations of a two-component scalar field like the Higgs field. If a two-component scalar field switches from the isotropic and homogeneous high-temperature phase to the symmetry-broken stage during cooling and expansion of the very early universe (shortly after Big Bang), the order parameter necessarily cannot be the same in regions which are not connected by causality. Regions are not connected by causality if they are separated far enough (at the given age of the universe) that they cannot "communicate" even with the speed of light. This implies that the symmetry cannot be broken globally. The order parameter will take different values in causally disconnected regions and the domains will be separated by domain walls after further evolution of the universe.

In the EVO, there is a phase transition between de-Sutter space (the vacuum) and anti-de-Sutter space (the false anti vacuum of the EVO) as the sign of the scalar curvature of the vacuums is reversed between the two respective Higgs fields. This phase transition forms a domain wall that separates the false vacuum of the EVO from contact with the universe.

The function that the domain wall serves in the EVO is to protect the coherence of the Bose condensate from decoherence due to any deleterious environmental effects like existence within extreme temperatures in plasma. Once the domain wall forms, the only force that will destroy the EVO is its own instability. The EVO is metastable. If it grows too large, then it will explode in a Bosenova. Depending on the type of polaritons involved, if the EVO is not fed electrons and/or bosons (i.e. photons) then the EVO will become dormant for an indefinite period of time.

Here I will put into context the Domain wall of the EVO. Chukanov stated in his patent this experimental observation about the EVO as follows:

Note: Chukanov call the EVO a quantum macro object

US6936971B2 - Methods and systems for generating high energy photons or quantum energy - Google Patents

Methods and systems for generating high energy photons or quantum energy

Another unique characteristic of the quantum macro object is its nucleus. It is believed by the inventor that the nucleus is a two-dimensional object because a quantum material object can only be in a “closed two-dimensional formation.” The proton (nucleon) component of the quantum macro object is “open to the outside.” It has a sharp line of demarcation separating this two-dimensional object from the surrounding environment.

During some experiments, the quantum macro object was touched with a metal stick. In this experiment, the metal stick could not penetrate into the nucleus because the nucleus possessed no volume. Instead, the nucleus was deformed by the metal stick. Thus, the quantum macro object behaved like a solid. During these experiments, the dimensions of the surface of the nucleus did not change either. The quantum macro object nucleus is “closed to the inside,” therefore, no macro-material formation can penetrate through the quantum surface.

The nucleus of the quantum macro object is also impermeable to electrical current. In one experiment, a rather weak high voltage current (in some experiments: U=15,000 volts, I=0.01 amps) was used to create an arc discharge between two electrodes. Instead of penetrating the nucleus and taking the shortest route between two points (the electrodes), the electrical current traveled around the nucleus of the quantum macro object, thus sort of “sliding” along the surface of the nucleus.

Several experiments have led the inventor to formulate many beliefs about the quantum macro object. First, the quantum macro object is a giant macro atom composed of a two-dimensional quantum nucleonic nucleus and a three-dimensional electronic shelf. Second, the quantum macro object is an unusual material object behaving much like a material point in space. On the quantum surface of this two-dimensional material body, there are no differentiated points or areas. Third, the nucleus of the quantum macro object is a closed two-dimensional material formation, which can be deformed without changing the volume of the surface. Fourth, it is not possible to create the quantum macro object between two closed surfaces (like ordinary plasma). Fifth, the surface of the nucleus of the quantum macro object is much like a mirror in which every particle can see its counterpart.

Because Chukanov could produce an EVO 20 cm in size, he was able to show experimentally that the EVO cannot interact with probes from our universe. The Domain wall is what separates and protects the EVO from intrusion of anything from our universe from accessing the interworking of the EVO.

Another possible consequence of the domain wall might be the the lack of energy production that originate from processes inside the EVO. Energy and particles generated inside the EVO might be sequestered from any interaction with our universe just like the Domain wall shields any actions from our universe from the EVO.

The KZM has been experimentally observed in several systems, such as Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) and a programmable Rydberg simulator as follows:

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frqst.2022.1026025/full#:~:text=The%20Kibble%2DZurek%20mechanism%20(KZM,equilibrium%20and%20the%20quenching%20rate.

Also see

Dynamics of a quantum phase transition in a ferromagnetic Bose-Einstein condensate - PubMed

We discuss dynamics of a slow quantum phase transition in a spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensate. We analytically determine the scaling properties of the system…

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Regarding : possible ways to maximize EVO production in a spark based LENR system.

As stated in his last lecture on his work, Dr. Egely is correct in that crack based LENR systems have major disadvantages over a spark based plasma system.

One of Dr. George Egely's reactor design objectives as reflected in his video is to maximize the production of Cluster explosions after the initiation of the input spark.

I beleive that the production of these explosions are associated with the production of EVOs by the initiation of the spark.

So let us consider the mechanism of how sparks might produce EVOs. It has been experimentally shown that nanoparticles can produce the LENR reaction when those particles are pumped with a laser. Furthermore, spark production of Nano particles is a well known method of nanoparticle manufacture in industry.

The Advantages of Spark Discharge Generation for Manufacturing of Nanoparticles with Tailored Properties

The Advantages of Spark Discharge Generation for Manufacturing of Nanoparticles with Tailored Properties

www.academia.edu

The Advantages of Spark Discharge Generation for Manufacturing of Nanoparticles with Tailored Properties

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p…%20hazardous%20precursors.

Synthesis of Nanoparticles by Spark Discharge as a Facile and Versatile Technique of Preparing Highly Conductive Pt Nano-Ink for Printed Electronics

It is reasonable to beleive that maximizing the production of Nano and micro particle production with each spark initiation is the key to increasing the productivity of the LENR reaction. The spark is the major source of input energy consumption and this usage might well be minimized to increase COP.

The key to this nanoparticle production maximization goal is the formulation of the electrodes that are ablated with each spark initiation. Also such an electrode design will mitigate the production of electrode corrosion via transmutation because the electrode material gradually becomes a component of the plasma.

For example, the electrode used by T. H. Moray's device was formed from sulfur, lead, copper, and aluminum. When a spark ablated this type of electrode, a large number of sulfur based nanoparticles were generated. These nanoparticles became the seeds for EVO creation. An optical cavity is produced by such a nanoparticle on the particles' surface that will produce excitons and photons to form polaritons.

In detail, Polaritons are quasi-particles that are formed when photons couple strongly with excitons. They are half-light and half-matter. Polaritons are created by strong coupling between light and the optical transitions of matter.

Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) are created by coupling light with fundamental electron excitations at metal–dielectric interfaces. The nanoparticle supplies this interface. The particles' small size produced the intense curvature (polaritons love sharp points) that optimized polariton production. The strongest radiation of plasmons prefers the nanometre scale of nanoparticles. SPPs have been investigated theoretically at the interface between silver metal and a hybrid system containing silver metal nanoparticles.

ShieldSquare Captcha

Surface plasmon polaritons at an interface between silver and quantum dots hybrid nanocomposite

Localized surface plasmon - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

Localized surface plasmon

Molecular polaritons are created when organic semiconductors and molecules are embedded in optical (nano)cavities. These polaritons are hybrid energy eigenstates composed of entangled photonic, electronic, and vibrational degrees of freedom.

Back in 2015, I posted in support of Egely's idea that LENR is a catalytic process and explained how the EMF of nanoparticles was that catalyst. Please excuse me, that was a long time ago and there has be developments and improvements in this line of thinking over these many years.

Thread

LENR is a catalytic process

This post attempts to justify the statement as follows:

“LENR is a catalytic process.”

To understand LENR we must first understand how a catalyst works. A catalyst is like adding a bit of magic to a chemical reaction. These reactions need a certain amount of energy in order to happen. If they don't have it, oh well, the reaction probably can't happen. A catalyst lowers the amount of energy needed on the average so that a reaction can happen more easily. A catalyst is all about energy. A…

axil

Nov 27th 2015

Furthermore, Egely has produced the LENR reaction in dusty (carbon powder) plasma using microwave pumping. This system has produced extreme transmutation.

Some ideas on how to produce nanoparticles using sparks

An electrode comprised of a hollow nickel tube that is packed with silicon nanoparticles at its center.

Use noble gases as was done in the Papp engine. Xenon will produce nanoparticles when sparked. I beleive this method is being used in Rossi's solid state microreactor to produce "electron clusters".

The second step to activate the polariton creation process is to generate EMF pumping.

I beleive that a laser diode might supply such coherent EMF pumping.

Laser diodes

Laser diodes play an important role in most optical communications, from short reach premises and data center applications to ultra-long-haul terrestrial…

fiberguide.net

A similar coherent microwave pumping tech might be provided using a maser diode

How the envisioned LENR device might work as follows:

Pattered after the QuarkX demo, first a spark is initiated to produce nanoparticles, next these particles are pumped using a coherent EMF photon source until all the EVOs are consumed through a growth process to the point of instability and resultant explosion, then the spark is fired again to repeat the cycle.

Such a solid state device might be engineered to be the size of a computer chip excluding controller and power supply.