The Exotic Vacuum Object (EVO) as the cause of the vacuum reaction.

    I had to get into string theory because of the imaginary mass of the EVO. I have always followed the connection of dots no matter where those dots take me.


    Our universe has a positive cosmological constant (because it is accelerating) and has positive energy. On the other hand, the EVO which has imaginary mass and negative energy together with a negative cosmological constant, that means that the EVO is anti de Sitter space. That also means that the EVO is the antithesis of our vacuum.


    Anti de Sitter space is now used in a recent variant of string theory known as AdS/CFT, for Anti-de Sitter/Conformal Field Theory. So string theory is not useful in the study of our universe, but it is likely very useful in the study of the EVO because the EVO is anti de Sitter space.


    For more background, see

    AdS/CFT correspondence

    AdS/CFT correspondence - Wikipedia


    Quantum field theories are also used throughout condensed matter physics to model particle-like objects called quasiparticles which is what the EVO is made of.


    String theory is just another tool of science and you must know when to use it and when not to.


    But getting back to the EVO, I am fascinated by the crenelated hollow micro balls of transmuted matter that are produced in many LENR systems. How in the world does this ball come to be. It is my suspicion that the EVO has a singularity at its core around which this envelope of transmuted matter forms. Ed Witten has predicted that a bubble of nothing will develop.


    Physicists Are Studying Mysterious ‘Bubbles of Nothing’ That Eat Spacetime
    A spontaneous hole in the fabric of reality could theoretically end the universe, but don't worry: physicists are studying the idea for what it can teach us…
    www.vice.com


    That bubble of nothing sounds like an EVO since it eats matter and makes that matter disappear. The experimental smoking gun is to be found in the microdiamonds that are used in the LION experiment. These EVOs dematerialized hexagonal holes or tunnels deep inside those micro diamonds with the crenelated balls of transmuted matter at the ends of those tunnels. The EVO could be the item that turns string theory into a valuable asset of science.


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    Quote from axil

    Putting ideas together is a systems engineering method. In solving a mystery, the method is to put all the clues together to look for a common factor. When that common factor is determined, then the behavior of that common factor is examined to see what it means.

    We are all doing just that. It is a logical fallacy to demand that very thing be explained by a common factor or to expect that an explanation for part of the observations is wrong because it offers no clue about other observations.


    True science is about correlations and probabilities. For example, the first laws in science are conservation. Without conservation there would be no equal sign in any mathematical statement of scientific law. The premise of an equal sign allows for correlation and probability.


    To continue the example, given conservation of mass and energy, one balances them before some sequence of event and after that sequence of events, but conservation is violated. The simple solution is to invent entropy, an unknown to account for our inability to measure and account perfectly for mass and energy in the after a series of events.


    So it begins, numerous uncertainties have been invented so we don't waste all our time where other have spent their careers and failed to get convincing answers.


    The real reason LENR isn't accepted is because the greater scientific community accepts uncertainties as absolute truth. They see talented people wasting resources by research into nuclear reactions. When shown correlations with high probabilities that indicates LENR, they refuse any explanation as unscientific. Yet, the basis of their position is pure bureaucratic authority.


    Example, mass balance and stoichiometry show that an arc in deuterium slightly contaminated with atmospheric gas does this: 29877 ppm Deuterium + 4805 ppm Oxygen = 9061 ppm Nitrogen + 9793 ppm Hydrogen and at the same time 275 ppm Oxygen = 733 Hydrogen + 1833 ppm Deuterium. The accuracy of measurement for these balances is 3 ppm. If one balances the nucleons, one finds both high precision and high accuracy for these results. Further, the sequences of primary reactions which produce the above overall reactions can be derived with a little common sense. Based on the ratio of the main and side reaction above each nitrogen atom produced would be accompanied by 30.1 MeV of energy. Only about 4/10,000 of that energy is observed as heat which leaves the rest as entropy. All of that was done with commonly used and well accepted tools of the trade. The facts defy the bureaucratic refrain "Nuclear reactions can't occur at the low temperature of an electric arc."


    Solving the energy problem and therefore most of the world problems would be so much easier if scientists were not in league with bureaucrats.


    Rather than proposing some new explanation of this thread's common factor maybe you could consider someone might already have an explanation of the common factor better than yours.


    I have chosen my specialty my research is focused. I wish you the best of luck to do the same.

    Quote from Drgenek

    To continue the example, given conservation of mass and energy, one balances them before some sequence of event and after that sequence of events, but conservation is violated. The simple solution is to invent entropy, an unknown to account for our inability to measure and account perfectly for mass and energy in the after a series of events.

    Noether's theorem - Wikipedia
    en.wikipedia.org


    Quote

    Noether's theorem or Noether's first theorem states that every differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system with conservative forces has a corresponding conservation law.

    For example, sym­me­try with re­spect to time gives rise to the law of con­ser­va­tion of en­ergy, maybe the most im­por­tant con­ser­va­tion law in physics. Any so­lu­tion of the equa­tion is independent of the direction of time, the solution does not de­pend ex­plic­itly on time. So en­ergy con­ser­va­tion results.


    Every conservation law has an associated symmetry.


    When a symmetry is broken, so to is the associated conservation law.


    LENR overunity is accompanied by spontaneous symmetry breaking.


    The mexican hat potential is associated with spontaneous symmetry breaking.


    270px-Mexican_hat_potential_polar.svg.png


    Both superconductivity and the Higgs field are derivative of this potential. This potential is how superconductivity and the Higgs field are connected. They can break energy conservation when spontaneous symmetry breaking occurs.


    If the vacuum expectation value is changed, the mass of any particle that exists under that state will change. This is how the charge in the mass of the up and down quarks produce transmutation under the Higgs mechanism.


    What is important in LENR, condensed matter systems involving superconductivity produce changes in the vacuum expectation value and can change what the Higgs field does. When you can change what the Higgs field does, you can change the way the universe works.


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    Quote from Wyttenbach

    Are you going to fix general relativity to be fully compliant ?

    I am not fixing anything. I am just describing a little of what science has discovered over the last 100 years.


    LENR has looked toward defeating the coulomb barrier (aka fusion) to produce transmutation. But the real way to action transmutation is to modified ever so slightly the Higgs mechanism. But to master transmutation, it is first necessary to understand what the Higgs mechanism is.

    Quote from axil

    modified ever so slightly the Higgs mechanism

    This Higgs mechanism is the most outraging fairy tale of today's physics. Are you aware that there is no experimental prove for a Yukawa potential that still is referenced by Higgs?

    (Look at the WKB fake...)

    The strong force is a bit more complex than the standard model Kindergarten believes. There is no other way to the future than to learn the SO(4) physic rules and to improve them.


    There is absolutely no Coulomb barrier for LENR = CF. Neutral particles do not form out charge. Charge is a kinetic effect of classic ping pong physics.

    Fleischmann knows of Surfaced Enhanced Raman Scattering and LENR nano plasmonics in wet cell.


    QUOTE


    The discovery of SERS has a relatively short history. It was accidentally discovered by Fleischmann and co-workers in 1974 during measurements of the Raman scattering of pyridine on rough silver electrodes, (1) and they ascribed the enhancement to a surface-area effect. The phenomenon was identified independently by Jeanmaire and Van Duyne (2) and by Albrecht and Creighton (3) in 1977, both of whom suggested enhancement factors (EFs) of 105–106. The connection with plasmon excitation was suggested by Albrecht and Creighton as a resonant Raman effect involving plasmon excitation, as proposed earlier by Philpott. (4) Subsequently, the connection of SERS intensities to enhanced fields arising from localized surface plasmons in nanostructured metals was noted by Moskovits. (5) Forty-five years later, tens of thousands of research papers have been published on SERS, (6) which discuss in great detail elements of the theory behind it, the design of a wide variety of (mostly but not only metallic) enhancing substrates, and their implementation in a wide variety of applications. Indeed, SERS has become a research field in its own right, as a source of exciting scientific phenomena, as well as one of the most sensitive analytical techniques currently available.

    Article

    "Present and Future of Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering"

    Judith Langer, Dorleta Jimenez de Aberasturi, Javier Aizpurua, Ramon A. Alvarez-Puebla, Baptiste Auguié, Jeremy J. Baumberg, Guillermo C. Bazan, Steven E. J. Bell, Anja Boisen, Alexandre G. Brolo, Jaebum Choo, Dana Cialla-May, Volker Deckert, Laura Fabris, Karen Faulds, F. Javier García de Abajo, Royston Goodacre, Duncan Graham, Amanda J. Haes, Christy L. Haynes, Christian Huck, Tamitake Itoh, Mikael Käll, Janina Kneipp, Nicholas A. Kotov, Hua Kuang, Eric C. Le Ru, Hiang Kwee Lee, Jian-Feng Li, Xing Yi Ling, Stefan A. Maier, Thomas Mayerhöfer, Martin Moskovits, Kei Murakoshi, Jwa-Min Nam, Shuming Nie, Yukihiro Ozaki, Isabel Pastoriza-Santos, Jorge Perez-Juste, Juergen Popp, Annemarie Pucci, Stephanie Reich, Bin Ren, George C. Schatz, Timur Shegai, Sebastian Schlücker, Li-Lin Tay, K. George Thomas, Zhong-Qun Tian, Richard P. Van Duyne, Tuan Vo-Dinh, Yue Wang, Katherine A. Willets, Chuanlai Xu, Hongxing Xu, Yikai Xu, Yuko S. Yamamoto, Bing Zhao, and Luis M. Liz-Marzán*

    Cite this: ACS Nano 2020, 14, 1, 28–117

    Publication Date:September 3, 2019

    https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b04224

    Copyright © 2019 American Chemical Society


    The discovery of the enhancement of Raman scattering by molecules adsorbed on nanostructured metal surfaces is a landmark in the history of spectroscopic and analytical techniques. Significant experimental and theoretical effort has been directed toward understanding the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) effect and demonstrating its potential in various types of ultrasensitive sensing applications in a wide variety of fields. In the 45 years since its discovery, SERS has blossomed into a rich area of research and technology, but additional efforts are still needed before it can be routinely used analytically and in commercial products. In this Review, prominent authors from around the world joined together to summarize the state of the art in understanding and using SERS and to predict what can be expected in the near future in terms of research, applications, and technological development. This Review is dedicated to SERS pioneer and our coauthor, the late Prof. Richard Van Duyne, whom we lost during the preparation of this article.


    The technique in which inelastic light scattering (Figure 1) by molecules is greatly enhanced (by factors up to 108 or even larger, enabling single-molecule (SM) SERS in some cases) when the molecules are adsorbed onto corrugated metal surfaces such as silver or gold nanoparticles (NPs). Since its discovery over 40 years ago, it has enjoyed steady growth of interest in the research community, and it has spawned a variety of other spectroscopic techniques that take advantage of enhanced local fields that arise from plasmon excitation in the NPs, for optical phenomena such as fluorescence or nonlinear optics. In addition, the coupling of SERS with atomic force microscopy (AFM) or scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) tips has led to tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS), which is a powerful imaging tool. For analytical applications, SERS can be differentiated from many other techniques by the rich vibrational spectroscopic information that it provides, which has led to applications in several different directions, including electrochemistry, catalysis, biology, medicine, art conservation, materials science, and others.

    FINALLY


    A Unified Approach to Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

    John R. Lombardi and Ronald L. Birke

    Cite this: J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112, 14, 5605–5617

    Publication Date:March 19, 2008

    https://doi.org/10.1021/jp800167v

    Copyright © 2008 American Chemical Society

    RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

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    6937

    Citations

    659


    Here are 30 of them


    This article is cited by 659 publications.


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    Zhiquan He, Tengda Rong, Yan Li, Junjie Ma, Quanshui Li, Furong Wu, Yuhang Wang, Fengping Wang. Two-Dimensional TiVC Solid-Solution MXene as Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Substrate. ACS Nano 2022, 16 (3) , 4072-4083. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c09736

    Hiro Minamimoto, Ruifeng Zhou, Tomohiro Fukushima, Kei Murakoshi. Unique Electronic Excitations at Highly Localized Plasmonic Field. Accounts of Chemical Research 2022, 55 (6) , 809-818. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00593

    Chelsea M. Zoltowski, Rémy F. Lalisse, Christopher M. Hadad, Zachary D. Schultz. Plasmonically Generated Tryptophan Radical Anion on Gold Nanoparticles Investigated by Combined Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering and Density Functional Theory Calculations. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2021, 125 (50) , 27596-27606. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c07840

    Shuai Lian, Xun Gao, Chao Song, Hui Li, Jingquan Lin. Chemical Enhancement Effect of Icotinib–Au Complex Studied by Combined Density Functional Theory and Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering. Langmuir 2021, 37 (44) , 12907-12918. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01957

    Weiye Yang, Junqi Tang, Quanhong Ou, Xueqian Yan, Lei Liu, Yingkai Liu. Recyclable Ag-Deposited TiO2 SERS Substrate for Ultrasensitive Malachite Green Detection. ACS Omega 2021, 6 (41) , 27271-27278. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c04082

    Duy Quang Dao, Thi Chinh Ngo, Thi Thuy Huong Le, Quang Thang Trinh, Thi Le Anh Nguyen, Bui The Huy, Nguyen Ngoc Tri, Nguyen Tien Trung, Minh Tho Nguyen. SERS Chemical Enhancement of 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid Adsorbed on Silver Substrate. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A 2021, 125 (39) , 8529-8541. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.1c04957

    Kullavadee Karn-orachai. Gap-Dependent Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) Enhancement Model of SERS Substrate–Probe Combination Using a Polyelectrolyte Nanodroplet as a Distance Controller. Langmuir 2021, 37 (36) , 10776-10785. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01556

    Daxin Zhang, Shuo Yang, Wenshi Zhao, Lili Yang, Yang Liu, Maobin Wei, Lei Chen, Jinghai Yang. Raman Scattering Methods for Monitoring the Electric Properties of the Postannealed Bulk Heterojunction. ACS Applied Energy Materials 2021, 4 (8) , 8360-8367. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.1c01600

    Thi Anh Nguyet Nguyen, Ying-Lung Yu, Ya Chien Chang, Yu-Han Wang, Wei-Yen Woon, Chien-Ting Wu, Kun-Lin Lin, Cheng-Yi Liu, Fan-Ching Chien, Kun-Yu Lai. Controlling the Electron Concentration for Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. ACS Photonics 2021, 8 (8) , 2410-2416. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.1c00611

    Bingbing Han, Lei Chen, Sila Jin, Shuang Guo, Jongmin Park, Hyuk Sang Yoo, Ju Hyun Park, Bing Zhao, Young Mee Jung. Modulating Mechanism of the LSPR and SERS in Ag/ITO Film: Carrier Density Effect. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 2021, 12 (31) , 7612-7618. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01727

    Meng Zhang, Yanan Wang, Xu Wang, Bing Zhao, Weidong Ruan. Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) on Indium-Doped CdO (ICO) Substrates: A New Charge-Transfer Enhancement Contribution from Electrons in Conduction Bands. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2021, 125 (31) , 17125-17132. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c02058

    Zahra Jamshidi, Sahar Ashtari-Jafari, Aleksei Smirnov, Elena V. Solovyeva. Role of Herzberg–Teller Vibronic Coupling in Surface-Enhanced Resonance Raman Spectra of 4,4′-Diaminotolane with Nearly Close Molecular and Charge-Transfer Transitions. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2021, 125 (31) , 17202-17211. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c04524

    Yanan Wang, Meng Zhang, Hao Ma, Hongyang Su, Aisen Li, Weidong Ruan, Bing Zhao. Surface Plasmon Resonance from Gallium-Doped Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Electromagnetic Enhancement Contribution to Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2021, 13 (29) , 35038-35045. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c05804

    Sahar Ashtari-Jafari, Zahra Jamshidi. How Do Adsorbent Orientation and Direction of External Electric Field Affect the Charge-Transfer Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectra?. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2021, 125 (24) , 13382-13390. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c02319

    Huanhuan Sun, Mingguang Yao, Shuang Liu, Yanping Song, Fangren Shen, Jiajun Dong, Zhen Yao, Bing Zhao, Bingbing Liu. SERS Selective Enhancement on Monolayer MoS2 Enabled by a Pressure-Induced Shift from Resonance to Charge Transfer. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2021, 13 (22) , 26551-26560. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c02845

    Daniele Nazzari, Jakob Genser, Viktoria Ritter, Ole Bethge, Emmerich Bertagnolli, Georg Ramer, Bernhard Lendl, Kenji Watanabe, Takashi Taniguchi, Riccardo Rurali, Miroslav Kolíbal, Alois Lugstein. Highly Biaxially Strained Silicene on Au(111). The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2021, 125 (18) , 9973-9980. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c11033

    Jing Guo, Xingxu Yan, Mingjie Xu, Govinda Ghimire, Xiaoqing Pan, Jin He. Effective Electrochemical Modulation of SERS Intensity Assisted by Core–Shell Nanoparticles. Analytical Chemistry 2021, 93 (10) , 4441-4448. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04398

    Zhiyuan Ma, Yan Zhai, Zhihong Chen, Haifeng Yang, Feng Wang. Preparation of QSS@AuNPs and Solvent Inducing Enhancement Strategy for Raman Determination of Salivary Thiocyanate. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2021, 13 (5) , 5966-5974. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c19650

    Lin Guo, Zhu Mao, Chao Ma, Jiawei Wu, Lin Zhu, Bing Zhao, Young Mee Jung. Charge Transfer in 4-Mercaptobenzoic Acid-Stabilized Au Nanorod@Cu2O Nanostructures: Implications for Photocatalysis and Photoelectric Devices. ACS Applied Nano Materials 2021, 4 (1) , 381-388. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.0c02729

    Terefe G. Habteyes. Anions as Intermediates in Plasmon Enhanced Photocatalytic Reactions. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2020, 124 (49) , 26554-26564. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c08831

    Bingbing Han, Ning Ma, Shuang Guo, Jiaheng Yu, Lin Xiao, Yeonju Park, Eungyeong Park, Sila Jin, Lei Chen, Young Mee Jung. Size-Dependent Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Activity of Ag@CuxOS Yolk–Shell Nanostructures: Surface Plasmon Resonance Induced Charge Transfer. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2020, 124 (30) , 16616-16623. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c03246

    Ying Liu, Jiamei Lu, Youkun Tao, Ni Li, Mengting Yang, Jing Shao. Ag-Embedded Silica Core–Shell Nanospheres for Operando Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy of High-Temperature Processes. Analytical Chemistry 2020, 92 (14) , 9566-9573. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00693

    Shuanghua Sheng, Yinshuan Ren, Song Yang, Qianjin Wang, Peng Sheng, Xuejin Zhang, Yingkai Liu. Remarkable SERS Detection by Hybrid Cu2O/Ag Nanospheres. ACS Omega 2020, 5 (28) , 17703-17714. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c02301

    Bishnu Pada Majee, Vishal Srivastava, Ashish Kumar Mishra. Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Detection Based on an Interconnected Network of Vertically Oriented Semiconducting Few-Layer MoS2 Nanosheets. ACS Applied Nano Materials 2020, 3 (5) , 4851-4858. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.0c00979

    Tefera E. Tesema, Hamed Kookhaee, Terefe G. Habteyes. Extracting Electronic Transition Bands of Adsorbates from Molecule–Plasmon Excitation Coupling. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 2020, 11 (9) , 3507-3514. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00734

    Peng Li, Lin Zhu, Chao Ma, Lixia Zhang, Lin Guo, Yawen Liu, Hao Ma, Bing Zhao. Plasmonic Molybdenum Tungsten Oxide Hybrid with Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Comparable to that of Noble Metals. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2020, 12 (16) , 19153-19160. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c00220

    Caiyun Liu, Junyi Hu, Subharanjan Biswas, Feng Zhu, Jinhua Zhan, Guo Wang, Chen-Ho Tung, Yifeng Wang. Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering of Phenols and Catechols by a Molecular Analogue of Titanium Dioxide. Analytical Chemistry 2020, 92 (8) , 5929-5936. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00047

    Judith Langer, Dorleta Jimenez de Aberasturi, Javier Aizpurua, Ramon A. Alvarez-Puebla, Baptiste Auguié, Jeremy J. Baumberg, Guillermo C. Bazan, Steven E. J. Bell, Anja Boisen, Alexandre G. Brolo, Jaebum Choo, Dana Cialla-May, Volker Deckert, Laura Fabris, Karen Faulds, F. Javier García de Abajo, Royston Goodacre, Duncan Graham, Amanda J. Haes, Christy L. Haynes, Christian Huck, Tamitake Itoh, Mikael Käll, Janina Kneipp, Nicholas A. Kotov, Hua Kuang, Eric C. Le Ru, Hiang Kwee Lee, Jian-Feng Li, Xing Yi Ling, Stefan A. Maier, Thomas Mayerhöfer, Martin Moskovits, Kei Murakoshi, Jwa-Min Nam, Shuming Nie, Yukihiro Ozaki, Isabel Pastoriza-Santos, Jorge Perez-Juste, Juergen Popp, Annemarie Pucci, Stephanie Reich, Bin Ren, George C. Schatz, Timur Shegai, Sebastian Schlücker, Li-Lin Tay, K. George Thomas, Zhong-Qun Tian, Richard P. Van Duyne, Tuan Vo-Dinh, Yue Wang, Katherine A. Willets, Chuanlai Xu, Hongxing Xu, Yikai Xu, Yuko S. Yamamoto, Bing Zhao, Luis M. Liz-Marzán. Present and Future of Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering. ACS Nano 2020, 14 (1) , 28-117. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b04224

    Devin B. O’Neill, Daniel Prezgot, Anatoli Ianoul, Cees Otto, Guido Mul, Annemarie Huijser. Silver Nanocubes Coated in Ceria: Core/Shell Size Effects on Light-Induced Charge Transfer. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2020, 12 (1) , 1905-1912. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b18393

    https://www.researchgate.net › 2606...

    Magneto-plasmonic Au-Fe alloy nanoparticles designed for multimodal SERS-MRI-CT imaging | Request PDF

    Jul 5, 2022 — It was shown that such NPs have remarkable magnetic and plasmonic properties and are promising for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), SERS, ... lenr-forum.com/attachment/21940/https://vodinh.pratt.duke.edu › quint... Quintuple-modality (SERS-MRI-CT-TPL-PTT) plasmonic nanoprobe for theranostics

    Quintuple-modality (SERS-MRI-CT-TPL-PTT) plasmonic nanoprobe for theranostics ; Volume, 5 ; Issue, 24 ; Pagination, 12126 ; Date Published, 2013 ; ISSN, 2040-3372. lenr-forum.com/attachment/21942/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com › doi Magneto‐Plasmonic Au‐Fe Alloy Nanoparticles Designed for Multimodal SERS‐MRI‐CT Imaging - Wiley Online Library

    Mar 11, 2014 — Taken together, these results show that Au-Fe nanoalloys are excellent candidates as multimodal MRI-CT-SERS imaging agents. lenr-forum.com/attachment/21943/https://www.nature.com › ... › articles Near-infrared II plasmonic porous cubic nanoshells for in vivo noninvasive SERS visualization of sub-millimeter microtumors

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    by J Song · 2014 · Cited by 185 — A review. Various magnetic nanoparticles have been extensively investigated as novel magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents owing to ... Article Views: 6671 lenr-forum.com/attachment/21944/https://iopscience.iop.org › meta Gold-based SERS tags for biomedical imaging - IOPscience

    by L Fabris · 2015 · Cited by 67 — The use of SERS tags in biomedical imaging is described. ... Quintuple-modality (SERS- MRI-CT-TPL-PTT) plasmonic nanoprobe for theranostics ...

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    Quote from Gregory Byron Goble

    Fleischmann knows of Surfaced Enhanced Raman Scattering and LENR nano plasmonics in wet cell.


    Let us not forget who started the field of LENR back in 1974. Fleischmann was the founder of the field of nanoplasmonics. The surface plasmon polariton is one of the many similar quasiparticles in condensed matter physics that forms the basis for the LENR reaction. Inherent in the many qualities in its quantum mechanical nature, the most important of which is its imaginary mass and it readiness to form coherent condensates, this particle is the gateway into the ability to create vacuum fields in condensed matter physics systems.

    Possible Theories of Cold Fusion - LENR-CANR.org


    by Fleischmann, M., S. Pons, and G. Preparata


    Quote

    We consider now the difficult problem of hydrogen delocalisation inside the lattice of deep electrostatic holes. As delocalisation depends on the occupancy by the protons of highly excited states of the well, this configuration must be energetically advantageous. It then becomes clear that collective phenomena must come into play as, otherwise, the hydrogen nuclei (H+, D+ or T+) could not avoid going into the ground state. The many-body interactions of the hydrogen nuclei must therefore be able to supply the energy required to raise the nuclei to highly excited states of oscillation. It is again evident that this cannot be achieved through short-range forces, thus providing another clear illustration of the inadequacy of conventional theories. On the other hand, the superradiant plasma of hydrogen nuclei considered elsewhere [70] leads immediately to such highly excited states of the oscillating nuclei by virtue of the superradiant behaviour of the ideal plasma: the highly excited states of the oscillating nuclei compensate their high kinetic energy by the interaction energy with the coherent superradiant electromagnetic field. If this is kept in mind, then one can readily understand the odd properties of H in Pd: thus the high diffusion coefficients reflect the «quasi-free» character of the hydrogen «band» in the lattice of deep holes; the inverse isotope effects of the diffusion coefficients and of the critical temperatures for transition to the superconducting states are due to the bosonic character of D+ as opposed to the fermionic character of H+ and T+, the Pauli principle restricting the configuration space of H+ and T+ but not of D+ . Finally, the high chemical potentials are a likely consequence of the formation of clusters in the size range of a few microns, the size of the coherence domains of hydrogen plasmas [15]. A further aspect of the superradiant behaviour of these systems is referred to in sect. 5.

    Ever before polariton condensation is discovered, M Fleischmann posited that such a condition must have existed in the LENR reaction. Also a condensate of a micron sized cluster (aka EVO) that forms a coherent domain is the active factor in the reaction.


    How was this original thinking about LENR reaction theory of M Fleischmann lost or ignored over all these many years?


    EVOs as charge waves in the Vacuum

    Waves of Charge


    "The big jump is as follows:
    we jumped from the waves to the "corpuscular nature of light".
    From the electromagnetic field as a "thing" ..... to photons.
    We could now do the reverse passage for electrons. Switch from the traditional particle vision
    to a single entity: the charged field. Go from charges, from particles, protons, electrons, to a
    different single entity. Here this "thing" takes on a different light
    Problems such as "masking of Coulomb repulsion in the EVO Shoulders" are gone ....
    because there are no electrons. From the physical / mathematical point of view it serves to
    justify ... only a solution of Maxwell's equations "gaugeless", charged. Full stop.
    All that is needed is a profound conceptual revolution, that is, to believe in the existence of a
    single entity: the charged field, in which the concept of particles, and the presence of particles, no longer exists.
    Isn't it that we are ready to make this big jump"

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    In the experiments of the SAFIRE project, the dematerialization of their tungsten probe occured. The probe did not melt, it did not vaporize, it dematerialized in a few nanoseconds. No signs of melting or vaporization accompanied the disappearance of the tungsten probe.


    The SAFIRE plasma is a singular coherent polariton condensate or EVO. At the time that the tungsten probe occured, the input pumping energy was just 182 watts. Note that no energy production was apparent during the incident.


    I beleive that the probe entered and penetrated a zone of false vacuum enclosed by a domain wall. Matter cannot exist within this zone because the laws of matter within this zone are not compatible with existence of solid matter.



    This SAFIRE incident is not the only example of matter dematerialization. This process has also occurred in the first experiments with the solid state SunCell design. A 100 kilo tungsten electrode was dematerialized in 10 seconds of operation without affecting the surrounding insulated copper cooling coils. This selective matter destruction indicates that the process that destroyed the electrode was not caused by high heat. Subsequently, the SunCell design was changed to provide liquid electrodes to mitigate electrode distruction.



    Quote

    BrLP and its engineering firm in Boston ran a successful off-site demonstration on 7/20/16 wherein the molybdenum-lined cell and tungsten electrodes were vaporized in a few seconds. Engineer witnesses said that they have never seen power density so extreme, impossible with known technology! Dr. Mills, the Chief Technology Officer of the engineering firm, and the Business Development Manager of BrLP’s concentrator photovoltaic manufacturer presented the commercialization plan, work to date, and time line to commercialization to an invited audience from industry, the investment community, and academia. The consensus was that BrLP is on track with its commercialization time line of deployment of field testable SunCells in the first half of 2017. BrLP and the engineering firm are working to setup a permanent demonstration site at the engineering firm’s premises to routinely perform demonstrations. Megawatt-scale power was developed wherein the observed visible light was less than 1% of that emitted with over 99% being high-energy ultraviolet light that the human eye cannot see. The effect of the enormous power density is evident in the photos below. Dr. Mills presentation may be found at: https://brilliantlightpower.co…oduction-ABCs-070416B.pdf


    Agree.. in this way particle accelerators don't serve much purpose. Only create different expressions of this charge field as you call it.

    The EVO grows continually when pumped with photons and electrons as more and more polaritons are added to the condensate over time. At an early stage, the EVO takes on the shape of a petal where the orbits of the right and left handed polaritons interweave as they both counter rotate in a left and right handed direction. At this stage of EVO development, the petal is positioned on the outside of its structure. This petal structure is typical of light based interference patterns.

    Reference: https://www.researchgate.net/f…-intensity_fig5_299386790


    At this early stage, the polaritons take on the light based nature of their waveform. The polaritons are intensely magnetic which begin to reflects the electron nature of their waveforms and initiate an intense supersolid based hexagonal shaped field that surrounds the EVO. The central portion of the EVO may contain a superconducting seed of atoms around which the EVO has formed. This magnetic field is so strong that it polarizes the metal so that the metal reflects light in a polarized manor.


    The video below shows an EVO impression made by an EVO impact on an aluminum surface of the Supernova microwave LENR reactor which reflects these characteristic marks discussed above. The EVO impression shows the typical EVO impression as impressed into the surface rendered by transmuted aluminum.


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