Quote from Alan Smith

That sounds amazing. Are you planning to try iy?

I just wanted to present the idea in a public setting so that it remains open source and is not subject to patent. Egely's open approach is laudable and I hope it moves the field of LENR forward. For example, I hope that the comment in his ICCF25 video about the futility of using cracks in heat production turns LENR research toward plasma based systems. The next big move forward is to get LENR away from the fusion myth and toward the electron centric reaction modality.

His idea that low energy neutrons are central to fusion initiation just does not make sense. LENR is all based on polariton formation. The polariton is a electron centric quasiparticle.

Regarding: lessons from the Papp engine; noble gases will produce EVOs which will in turn produce electric power.

As Egely has shown, exploding electron clusters will produce electrical power and little or no heat. Transmutation is a undesirable side effect that is best minimized in any LENR reactor design.

The Papp engine ran cool— only about 60°C (140°F) but it did produce abundant electrical power. The interior surfaces of the engine were polished to a mirror finish because of the need for photons to pump the EVOs that were produced by spark initiated EVO production in noble gases.

Hydrogen plays no part in a nuclear energy based reaction. Its role is to support a dielectric surface EMF insolation cover for the production of polaritons. Any insolation gas will do the same function such as nobles gases. The Papp engine did not use hydrogen to produce electrical power; it used noble gases.

The ignition spark not only produced the EVOs in a noble gas based plasma, but also pumped these EVOs so that they became unstable and exploded. This EVO explosion produced a shockwave that not only moved the pistons of the engine but also generated electrical power that would produce the next ignition spark.

The use of noble gases especially xenon will produce orders of magnitude more "wolves teeth" then hydrogen does.

Quote from Drgenek

Why should anyone believe you when you have the lack of sense to call fusion/fission via LENR a myth?

I explain how fusion occurs in the LENR reaction as a inconsequential secondary reaction effect in this post.

Post

RE: The Exotic Vacuum Object (EVO) as the cause of the vacuum reaction.

Looking into the details of how the LENR reaction works lends insight to various confusing idiosyncrasies of the operational behaviors of systems that have been seen in the data derived from various LENR systems.

Both charge masking (lowering the coulomb barrier) and mass (Higgs field) masking comes from identically the same mechanism involving weak hypercharge and can proceed symaltainiously in the LENR reaction. This causal duality can profoundly confuse LENR theory because the masking of the…

axil

Sep 9th 2023

Fusion has been seen in lattice assisted fusion where coulomb masking is a result that involves complex multi-body particle interactions. But this process is interfered with by those same quantum mechanical based interactions.

In the other paths to the LENR reaction like spark initiation, no fusion indicators are ever seen such as neutron and gamma ray production.

Transmutation has nothing to do with fusion; fusion and transmutation are two completely different processes. I ignore fusion as a useless secondary issue. The process that produces energy in LENR is the explosion of electron clusters.

As I understand it, Ed Storms states that he always detects electrical production in his LENR experiments. Storms goes on to say that electrical generation is a sure indicator that the LENR reaction is active whereas gamma radiation and neutrons are never seen to occur.

Quote from Alan Smith

I think you should read a few of Ed's papers before you tell us what he says.

https://www.lenr-canr.org/acrobat/StormsEnatureofen.pdf

What Ed Storms needs to do to prove that hydrogen fusion is occurring by showing that the products of that fusion reaction is being produced.

Paraphrased from Wiki

The first step in all the branches of PP fusion is the fusion of two protons into a deuteron. As the protons fuse, one of them undergoes beta plus decay, converting into a neutron by emitting a positron and an electron neutrino The positron will annihilate with an electron from the environment into two gamma rays. Including this annihilation and the energy of the neutrino, the net reaction has a Q value (released energy) of 1.442 MeV.

The experimenter needs to see positron analyzation producing two 512MeV gamma rays.

The relative amounts of energy going to the neutrino and to the other products is variable.

PP fusion is the rate-limiting reaction and is extremely slow due to it being initiated by the weak nuclear force. The average proton in the core of the Sun waits 9 billion years before it successfully fuses with another proton. It has not been possible to measure the cross-section of this reaction experimentally because it is so low but it can be calculated from theory.

The temperature of the Suns core is 15 million degrees. The cross-section of the PP reaction goes down from 9 billion years with temperature. At room temperature, the PP cross section is forever or PP fusion can not happen.

After it is formed, the deuteron produced in the first stage can fuse with another proton to produce the stable, light isotope of helium.

The experimenter did not check for helium 3.

This process, mediated by the strong nuclear force rather than the weak force, is extremely fast by comparison to the first step. It is estimated that, under the conditions in the Sun's core, each newly created deuterium nucleus exists for only about one second before it is converted into helium-3.

In the Sun, each helium-3 nucleus produced in these reactions exists for only about 400 years before it is converted into helium-4.

The experimenter did see some form of high energy radiation but that radiation was not characterized. Was the observed radiation gamma or hard x-rays which can be produce in a electron cluster explosion through braking radiation.

Bremsstrahlung, or "braking radiation", is a type of electromagnetic radiation. It is produced when a charged particle, such as an electron, is decelerated by another charged particle, such as an atomic nucleus. The word "bremsstrahlung" comes from the German words "bremsen" (to brake) and "Strahlung" (radiation).

Bremsstrahlung is similar to X-rays produced by bombarding metal targets with electrons in X-ray generators. However, bremsstrahlung is also produced by high-speed electrons both from beta radiation and exploding electron clusters.

The radiation emitted by the electrons is called bremsstrahlung. The radiation gives a continuous X-ray spectrum.

I would have liked to seen that radiation characterized in a continuous spectrum.

Quote from RobertBryant

Can Axil find where Storms wrote that the LENR reaction is" pp fusion"?

Ed wrote:

"The palladium samples were prepared by reducing the thickness of stock

palladium to a convenient value using a rolling mill. The sample was then heated near the melting point using a propane-oxygen torch in air. This treatment purified the surface and created a thin oxide coating. Heating to 200-280° followed by cooling in 30 psi H2 resulted in the sample coming to equilibrium with the H2 and acquiring a H/Pd ratio between 0.70 and 0.72.

The radiation being emitted by the sample is proposed to result from a fusion

reaction that produces coherent photons.

Ed's proof of fusion is only based on uncharacterized photon radiation. That is not sufficient proof for a nuclear reaction.

Any reference in a LENR experiment involving protium (H) cannot produce any energy from the PP fusion reaction. PP fusion can only occur in stars since gravity confinement is a necessary requirement for PP fusion to proceed. Furthermore, the energy density produced by PP fusion in the core of the sun is very low and is only equivalent to 25% of human metabolism.

From:

Pressure within the sun creates fusion reactions, but what powers the reactions closer to the surface, where the pressure isn't as extreme?

Answer (1 of 3): Actually, it is temperature that creates fusion reactions in the core of the Sun, it is not pressure, and those reactions only take place way…

www.quora.com

Quote

As others explained, making nuclear fusion happen is relatively easy.

But that kind of misses the point. What we want to do is making sustained nuclear fusion.

Worse yet, we want to achieve a power density that exceeds the interior of the Sun by something like a factor of a million or so, but without the benefit of the one mechanism that the Sun relies on, gravitational confinement.

To wit: Nuclear fusion happens in the deep interior of the Sun because the Sun is colossally massive (more than 300,000 times more massive than the Earth), so its self gravity compresses its interior to the temperatures and pressures that are needed for fusion to take place.

But very, very slowly and inefficiently. How slowly? It produces less than 300 watts of heat per cubic meter. That’s comparable to… a well-maintained compost pile. Its less than the power density of our human metabolism.

That’s all. That’s what you get when you lump enough mass to make more than 300,000 Earths.

We obviously do not have 300,000 spare Earths to play with, and it would not be very practical either. So we cannot use gravitational confinement. We are trying to use other means to confine the fusion fuel for sustained fusion.

And we aren’t simply trying to mimic the Sun. We want to do better. After all, for a practical fusion power generating station, we want to be able to produce a lot more power, perhaps up to a few hundred megawatts of raw thermal power per cubic meter inside the reactor. So we are trying to best the Sun by a factor of a million, give or take.

That is hard. That is, if I may use somewhat unprofessional language, damn hard. Insanely hard.

Which is why, nearly 70 years after the first uncontrolled fusion explosion (aka. hydrogen bomb) here on the Earth, we still do not have working fusion power stations.

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My reaction to Ed Storms video

As I posted above, nanoparticles form the seeds around which EVO growth proceeds. What Ed is doing is seeding the surface of palladium with nanoparticles which form sites where EVOs grow. This is standard nanoplasmonic theory.

An experiment using gold nanoparticles on glass has produced Bose condensation when pumps using a laser. If pumped with EMF RF, microwaves, laser light... etc, the Bose condensate will grow until the condensate becomes unstable. As a result of its instability, the Bose condensate will then explode producing high energy electrons which Ed says he sees in his experimentation.

Bose–Einstein condensate forms in a nanoparticle lattice – Physics World

First ever BEC of light coupled with metal electrons might find use in information processing and imaging

physicsworld.com

Generation of EVOs is what Ed Storms is doing in his experiments. Ed is producing Bose condensation using nanoparticles embedded onto a metal surface.

Dr G Egely also produces this effect but in a microwave plasma using carbon powder. These experiments produce transmutation of very heavy elements which mark the presents of a vigorous LENR reaction taking place.

By the way, if you want to produce a kick-ass LEC system, impregnate the surface of a glass rod with nanoparticles and pump it with RF. You will see abundant electrical production as a function of RF pumping.

Quote from Alan Smith

I think you have blown it now. There is proof in abundance.

As far as I could see, he did not present proof of hydrogen (PP) fusion in his paper per your reference. By the way, pp fusion is impossible.

For one thing, I would like to see presence of 511KeV positron/electron annihilation gamma radiation as is predicted to occur for PP fusion

Some forgotten history in cold fusion as follows:

The role of nanoparticles in the LENR reaction is now virtually forgotten in the theory of the LENR reaction. But when I first became interested in the LENR reaction, nanoparticles was a major player in LENR research.

The experiment by Arata-Zhang using ZrO2-nano-Pd sample powders was among the first experiments that peaked my interest in the LENR reaction.

New Energy Times -Arata-Zhang LENR Demonstration

"Arata and Zhang in Japan demonstrated very successfully the generation of continuous excess energy (heat) from ZrO2-nano-Pd sample powders under D2 gas charging and generation of helium-4," Takahashi wrote. "The demonstrated live data looked just like data they reported in their published papers (J. High Temp. Soc. Jpn, Feb. and March issues, 2008). This demonstration showed that the method is highly reproducible."

In America, Brian Ahern was another researcher who became interested in nanomaterial research and through that interest inspired excitement in the LENR reaction when he heard about the Arata/Zhang experiment.

EPRI-Ahern Report: LENR Is 45 Times More Energetic Than Diesel | New Energy Times - News Site

Then YEONG E. KIM formulated a theory of the LENR reaction inspired by nanoparticles and the experiments of Arata and Zhan based on Bose Einstein Condensation (BEC) enables by nanoparticles.

Quantum Many-Body Theory and Mechanisms for Low Energy Nuclear Reaction Processes in Matter

https://scholar.google.com/scholar_url?url=https://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/KimYEquantummana.pdf&hl=en&sa=X&ei=YxQOZZ7JMseNy9YPnqyWEQ&scisig=AFWwaea_GYRCUTr7bHPZKkHJCAoQ&oi=scholarr

All of the gainful systems that are now producing LENR based energy use nanoparticles in their reactions. Even though the role of the nanoparticle mechanism is not recognized in these systems, Nanoparticles provide the feedstock that seed the creation of BEC formation. It is these BECs that we now call EVOs.

Quote from RobertBryant

Not quite true,, some people are still interested.. according to Storms

however he is interested in the gaps ,, nanogaps? more than the size of particles.

In an upcoming post I will attempt to explain how a optical cavity is produced by a nanoparticle. The nanogaps that Ed Storms has shown to be active in the LENR reaction provides optical cavities in which quasiparticles are formed.

Polariton condensates are formed by a stimulated scattering process.

In an optical cavity, when laser or electrical energy is pumped into a semiconductor, pairs of excited electrons and holes called excitons form. These excitons interact with photons confined to the cavity. The exciton-photon combination acts like a particle and is called a polariton.

Polariton condensates can have macroscopic dimensions and have long-range spatial and temporal coherence. They are formed by stimulated scattering into a polariton state as it approaches quantum degeneracy.

Polaritons are quasiparticles that result from strong coupling of electromagnetic waves with an electric or magnetic dipole-carrying excitation. They are an expression of the common quantum phenomenon known as level repulsion.

In his Iccf25 extended video, Egely makes a statement that the polariton is the active LENR agent in cracks based reactions as explained by Ed Storms. Egely states that these cracks will eventually erode and fail. But a population of Optical cavities provided by nanoparticles can continually be reformed in a plasma based system.

A reference in this post as follows:

Google Drive: Sign-in

Plasmonics with a twist: taming optical tornadoes on the nanoscale

Abstract

Quote

This chapter discusses a hydrodynamics-inspired approach to trap and manipulate light in plasmonic nanostructures, which is based on steering optical powerflow around nano-obstacles. New insights into plasmonic nanofocusing mechanisms are obtained by invoking an analogy of the 'photon fluid' (PF). By proper nanostructure design, PF kinetic energy can be locally increased via convective acceleration and then converted into 'pressure' energy to generate localized areas of high field intensity. In particular, trapped light can be molded into optical vortices -tornado-like areas of circular motion of power flux - connected into transmission-like sequences. In the electromagnetic theory terms, this approach is based on radiationless electromagnetic interference of evanescent fields rather than on interference of propagating waves radiated by the dipoles induced in nanoparticles. The resulting ability to manipulate optical powerflow well beyond the diffraction limit helps to reduce dissipative losses, to increase the amount of energy accumulated within a nanoscale volume, and to activate magnetic response in non-magnetic nanostructures. It also forms a basis for long-range on-chip energy transfer/routing as well as for active nanoscale field modulation and switching.

Optical powerflow underlying the dipole LSP resonance in the plane wave scattering by a metal nanoparticle. Field lines of the Poynting vector in the E-plane around an aluminum nanosphere illuminated by a plane wave at the frequency of its dipole LSP resonance (a) and away from it (b)

A metal nanoparticle gathers and receives the EMF photon based power from a volume far larger than its actual size. This power produces charge separation as pictured in the insert above. Positive charge is concentrates on one side of the nanoparticle and negative charge is concentrated on the opposite side.

Plasmonic nanoantenna concept. (a) Collective oscillations of conduction electrons in a metal nanoparticle excited by propagating light create regions of positive and negative surface charges, resulting in the generation of secondary dipole fields around the particle. (b) Optical powerflow around a noble-metal nanosphere at the frequency of its dipole LSP resonance shows strong deflection of incident light towards the particle. Hereafter, the arrows point into the direction of the local powerflow; the length of each arrow is proportional to the local value of the Poynting vector amplitude.

Those areas of charge concentration are optical cavities in which excited electrons and excitons come to a state of energy equilibrium. This process produces the polaritons and their condensates that are the active agent in the LENR reaction. As Brian Ahern discovered, there is a requirement that the nanoparticles be within a size range between 3 and 12 nanometers so that a resonance condition is created on the surface of the nanoparticle whereby quantum entanglement with photons occurs expeditiously.

Quote

“Back in 1996, my colleagues and I at MIT made a discovery, which we later patented, with a nanoparticle exchange mechanism. In the process, we figured out that something was very important about the 3- to 12-nanometer size range. So when I read that Arata was using 5- to 10-nanometer particles, I knew he was right in the middle of that sweet spot, and I decided to make material in that same scale and try to find out if he was right,” Ahern said.

When the polariton condensate forms, the nanoparticle become a superconductor and a domain wall forms to protect the condensate from environmental based disruption.

Over time. As additional electrons and photons are absorbed by the polariton condensate, the condensate will eventually become unstable and at that point of instability will explode. This is where the high energy electrons come from in the LENR reaction. Also the photons are released from the condensate and that release provides EUV level light.

Quote from Cydonia

Now they only will reach no more than 15eV maximum, in this way how trigger nuclear reactions ?

Because it is a condensate, the EVO grows in size if it is continually pumped with photons and electrons. After a period of continual growth, eventually a point at which an EVO becomes unstable arrives, and there will have been accumulated in the condensate 10^25 polaritons. If the polariton each carries a power density of a just a fraction of an electron volt, there will be an additive power factor of 10^25 identical particles... that may be a trillion giga electron-volts total.

The gear amplification mechanism is described in the photonic reference that I listed in a post above. I will explain how optical powerflow (aka electrical field intensity) is amplified to extreme levels using the gear analogy in the next post, and how that mechanism is soon and eventually disrupted by the EVO formation mechanism.

Controlling the LENR reaction through the proper use of nano and micro-particles

Nano/Micro-particles provide ability for the amplification of the catalytic effect through the application of many forms of resonances. One such amplification mechanism involves the reception of heat energy by the metal particle array as an antenna which reaches out over a great distance to bring in heat energy photons from a very long distance away from the particle aggregation . All that heat energy is converted into dipole electron motion called an exciton.

Exciton-polaritons are a type of quasiparticle that are a hybrid of light and matter. They are formed by the strong coupling between excitons in semiconductor quantum wells and photon modes in microcavities. The excitonic part of the exciton-polariton gives it a high degree of nonlinearity, while the photonic component gives it an extremely small effective mass.

Exciton-polaritons exist inside semiconductor microcavities. When the density of exciton-polaritons exceeds a threshold, they macroscopically occupy the same quantum state, forming a condensate.

Exciton-polaritons can demonstrate quantum phenomena such as Bose–Einstein condensation and single-photon nonlinearity.

But now we must understand what the Nuclear Active Environment (NAE) is, it is useful to know how to build the NAE.

How to build a nano-cavity

To illustrate a pivotal principle from Nano-engineering that bears upon LENR, in experimental results from that field involving Nanoplasmonics, the electromagnetic field strength in the spaces between nanoparticles is exponentially strengthened based on the number of nanoparticles in contact with each other.

Heat is converted into electromagnetism through the action of exciton based dipole motion in the surface of the metal particles. This dipole motion produces an alternating current that is tightly confined to the skin of the metal particle.

Dipole vibration generates a positively charged side of the metal particle and a negatively charged side. Heat induces an electrostatic charge on the surface of the metal particle through the action of coherent alternating currents of free electron gas that live on the surface of metals.

A strange thing happens to the electrons on the negative side of these metal particles. The electron becomes entangled with the photons of heat when the energy level of the electrons and photon become equal. A compound waveform is produced called a polariton.

Because the polariton is mostly light, it is a boson, there is no limit to the number of these quasiparticles (the electron half of the dipole) that can be packed into the NAE. The other positive “hole” part of the dipole resides within the walls of the NAE.

This coupling of the electron gas with the infrared EMF is the first and most basic level of resonance in the LENR reaction.

One very important way to increase the strength of the LENR reaction is to increase the density of the electron gas that floats around on the surface of the metal particle.

Amplification in the density of the electron gas will amplify the LENR reaction. In the same way, a big capacitor will produce a bigger spark than a very small capacitor.

Needless to say, enhancing heat production is the other method that increases the strength of the LENR reaction, but in Nanoplasmonics, heat and the density (like amperage) and energy levels (like voltage) of the electron gas are directly connected.

I am interested in the system that uses micro-particles for the lattice because this type of system provides additional opportunities for resonance development to increase reaction intensity by increasing the density and energy of the electron gas.

This amplification process through the use of micro-particles is the subject of the next section of this description.

Remember, strengthening the density of the polariton gas is a prime LENR design goal. Electromagnetic field strength amplification is what we really want to do.

Particle aggregation is a polariton amplification mechanism.

Micro and nano sized particles will come together and aggregate under electrostatic attraction. Large particles will pass on their compliment of polaritons down to its smaller particles in the aggregate. It has recently been discovered that this transfer of polaritons is a one way operation. The nano engineers call this one way traveling polariton the topolariton.

The flow of topolaritons go from the large particles to the very smallest particles where they become captured in the gaps between the very smallest particles.

Because the topolaritons are bosons, there is no limit to how many can be packed into the nanoscale cavities between nanoparticles. These waveforms travel in a circle and form a soliton as a result of whispering gallery wave confinement and self-interference.

The point is that EMF can be collected, concentrated, and focused to such a huge extent by many and varied nanoparticle based mechanisms that the catalytic process can advance from the realm of chemistry to the realm of quantum mechanical driven sub atomic particles effects. These effects can amplify EMF by a factor of many trillions or 10^^20 to equal or surpass the power of the most powerful lasers.

These NAE like other catalysts are not consumed like neutrons but keep producing disruptive subatomic particle effects for many days after they are formed and fully loaded with EMF energy. These solitons can hold up to 1,000,000 GeV of power.

Figure A - Optical enhancement of nanoparticle clusters with coordination numbers (points of near contact or nano-gaps) from 1 to 7.

Comparison between the enhancement factors obtained for each sample, normalized to the enhancement produced by a single particle excited with a 633 nm laser line.

Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) spectra of benzenethiol on the pentagonal bipyramid (CN 7).

The enhancement factor of the electromagnetic fields in the nano-gaps is proportional to the capacitance that the particle can impose on the dielectric material in the gap.

Simply put, the number of topolaritons that can be packed into the dielectric medium filling the gap is directly proportional to the amount of charge difference that the particles can bring to bear in the immediate neighborhood of the nano-cavity.

The micro-particle has a far greater capacitive potential than a single nano-particle or even a large cluster of nano-particles because its bulk and surface area is orders of magnitude bigger than those particles that are sized on the nanoscale. But critically, there needs to be a way to increase both the effective surface area of the micro-particle and the coordination number (nano-gaps) when two micro-particles grow close together

This is cleverly engineered by covering the micro-particles with nanowires like the spines that cover the surface skin of a sea urchin.

The nanowires draw close and touch as the micro-particles draw together but the charge on the surface of the micro-particle largely remains in place because current does not readily flow access these filamentary points of contact. The nanowires provide a gage or better described as a spacing mechanism so that the micro-particles maintain the optimum nano-metric capacitive distance between their respective micro-particle surfaces.

How nuclear reactions are induced using electrical fields produced by nano/micro particle aggregation.

At ICCF24 NASA representatives when explaining lattice confinement fusion said that their researchers saw a electric field enhancement of around 20 orders of magnitude over ambient. This enhancement was enough to lower the coulomb barrier sufficient to produce nuclear fusion effects.

The fields produced were not coherent which means that the number of polaritons in the particle aggregation was not sufficient in number to produce Bose Einstein condensation.

As the power density and the associated number of polaritons increase above the BEC floor level, the fields produced will become coherent. Then the nuclear reactions will cease and the LENR reaction will enter transmutation mode were all the energy produced by the LENR reaction is lost.

In the LENR reaction, there is a power density level threshold above which nuclear based activity will stop and non-gainful transmutation will begin.