EVO Theory - a new paper from Graham Hubler.

From the Hubler paper:

Quote

It is suggested that EVO’s are not a new form of matter
(dense ball of electrons with diameter of microns containing 10²³ electrons per cubic centimeter) but a manifestation
of known thermomechanical and electromagnetic mechanisms acting on the thermal insulator, a small portion of which
is rapidly heated that then generates a micro shaped charge. Many of the attributes of EVO’s or charged clusters can
be explained by this model.

So where does this tiny shaped charge come from?

Another paper from Graham K Hubler, but on what seems to be classic electrolythic LENR, and calorimetry

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364331220_Long_Term_Anomalous_Heat_from_9_nm_Pd_Nanoparticles_in_an_Electrochemical_Cell

reported on e-cat world too

I cannot judge myself.

Quote from AlainCo

Another paper from Graham K Hubler, but on what seems to be classic electrolythic LENR, and calorimetry

https://www.researchgate.net/p…n_an_Electrochemical_Cell

reported on e-cat world too

I cannot judge myself.

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Thanks, interesting paper, very thorough experiment.

Quote from Alan Smith

https://www.researchgate.net/p…Exotic_Vacuum_Objects_EVO's_Charge_Clusters

The author (very well known in the field) does not seem keen on the current 'best' theories about EVO's.

In early 90's, Ken Shoulders was granted 5 patents on Exotic Vacuum Objects (EVO) claiming that they were a new form of matter. He produced many monographs about them and suggested they were the physics that explained cold fusion. In Ken Shoulders words, EVO's are, "Highly organized, micron-sized clusters of electrons, having soliton behavior, with electron populations density on the order of Avogadro's number per cm 3 (A typical 2µm EVO has a population of 10 11 to 10 13 electrons). When interacted with solid material, these charge clusters perform a low-energy phase transformation type of atomic disruption that liquefies the lattice and propels the material to a high velocity without apparent signs of conventional heating. Using an ordinary thermal interpretation, a thermal gradient for bulk material greater than 26,000 degrees C per micrometer would be required to achieve these effects". This paper presents lessons from thin film deposition methods like Vacuum Arc, Pulsed Electron beam, Pulsed Laser whose commonality with EVO generation is pulse energy impingement on a target. Rather than the hypothesis of a "new form of matter" as an explanation of EVO's, it is hypothesized that generation of a micro shaped-charge, in analogy with explosively formed shaped-charge munitions, can explain the characteristics of surfaces that were struck by EVO's. This hypothesis reproduces the effects that are underlined in the text above..

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At least they are honest to say its an hypothesis.

This idea from Hubler reminds me to some extent the ideas that led Roshdy A. Barsoum to write that obscure paper on his idea of Cold Fusion by impacts of electrons in the structure of a ceramic. Both are trying to explain the observations from a conventional point of view.

The problem is that is difficult to separate high speed impacts from EVOs as the conditions for formation of EVOs are also present in these high speed impacts or explosions. The idea of the EVO is a way to understand what happens under these extreme conditions.

Quote from Alan Smith

"Highly organized, micron-sized clusters of electrons, having soliton behavior, with electron populations density on the order of Avogadro's number per cm 3 (A typical 2µm EVO has a population of 10 11 to 10 13 electrons).

For people with a clear mind such statements by Shoulders only show that he had no clue of physics. An electron has a potential of about 13.6 V Adding 10⁹ of them gives 10¹⁰ Volts... Here is the clear starting point of nonsense...

Excited atoms can form temporary stable EM mass packs we also encounter in Nickel Hydrogen LENR. The first stable lab ball lightening has been generated with silicon dust an element that only has the freedom to form EM clusters. So EVO's best case are excited EM mass and have nothing to do with a large number of electrons.

Simple sparks, through a dielectric fluid, can create craters - as in EDM.

The images below are in steel (higher melting point than the aluminium in the Hubler paper). No gnomes required.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299844500_Characterization_and_geometric_modeling_of_single_and_overlapping_craters_in_micro-EDM

Quote from Alan Smith

You might find this book an interesting read.

Thanks for the link.

Quote

Considering the ball lightning as a self-organized complexity in a

dynamical state, some (in our opinion all) of the observational
characteristics listed in the literature become explainable

Hmmm. Not sure that this book really shines much light on the topic.

Quote from Frogfall

Hmmm. Not sure that this book really shines much light on the topic.

You may disagree with the ideas the authors put forward about what drives a ball lightning, but is a great collection of phenomenology. The idea of self organizing phenomena is perhaps foraneous to many, but plasmas tend to exhibit that apparent behavior. Why they do this is a really good and open question.

"Ball Lightning" has always had a problem, in that the reports of its sporadic appearance vary so widely that it is possible to propose any number of vague mechanisms, and support them by cherry-picking accounts. In fact accounts vary so widely that not very long ago it was quite common for many meteorologists and physicists to say that it doesn't actually exist at all, and that all witnesses were either mistaken or were lying fantasists.

Have a read of this book chapter, available on Researchgate:

The Ball Lightning Controversy: Empirical Case Studies - by Alexander Keul.

Labelling BL as "plasma" is problematic in itself, as the sightings in a great many witness accounts do not resemble anything like the plasmas that we are able to create artificially. We can only refer to BL as "plasma" by ignoring any accounts that do not fit some pre-defined concept, or by simply accepting that a non-confined plasma, in air, can exist for an extended time period - by some strange mechanism that has yet to be discovered.

Quote from Wyttenbach

For people with a clear mind such statements by Shoulders only show that he had no clue of physics. An electron has a potential of about 13.6 V Adding 10⁹ of them gives 10¹⁰ Volts... Here is the clear starting point of nonsense...

In order for such a cluster of electrons to exist, there would have to be a counter force. In theory the electromagnetic force could amplify gravity. So, assume electro-gravity. But then the cluster is not really electrons but something that is hard to distinguish from electrons. So, a type of electron. The first person to note that there are two types of electrons was N. Tesla. So, type two electrons are formed from the standard electron. Ken could then be right about the spontaneous occurrence of an EVO from a plasma. If the plasma can convert standard electrons to type two electrons and type two electrons have electro-gravity. There is a basis for some math.

So, one has a planetoid of type two electrons because type two electrons attract each other due to electro-gravity. There would be a non-singular potential between type two electrons or rather at larger distance two type two electrons repel each other but at some shorter distance they attract due to electro-gravity.

Rather than continue with type 1 and type 2 electrons, one designated type two as R-electrons. Where the R indicates that this type of electron causes some time-space curvature hence electro-gravity. You can find more about R-electrons elsewhere in this forum. Since the charge and mass of R-electrons are nearly identical to standard electrons, one can calculate the gravitational constant for electro-gravity, Gre. One balances of the repulsive coulomb potential between the electron at the escape horizon and the planetoid to the electro gravitational potential between the electron at the escape horizon and the planetoid (EVO).

kq_eq_p/r = G_rem_em_p/r

The coulomb constant is k. The subscript e for electron and subscript p for planetoid and G_re for the gravitational constant for electro-gravity between R-electrons. The planetoid and the R-electron at the escape horizon are all units of the same thing but we don't know how many units is in the planetoid. So, let (# of electrons) be the number of electrons in the planetoid plus one at the escape horizon.

Kq_e²(#of e)/r= G_rem_e²(#of e)/r

Now one can solve for the gravitational constant for electro-gravity between R-electrons.

G_re = kq_e²/m_e²

So, electro-gravity is 42 orders of magnitude stronger than universal gravity.

So here is the connection between Ken Shoulder and Takaaki Matsumoto. Shoulders produced EVO (R-electron planetoids) in atmospheric gas and Matsumoto produced them in water. Matsumoto called it cold fusion and goes on explain that electro-gravity is so strong that it produces blackhole like objects as radiation from cold fusion. These radiations made images on film emulsions that are not observed elsewhere than from cold fusion radiations.

Sometimes things really are simple. Don't over think it.

Quote from Drgenek

So, type two electrons are formed from the standard electron.

People usually think in terms learned in the sand box ages. If they use electrons or current the the result must be electron.

Unluckily physics does not agree with this. Charge is conserved as you only can split e-p to produce annihilate charge.

So things are clear. Excited EM mass is the term and this has nothing to do with gravity unless you really understand how gravity is produced in excited EM mass.

Look at SO(4) physics to understand how gravity is produced in side the proton.

Quote from Frogfall

We can only refer to BL as "plasma" by ignoring any accounts that do not fit some pre-defined concept, or by simply accepting that a non-confined plasma, in air, can exist for an extended time period - by some strange mechanism that has yet to be discovered.

Have a read of these two accounts of supposed BL events in Austria in '97 & '98:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/295511539_Two_exceptional_ball_lightning_cases

What I started to suspect from accounts I read in the 1980s (and from previous descriptions I had from conversations with people who witnessed the phenomenon personally) was that plasma (if involved) was possibly a secondary effect - and was therefore being generated by something else.

If that was the case, then there was little hope of anyone creating anything like true BL in the lab, if all researchers were doing was finding ever more ingenious ways to generate blobs of free plasma in air. Normal plasma is not self-sustaining - and even when being continually "pumped" by external electrical power it has a habit of collapsing. The "sawtooth effect" is well known in hot fusion circles. The "moving plasmoid" work is interesting, in that it extends the "free life" of the plasma slightly, but to make a brightly glowing ball or toroid hover, for seconds or minutes (not miliseconds), in air, still seems to be beyond the reach of lab researchers.

(n.b. note that the "continuous light" that comes from fluorescent tubes is down to the persistence of the coatings inside the tube - as the plasma, and UV, inside is really being generated in a series of flashes at twice mains frequency.)

Interesting quote from https://www.sciencedirect.com/…abs/pii/S037015731300375X

"The Physics of Lightning" by Dwyer & Uman, 2013. From chapter 3, "The Lightning Initiation Problem":

Quote

The problem of how lightning is initiated inside thunderclouds is not only one of the biggest unsolved problems in

lightning physics; it is also probably one of the biggest mysteries in the atmospheric sciences. At the heart of the problem
is the fact that decades of electric field measurements made directly inside thunderclouds have failed to find electric field
strengths large enough to make a spark (according to our current understanding), even when the effects of reduced air
density and the presence of water and ice particles are taken into account. And yet we routinely see very large sparks
being made inside thunderclouds in the form of lightning. This suggests that there is either something wrong with our
measurements or there is something wrong with our understanding of how electrical discharges occur in the thunderstorm
environment. When we consider how much we know about complex and exotic astrophysical objects half way across the
universe, it is quite amazing that we do not understand the basics of how something as common as lightning gets started in
clouds just a few miles above our heads.

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Uman is a long-established "world expert" in lightning research - and all his theories tend to reflect "conventional" (e.g, non-LENR) physics. Note, though, how he easily accepts that astrophysics is a "done deal" - a topic that has the dubious advantage of not allowing anyone to travel "half way across the universe" to check whether the theories actually match reality.

The term EVO is very generic. This term covers a broad array of different phenomenon. Yet I think a few of the characteristics of different types of EVOs are all the same. First, they are created by out of equilibrium conditions (another generic term). Secondly, they are self organized out of chaos. Third, they contain a population of ions, electrons, or neutral particles in a coherent state.