Device for registration and investigation of Lenr manifestations in conditions of diaphragm discharge

Before proceeding to the analysis of individual works by Ken Shoulders (K. Sh.), I want to add some details to the previously described #43, #49 of my model of the structure of the charge cluster (Ch. cl.) To clarify the following postulates and confirm the validity of the conclusions drawn from them, I give the following data:

-the number of electrons in the cluster 10^8...10^11 pieces (according to K. Sh. measurements)

-the number of atoms involved 10^3... 10^6 pieces (according to K. Sh. measurements)

-cluster diameter 10^-7 m (according to K. Sh. measurements)

-atom diameter 10^-10 m

-the diameter of the core-ion is 10^-15 m

-electron diameter 10^-18 m

-electron mass 10^-30 kg

-protons and neutrons are about 1800 times heavier than an electron

-the average distance between air molecules under normal conditions is 10^-8 m .

It is not difficult to calculate the mass and density of Ch. cl.: 10^11*10^-30+10^6*10^-30*1800 = ~10^-19 kg. Increasing its size to one cubic meter for clarity, we get the mass: (1 /(10^-7)^3)*10^-19=10^21*10^-19 = 100 kg. The density of popcorn should not deceive, - the internal distribution of the mass of Ch. cl. is very uneven. Since the experiment shows that Ch. cl. is practically electrically neutral, it is logical to assume that there is a shielding belt of positive charges along the periphery. This screen is formed by 10^6 involved atoms ionized to the state of "naked" nuclei. If it is nitrogen, oxygen and carbon, then their combined charge will be plus 7 * 10 ^ 6 units. Considering that the electric field strength decreases proportionally to the square of the distance, the diameter of the electron clot will be: 10^-7*(7*10^6 / 10^11)^0.5=8.4*10^-10 m. That is, a little less than two diameters of an atom. This is already the nuclear density, the distance between the electrons will be: ~10^-9 / (10^11)^0.33 = 2.2*10^-13 m. If we now look at the sizes of the electron and the nucleus – ion - 10^-18 m and 10^-15 m, respectively, then we can make sure that there is still enough space inside the condensed electron clot for the previously described functioning of Ch. cl.

The most common form of electron residence in nature exists in the form of a component of hot plasma (stars, the Sun). In the condensed part of the universe, electrons occupy the orbits of neutron–proton formations, forming atoms and molecules. When, for one reason or another, an excess of electrons appears in certain parts of space, they apparently condense in the form of clumps, take away from the atoms the number of nuclei necessary for their own shielding, and form Ch. cl. There are still excess electrons in metals, but in natural nature they are rare. In electrolytes (oceans), anions and cations are mutually balanced. It is difficult to find free electrons in nature "by themselves". If the triboelectric effect is explained by manipulations with Ch. cl., then we have to admit that these clusters are ubiquitous (lightning on Venus and Saturn). Probably, Ch. cl. can be of different sizes from the smallest and not observed to large, luminous and capable of Lenr - manifestations.

In the description of his patent US5123039 on page 68 (line 16), Kenneth R. Shoulders (K. Sh.) explains the extraordinary energy intensity of the charge cluster (Ch. cl.) in this way: «The source of this increased energy appears to be the vacuum zero point energy, or zero-point radiation. An EV, as a coupling device to zero-point energy, operates as an energy conversion mechanism whereby high frequency Zero point energy of the vacuum continuum is converted to lower frequency energy, captured as electrical output energy by the traveling wave conductor, for example.»

There are more words than meaning in this text. An irresponsible and counterproductive approach. Meanwhile, all the properties of Ch. cl., including its high energy, can be explained within the framework of generally accepted concepts (the ability of electrons to transition into a condensed state is being taken out of brackets for now).

In his routine experiments, K. Sh. obtained charge clusters by applying a relatively small pulsed negative voltage to the cathode of the diode under vacuum conditions with a slight addition of inert gas. At the same time, an electric field of very high intensity appeared on the pointed electrode. This turned out to be enough to start forming condensed clumps of electrons. At the same time and along with them, K. Sh. registered a smoldering discharge and free electrons. This fact suggests that the newly formed electronic cluster does not carry any significant energy reserve. He begins to acquire it immediately after its occurrence, and exclusively at the expense of the surrounding space.

A bunch of one hundred billion electrons #61, #43 creates a local electrostatic field that attracts positive gas ions. Accelerating in an electrostatic field, the ion crashes into a dense clot, frees itself from all its electrons and, in the form of a bare, as in a hot plasma, atom – ion, due to the remaining energy, flies away some distance from the clot and then begins to make elastic harmonic oscillations through the focus of our electron clot. At the same time, averaged over time, the geometric center of the electric charge is now in the focus of the resulting Ch. cl., that is, in fact, a single positive charge has moved from the distant periphery towards a powerful formation charged with the opposite sign. The perfect work passes into the kinetic energy of the oscillating atom – ion, and this energy already belongs to Ch. cl. In our case, a cluster can attract one million such positive ions, the process goes on until a shielding layer of temporarily halting ion nuclei appears around the electron clot, making the Ch. cl. outwardly almost electrically neutral.

Next, the most interesting property of the charge cluster comes into effect – the ability to LENR manifestations. The larger the size of the condensed bunch of electrons, the greater the kinetic energy of the nuclei –ions flying in their oscillations through the focus Ch. cl. This focus is small, and sometimes the probability of a direct collision of two nuclei will lead to overcoming the notorious Coulomb barrier. As a result of the collision, fission or synthesis of atoms, absorption or release of energy, transmutation and release of elementary particles are possible. The thickness of condensed electrons completely extinguishes possible radiation and corpuscular radiation. Under favorable conditions, a moving Ch. cl can do a lot of work due to nuclear reactions with a positive energy balance: the formation of known craters in metal foil during its destruction, making moves in photoemulsion and even denser materials (strange radiation).

Ch. cl. has a diameter of 10^-7 m, on its surface and the upper third of the volume, naked positively charged atomic nuclei (size 10^-15 m) spend most of the time accelerating and slowing down in their vibrations. The air molecules have a size of 10^-10 m and at normal pressure are separated from each other by 10^-8 m. The scale ratios of the design under consideration suggest that Ch. cl. does not have an aggressive effect on the environment. In order to destroy the orbital shell of a neutral atom and capture its electrons, a positively charged atom – ion must approach this atom at a distance less than the diameter of the atom. As can be seen from the model, the probability of such an event is small, and therefore neutral air molecules can freely move in their thermal motion through the Ch. cl structure. The same cannot be said about free electrons - the nearest atom – ion will capture a wandering electron and immediately deliver it to a bunch of condensed electrons.

If we assume that small imperceptible Ch. cl. are ubiquitous, then there is simply no place for free electrons in nature, except in technical devices, laboratories and thunderstorms. The life of Ch. cl.’ is not only in their growth, they are fragile and easily divided. It is enough to rub a glass stick on a silk handkerchief, and triboelectricity #49 arises. Half the size of a bunch of condensed electrons is no longer able to hold its fastest atoms, ions, and they leave the geometry of the cluster. Crashing at speed into a dielectric material, into ice crystals in clouds, into dust particles of ash during a volcanic eruption, ion atoms take the electrons due to them from neutral atoms, electrification occurs in the surface layer of the material.

I am transferring further discussions on the general LENR topic from this branch to the section Physics on the topic "Anatomy of the charge cluster work of Kenneth R. Shoulders" . Entry #1.

Here I would like to focus on the experimental setup that started the topic. The beginning of the topic is here #1 , the picture is here http://rulev-igor1940.ru/bilder/bild_2_40.jpg>