Florian Metzler, Camden Hunt, Peter L Hagelstein and Nicola Galvanetto. Known mechanisms that increase nuclear fusion rates in the solid state. 2024 New J. Phys. 26

  • In this context - your statement is reaching too far.


    You are using a wide variety of reported and published anomalies in systems: most metal lattices, but many other systems as well. the authors of the papers describing these anomalies have argued that the only explanation for the anomalous results is cold fusion.

    I am not using a wide variety. Only the metal lattice ones. Actually, only the bulk Pd-D ones, which were confirmed in 180 labs, in several hundred tests. There are many other systems, as you say, such as powder, LEC, and glow discharge, but they have not been proved to be the same phenomenon. Some have not been shown to be nuclear fusion. Some have not been replicated much, so they might be experimental error. I exclude them all when I assert that cold fusion must be real, and it must be nuclear fusion.


    However, there is no predictive cold fusion theory yet that explains the results. And as you well know those arguments are not found convincing by most scientists.

    Most scientists know nothing about this. They have no idea what instruments are used, what results are obtained, and what conclusions are drawn. They have no basis to judge. Their opinions are worthless -- without any scientific basis or validity. You might as well ask policemen, carpenters, or stock brokers whether cold fusion is real.


    Most scientists who have performed experiments are sure that cold fusion is real. They are the only ones qualified to judge. I have not taken a poll of experts who have read the literature, but I have the impression that most of them are also convinced cold fusion is real. For example, as I wrote:


    Prof. Heinz Gerischer was a leading electrochemist and the Director of the Max Planck Institute for Physical Chemistry. He reviewed the evidence in 1991 and concluded “there [are] now undoubtedly overwhelming indications that nuclear processes take place in metal alloys.” For a distinguished professor this is emphatic. “Undoubtedly overwhelming” is shouting through a megaphone.


    https://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/RothwellJlessonsfro.pdf


    An informed opinion from Gerischer outweighs 1,000,000 ignorant comments by scientists who know nothing about cold fusion.

    If, as you argue, it matters not whether some scientific hypothesis can be precluded, then for example Hydrino formation, or spontaneous local dark energy escape, or something else could be the cause of those anomalies.

    I have no opinion about scientific hypotheses. No hypothesis or theory is needed to prove that cold fusion is real, and it is fusion.


    Your judgement, as a scientist, is that they are much more likely to be cold fusion than anything else.

    My judgement has nothing to do with it. The facts speak for themselves. Pd-D cold fusion converts deuterium to helium, producing heat in the same ratio to the helium as D-D plasma fusion does. It consumes no chemical fuel and produces no chemical changes. Only nuclear changes. Therefore it is fusion, by definition.


    Ni-H must produce some other product. I have no idea what that might be. But it seems likely this is some sort of hydrogen fusion. That is an extrapolation, but the fact that Pd-D produces D-D fusion is an observation. An observation by itself is proof of what it shows. No theory is needed. For example, when the Curies first observed heat from radium, they saw it produced no chemical changes and it exceeded the limits of chemistry, so they knew it could not be a chemical reaction. They had no theory, but they were certain of that. They wrote:


    Radium possesses the remarkable property of liberating heat spontaneously and continuously. A solid salt of radium develops a quantity of heat such that for each gram of radium contained in the salt there is an emission of one hundred calories per hour. Expressed differently, radium can melt in an hour its weight in ice. When we reflect that radium acts in this manner continuously, we are amazed at the amount of heat produced, for it can be explained by no known chemical reaction. The radium remains apparently unchanged. If, then, we assume that it undergoes a transformation, we must therefore conclude that the change is extremely slow; in an hour it is impossible to detect a change by any known methods.


    - Century Magazine, 1904

  • It's like the old joke.


    A scientist stood up at a conference and said 'My research shows all blue-eyed people are more intelligent than the rest. So all the blue eyes people stood up and applauded, and the others slunk down in their seats. The next speaker said 'My research shows that blue eyed people are less intelliegent than all the rest. And it was the blue-eyed people who then slunk down in their seats and shut their eyes. A third scientist stood up and said 'My research proves that this audience is dumber than the average.;

  • Florian Metzler, Camden Hunt, Peter L Hagelstein and Nicola Galvanetto: Known mechanisms that increase nuclear fusion rates in the solid state. Within the three major communities presented — atomic physics, nuclear physics, and quantum dynamics — mechanisms are known that increase nuclear fusion rates in solid-state materials. No individual mechanism can traverse the ~50 orders of magnitude necessary to make solid-state fusion at ambient conditions technologically relevant. A combination of them might.


    Before some time I got to the same conclusion. One mechanism is quite dominant though and it also has a water cluster analogy. Every common metal crystal is actually a colossal negentropic anomaly, containing billon of atoms aligned along a single line. How high is the thermodynamic probability that during hot fusion plasma such an arrangement would spontaneously emerge? The mechanisms of fusion which would be capable to utilize it would bring similar increase of thermodynamic temperature of fusion like the monochromatic laser focus brings in comparison to black body radiation. Every common laser pointer is theoretically capable to achieve higher temperatures in its focal point than plasma discharge or Sun surface because of coherence and monochromacy of its light.

  • Metzler talked a lot about diverses "resonances" in his paper....

    Florian Metzler, Camden Hunt, Peter L Hagelstein and Nicola Galvanetto: Known mechanisms that increase nuclear fusion rates in the solid state. Within the three major communities presented — atomic physics, nuclear physics, and quantum dynamics — mechanisms are known that increase nuclear fusion rates in solid-state materials. No individual mechanism can traverse the ~50 orders of magnitude necessary to make solid-state fusion at ambient conditions technologically relevant. A combination of them might.


    Before some time I got to the same conclusion. One mechanism is quite dominant though and it also has a water cluster analogy. Every common metal crystal is actually a colossal negentropic anomaly, containing billon of atoms aligned along a single line. How high is the thermodynamic probability that during hot fusion plasma such an arrangement would spontaneously emerge? The mechanisms of fusion which would be capable to utilize it would bring similar increase of thermodynamic temperature of fusion like the monochromatic laser focus brings in comparison to black body radiation. Every common laser pointer is theoretically capable to achieve higher temperatures in its focal point than plasma discharge or Sun surface because of coherence and monochromacy of its light.

  • Alan Smith shared a picture of powders when he spoke with Storms .

    We saw unfortunately particles at the same size.

    I read a paper about plasmonic about your astroblaster effect was highlighted by mixing different particle sizes together.

    For example 1µm with 500 nano and 25nano.. Between smallest the EM field was highly enhanced by this trick.

    Don't remember the name of this italian guy who patented something in this same way ?

    Lattice Mossbauer resonance is its name - an analogy of the Astroblaster effect.

  • Quote

    We saw unfortunately particles at the same size.


    Within palladium/nickel hydrides the particles aren't of the same size. There are heavier and lightweight atoms alternating mutually. One can not achieve sparks when shaking particles of sand inside of bottle. But when we use mixture of pebbles and sand, then the sand particles will get crushed way easier even under mild shaking (which is principle of ball mill). The effective energy / temperature of sand particles will get there as high, as inside of homogenous sand shaken with supersonic speed (which is essentially a hot fusion approach).

  • We can furthermore increase the effective energy of collisions, if we constrain the motion of particles into 2D/1D dimensions, which is common in metal crystal lattice. What is colliding there are whole linear stacks of atoms which act like nanopistons. At the moment when they accidentally squeeze and smash hydrogen atoms between them, then the fusion may happen at much lower temperatures than these ones achievable by random shaking of heated hydrogen atoms alone. The energy gain achievable in this arrangement boils down to statistic probability of this linear arrangement. When atoms collide within linear arrangement the thermodynamical probability of which is 1E-8, then the energy of collision will get enhanced by the same factor, i.e. 1E8. Which is already a factor sufficient for overcoming coulomb barrier.

  • We can furthermore increase the effective energy of collisions, if we constrain the motion of particles into 2D/1D dimensions, which is common in metal crystal lattice. What is colliding there are whole linear stacks of atoms which act like nanopistons. At the moment when they accidentally squeeze and smash hydrogen atoms between them, then the fusion may happen at much lower temperatures than these ones achievable by random shaking of heated hydrogen atoms alone. The energy gain achievable in this arrangement boils down to statistic probability of this linear arrangement. When atoms collide within linear arrangement the thermodynamical probability of which is 1E-8, then the energy of collision will get enhanced by the same factor, i.e. 1E8. Which is already a factor sufficient for overcoming coulomb barrier.

    At one side we have theories at other side we have physic then between them we have the nano pico engineering in which most of the time members relate here only blablabla.. when you experiment even a little bit you become well aware of that.

  • Quote

    we have theories at other side we have physic then between them we have the nano pico engineering in which most of the time members relate here only blablabla..

    What you need is to have a thin sheet of atoms perfectly arranged in one dimension. Ikegami and Lipinski brothers already realized how to do it with molten lithium. The surface of every fluid kept slightly above its melting point is covered with a narrow layer of liquid-crystalline phase, so-called exclusion zone (Pollack). Even better, this layer restores its arrangement when some energetic particle hits it. Conversely, the surface of ice above -42°C is covered with a thin layer of molten water.

  • Molten lithium covering surface of solid material also gets semicrystalline arrangement from its supporting material. Many researchers (A. Rossi, Me365) actually bombarded surface of molten lithium with protons/deuterons in hydrogen discharge. The problem is, the surface of lithium gets clogged with hydrides/deuterides fast, so it works only for limited period of time. By using of alternating current the deuteride layer can be reduced to a metallic lithium again. Lipinski avoided this situation in other way: by leaving molten lithium flow on the surface of rotating cylinder, which also collects the resulting heat.

  • Peter Hagelstein


    External Content www.youtube.com
    Content embedded from external sources will not be displayed without your consent.
    Through the activation of external content, you agree that personal data may be transferred to third party platforms. We have provided more information on this in our privacy policy.
    .

  • Every common metal crystal is actually a colossal negentropic anomaly, containing billon of atoms aligned along a single line. How high is the thermodynamic probability that during hot fusion plasma such an arrangement would spontaneously emerge?

    This is a childish dream. I discussed it once with Hagelstein and he agreed that this lineup scenario is highly unlikely even in single crystals. Why? Most elements (No so 27-Al) have multiple isotopes hence different masses hence not a single common vibration energy!

    So please do real work not fantasies!

  • Quote

    I discussed it once with Hagelstein and he agreed that this lineup scenario is highly unlikely even in single crystals.

    OK, but different masses will manifest itself with different vibration amplitudes in the direction parallel with lines of atoms, not perpendicularly to it. That means, even the atoms of different weight would vibrate perpendicularly much less than in parallel direction. And with decreasing temperature these vibrations will all cease to zero, so that the isotopic composition would not even matter.


    The lineup scenario has a robust evidence in Lipinski observation, that cold fusion runs on surface of molten lithium only and just only at the temperatures few degrees above melting point of lithium. In this temperature range the surface of lithium gets covered with thin layer of liquid-crystalline phase, where atoms are arranged in linear chains perpendicular to surface of lithium. Such a lithium nanor-rods can absorb impact of protons in such a way, their momentum gets transferred along line of lithium atoms in similar way. like inside of Newton cradle or within Astroblaster toy.

  • Within metal crystals additional effects may apply too. For instance Piantelli successfully tested cold fusion within nickel whiskers, which are tiny crystals deposited from vapour phase in vacuum. The center of every crystal is formed with narrow spiral dislocation, where atoms of nickel get squeezed from all directions toward axis of crystal. Such an atoms can not vibrate in the direction other than axial one easily, which means, they're effectively more "frozen" in one direction than with others. The catalytic presence of dislocations and nanocracks was also postulated by Storms for palladium lattices and by many others. It's well known that palladium samples mechanically treated before experiment are more prone to fusion than these annealed ones. In the annealed material most of dislocations and nanocracks heal itself and their internal stress disappears, so that they can not work as a active centers for cold fusion anymore.

  • Peter Hagelstein:

    External Content www.youtube.com
    Content embedded from external sources will not be displayed without your consent.
    Through the activation of external content, you agree that personal data may be transferred to third party platforms. We have provided more information on this in our privacy policy.
    .

    The line-up model also explains why hellium-4 gets preferably formed during cold fusion. Hellium-4 is the most stable product of cold fusion, but during hot fusion it has no time to form, because atom nuclei recoil too quickly and excessive neutron escapes into outside. But after compression of deuterons from both sides the neutrons have time for their leveling along resulting helium nuclei, thus forming symmetrical product. This mechanism has many analogies in chemical catalysis. In addition the dense line of atoms (the tube formed with their electron orbitals connected, being more specific) serves as a waveguide for neutrons and prohibits them in escape into outside.


  • How the neutrons - which usually only weakly interact with matter - can get completely reabsorbed within crystal lattice during cold fusion? Well, because neutrons are tiny and they interact with atom nuclei only the common crystal usually appears completely empty for neutrons. The only chance for neutrons to get captured with crystal is the situation, when they get released along the line of atoms within crystal. This also means that this neutron must be radiated exactly along the line of atoms during cold fusion, which poses an important hint for actual cold fusion mechanism.

  • In this temperature range the surface of lithium gets covered with thin layer of liquid-crystalline phase, where atoms are arranged in linear chains perpendicular to surface of lithium.

    I explained the Lipinski process in a paper around 2018. Key is the magnetic momentum polarization on the surface and the strip off of the outer electrons. As already Mills noted, energy transfer to a solid crystal is resonant with the sum of the coupled electrons. E.g. Nickels 10 inner electrons (who are all coupled) have about 2x the H*-H* resonant energy

    Hellium-4 is the most stable product of cold fusion, but during hot fusion it has no time to form, because atom nuclei recoil too quickly and excessive neutron escapes into outside.

    4-He is not formed because the transient energy cannot be emitted. It can only be kinetically attached to particles.

Supporting researchers for over 20 years
Want to Advertise or Sponsor LENR Forum?
CLICK HERE to contact us.