All fields need sources!
Ok, now try to write a formal definition of "sources"!
gio06
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Posts by gio06
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One more time you write down a standard model sermon that only indicates that you never throughly studied physics...
The 4 potential is only a mathematical unification for simplifying engineering work. It has nothing to do with the real fields of real field sources (e/p). This is a common beginners error.
The proton/electron produces 3 different fields where the 4 potential only covers 2 of them. The strongest field of the 3 the magnetic moment field is ignored as it can not be included due to a different origin!
If you like to learn what other crap the standard model folks invented here my compilation "basics of physics"
"The 4 potential is only a mathematical unification for simplifying engineering work"
Just a serious mistake widely present in mainstream literature. You should learn your own lesson:
"So forget your education as it will only blind and disturb you."
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"Konopinski’s analysis demonstrates the fallacy of the generally held view that the vector potential has no physical meaning in classical electromagnetism. His paper follows up on Feynman’s complaint that a bias exists regarding the vector potential [2]"
Comments on "What the Electromagnetic Vector Potential Describes" by E. J. KonopinskiThe seminal paper on the meaning of the vector potential by E. J. Konopinski is revisited. The full significance of this work has not been generally recognized…arxiv.org -
Thank you. If proven true, do you believe your theory will lead to a better understanding of LENR? I ask because the authors are affiliated with the EU Horizon funded CleanHME Project. Also, a brief summary of the theory is on the CleanHME website. In fact, they have this to say about it:
A possible definitive confirmation of the theory implies that the experimental parameters of the stable elementary particles derive from electric currents generated by charges moving at the speed of light, respecting Maxwell-Proca, Planck and the Aharonov-Bohm equations. The curvature of the path is strictly related to the relativistic mass value and to the local value of the electromagnetic potentials. A possible connection with Ultradense Hydrogen and LENR has been presented few years ago:
and more recently
https://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/q0333#t=aboutBook
see also:
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Great! after 4 years we know the complete proton structure thanks to the SO(4) physics model we fall back to the stone age and a 3D torus structure.
Are you aware that the real proton an all mass formed by protons show a 3D uniform behavior that is impossible with a flat 3 rotation torus? Further E/B field mass/energies are never the same. This is just true for EM field calculations where we do not postulate which field acts.
In reality there exists no possible 3D B/E field configuration that can reproduce the E field from the B field and the other way round. Key is to understand that B field flux can be contained by charge, where it in the electron case it is only 1183eV needed (for charge mass).
You are considering here E/B fields as fundamental physical entities, while they are simply the space-time derivatives of the electromagnetic four potential.
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"As a matter of fact, nowhere in the pantheon of electrodynamic protocols that shall be cited, has the impact of the curl-free vector potential most clearly been shown to be felt, than with the Maxwell-Lodge effect. So much so, that when the significance of this phenomenon is duly appreciated by mainstream physics, it might represent the underpinnings to finally elevate the vector potential to its natural birthright physical status in CED; for this was the mantle it was originally intended to take on according to the worldviews of Maxwell and Faraday in the 19 th century."
"This work shows incompleteness and inconsistency in classical electrodynamics (CED) and quantum electrodynamics (QED). Extended electrodynamics (EED) resolves these issues. Stueckelberg-Horwitz-Piron (SHP) theory is equivalent to EED with important implications."
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The assumptions behind the quark model
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In few words , what is the guiding line ?
The main guide line is the use of Occam's Razor as a fundamental epistemological tool.
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The trapped light ie towards an electromagnetic theory of elementary particles
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Why Particle Physics is Stuck in a Dead End
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Didn't know they were in this field. Even ultra-dense hydrogen, huh?...
If you prefer, you could call it hydrino:
On the hydrino state of the relativistic hydrogen atom
see eq. 17 (r0 is the electron [charge] radius orbit)
r0 = ħ/m0c = 0.0039 Å
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So, maybe anyone here have any ideas to modify the fuel or smth, maybe conditions?...
This Airbus patent application suggests TiO2 as a preferred catalyst
"According to one embodiment of the device according to the invention, the catalyst coating has a granular and regular structure. Preferably, it is a titanium oxide."
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You might find this paper more approachable... http://commonsensescience.net/…icles/the_real_proton.pdf
This interesting paper is cited in the "Proton and Occam's razor" article:
"The advantages of a simple ring-shaped proton model were indeed pointed out by David L. Bergman in his paper "The Real Proton" [2]. This approach, while works well for muons, introduces unacceptably large errors if naively used for proton modeling. Firstly, the magnetic moment of such a simple model is equal to the nuclear magneton µN , while the experimental proton magnetic moment value is approximately 2.79 times larger. Secondly, as discussed in section 2.2, the proton's experimental radius value is 0.839 ± 0.007 fm, while the scaled positron model yields a 0.2103 fm Zitterbewegung radius."
Quo vadis, particle physics?
The particle zoo and the parallel to the Middle Ages
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The zitterbewegung interpretation of quantum mechanics is probably the best key to understand the structure of ultradense hydrogen
"This electron spin motion may be interpreted as a motion of the charge with orbit radius
rq = ħ/2me c = 0.192 pm and with the velocity of light c (‘zitterbewegung’)"
Spontaneous ejection of high-energy particles from ultra-dense deuterium D(0)
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. Anyway thanks for posting this and indicate that there is work previously that has inspired myself. I only just take it in little different direction and draw the conclusions of it. So no alien math is needed, just some basic human ingenuity and being able to draw strategical conclusions.
An optimal choice of the mathematical tools however greatly simplifies the interpretation of equations. In this paper on electron structure the real Clifford algebra Cl3,1 allows
"A geometric−electromagnetic interpretation of mass, relativistic mass, De Broglie wavelength, Proca, Klein−Gordon, Dirac and Aharonov−Bohm equations".
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The idea of Stevenson is supported by an old but still very interesting Ahern patent
"As an alternative to mechanical and metallurgical techniques for producing nanometric surface features, lithographic wet-etch techniques may be used. For example, referring to FIG. 4A, in a first lithographic process, a bare substrate 30 of a selected host lattice material, for example, nickel, is provided with a selected crystallographic orientation, for example, the 110 or 100 orientation. The 110 crystal faces are favored in the case of a nickel host lattice substrate because the 110 planes support the highest solubility of hydrogen isotopes of any crystallographic planes.
As shown in FIGS. 4B, 4C and 4D, photoresist 32 is spun on the substrate and exposed using a patterned
lithographic mask 34 having a selected pattern of sub-micron sized geometries. Preferably, the maximum pattern dimension, d, or "duty cycle" of repeated pattern is about 0.2 μm in length. Such nanoscale features require the use of thin, state of the art photoresists. The unexposed resist is then removed using standard techniques to produce a photoresist etch mask. As shown in FIGS. 4E and 4F, the underlying substrate is then anisotropically etched using an appropriate etch to produce grooves in the substrate surface having a depth, h, of less than about 1 μm. Grooves of a greater height are less preferable because they would allow the prismatic faces of grooves exceeding about 1 μm to reconstruct to a more harmonic, high atomic coordination state. After removing the resist etch mask using standard photoresist processing techniques, the substrate 30 is provided with a topology of steps 36 which all ideally exhibit sharp corners and straight walls."
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The cold fusion process gives H4 that decays into He4 gas. The energy and momentum are carried mostly by the emitted electrons.
Have you considered the hypothesis that He can be generated from a coherent pico-metric structure H4(0) of ultra-dense hydrogen?
Production of ultra-dense hydrogen H(0): A novel nuclear fuel
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Why the gap encourages this assembly process is unknown. We can imagine the very large negative field present in a small gap might play a role. Clearly, the gap size is important, which would determine the magnitude of the negative field and how the electrons might form a structure. We have to assume that electrons want to form such a structure and only need the correct environment. Why they want to form the structure is unknown and would be the focus of a theory."
The gap size may be critical for the formation of ultra-dense hydrogen and may be related to a resonant energy transfer
"An hypothetical very simple structure formed by a proton centered in the middle of the electron charge orbit would have a potential energy of −e2/re≈ −3.728 keV, corresponding to a photon wavelength of λφ≈3.325×10−10 m. This structure may be created only in presence of particular catalytic environments. A “resonant cavity” with dimensions comparable to λφ= 332.5pm [or its multiples] may facilitate the photon emission, acting as an “impedance matcher” with the external environment. Nickel has a lattice constant of 352.2pm, a value not very far from λφ, and each Ni lattice cell may act as a resonant cavity and as an “energy emission catalyzer” in presence of Rydberg State Hydrogen, atomic hydrogen or hydrogen plasma, in systems very far from equilibrium."
Electron Structure, Ultra-Dense Hydrogen and Low Energy Nuclear Reactions
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We have to assume that electrons want to form such a structure and only need the correct environment. Why they want to form the structure is unknown and would be the focus of a theory."
A person asked a very good question during a different discussion. Here is my answer. I would like to hear your comments.
Is there a common explanation for these structures and Prins experiments ?
"How is it possible that a structure consisting exclusively of electrons can be stable despite Coulomb repulsion? Prins recognizes the importance of this problem writing [9]: 'why does it remain stable when the power supply is switched off?' 'There must be some other mechanism. This mechanism should also explain why the electrons do not repeal each other and 'fly out of the gap' when switching off the applied potential.' "
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CaO may play also another role:
par. 7 of Electron Structure, Ultra-Dense Hydrogen and Low Energy Nuclear Reactions
"An interesting hypothesis could derive from considering the formation of ultra-dense deuterium(UDD) at the interface between calcium oxide and palladium, an area in which the high difference in the work function between Pd and CaO favors the formation of a layer with high electron density (Swimming Electron Layer or SEL)[23]. The ultra-dense deuterium could subsequently migrate to the area where the atoms to transmute are present.Therefore, aggregates of neutral charged ultra-dense deuterium would be, according to this hypothesis, the probable responsible for the transmutation of Cs into Pr and Sr into Mo. It is possible that strontium oxide, with its very low work function, substitutes the calcium oxide role in Celani’s experiments [24]."
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NY Times
"New Room-Temperature Superconductor Offers Tantalizing Possibilities"
"The breakthrough could one day transform technologies that use electric energy, but it comes from a team facing doubts after a retracted paper on superconductors."
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/08/science/room-temperature-superconductor-ranga-dias.html
