In physics, an exciton-polariton is a hybrid quasiparticle that is a mixture of light and matter. They are formed by the strong coupling of excitons and photons.

Exciton-polaritons have a small effective mass from their photonic components and a high degree of nonlinearity from their excitonic part. The photon component makes their effective mass very small, and therefore enables quantum degeneracy at high temperature.

Exciton-polaritons have become a versatile platform for a wide range of research including many-body physics, quantum optics, nonequilibrium dynamics, and polariton devices.

In simpler language an exciton polariton is a mix of light and matter. It is created when light and matter interact strongly with each other.

Imagine a tiny ball made of half light and half matter. That is what an exciton polariton is like.

Exciton polaritons are very interesting to scientists because they have properties of both light and matter. This makes them useful for a variety of applications, such as lasers and solar cells.

Exciton-polariton - Wikipedia

The Exciton is a quasiparticle that is central to the formation of the EVO since an EVO is a condensate of Exciton-polaritons.. Here is a video that explains what an exciton is.

Quote from Alan Smith

Which (sadly) very few people working in condensed matter science find useful.

Imprecise writing, what is not useful, LENR theory?

Imprecise writing can lead to misunderstandings and misinterpretations, and can even undermine your credibility. Imprecise writing can be due to using vague terms, or using words with multiple meanings.

Here are some tips for writing more precisely:

• Avoid using imprecise words, such as "thing". Instead, be as specific as possible.
• Avoid using vague terms, such as "approximately".
• Avoid using words with multiple meanings, such as "equivocation".
• Write in active voice, rather than passive.
• Cut out adverbs.
• Rewrite sentences starting with "There is" and "There are".
• Recast "of the" constructions as possessive.
• Avoid overuse of "that" in a sentence.
• Turn nouns into verbs.
• Resist rewriting data presented in a figure or table.

Quote from Aleksandr Nikitin

Quasi-mind generates quasi-world!?

Frank Wilczek, the man who came up with the quasi-world concept is up for another Nobel prize for discovering Time Crystals based on quasiparticles.

Discrete time crystals

(DTCs) can be found in Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs). DTCs are a type of steady state that occurs when a quantum system is driven periodically and spontaneously breaks discrete time-translational symmetry. For example, one model of DTCs in a BEC is when the condensate bounces off an oscillating mirror.

BECs are a state of matter that occurs when a gas of bosons is cooled to near absolute zero, causing the particles to coalesce into a single quantum object. This object acts as a wave in a large packet. BECs can look like dense lumps in the bottom of a magnetic trap, similar to water condensing from damp air onto a cold bowl. However, when BECs first form, they are surrounded by normal gas atoms, making them look like a pit inside a cherry.

Frank Wilczek first proposed time crystals in 2012 as a time-based analogue to crystals. In crystals, atoms are arranged periodically in space, but in time crystals, atoms are arranged periodically in both space and time. Time crystals may one day be used as quantum computer memory.

Quasiparticles have been used to formulate popular LENR theories including the the Widom–Larsen theory

The Widom–Larsen theory is a proposed explanation for low energy nuclear reactions (LENR). It was developed in 2005 by Allan Widom and Lewis Larsen.

The theory involves the coupling of collective oscillations to create local nuclear-strength electric fields. The quasiparticle, the surface plasmon polariton (SPP) electron-quasiparticle in these fields increase the electron's effective mass, becoming heavy electrons which was required to make the Widom–Larsen theory workable.

The theory also involves electromagnetic radiation in LENR cells, along with collective effects, to create a heavy SPP electron from a sea of SPP electrons.

The Widom–Larsen model involves the first step of the electron mass increase. As a mainstay in the NASA LENR research in 2012, NASA said that it wants to test and confirm the Widom-Larsen theory.

According to the theory, heavy SPP electrons can react with protons, deuterons, or tritons in surface patches, resulting in the simultaneous production of one, two, or three neutrons, and a neutrino. Using the quasiparticle the SPP, the theory also suggests that energy provided by the voltage gradient on an electrolyzing surface can add incrementally to an electron, causing its mass to increase.

https://www.degruyter.com/docu…mentum%20is%20very%20high

Massive surface-plasmon polaritons

Massive surface-plasmon polaritons

It is well-known that a quantum of light (photon) has a zero mass in vacuum. Entering into a medium the photon creates a quasiparticle (polariton, plasmon,…

doi.org

Received June 11, 2021; accepted August 26, 2021;

published online September 9, 2021

Abstract:

It is well-known that a quantum of light (photon)

has a zero mass in vacuum. Entering into a medium

the photon creates a quasiparticle (polariton, plasmon,

surface-phonon, surface-plasmon polariton, etc.) whose

rest mass is generally not zero. In this letter, devoted to

the memory of Mark Stockman, we evaluate the rest mass

of light-induced surface-plasmon polaritons (SPPs) and

discuss an idea that collisions of two massive SPP quasiparticles

can result in changes of their frequencies according

to the energy and momentum conservation laws.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------

The following answer is from the Nobel laureate Frank Wilczek in a talk "Quasiparticles and Quasi-Worlds" (starting from 1:04:40). It seems that he gave the same talk at least three times from 2022 to 2023.

Q: I am wondering with the distinction between quasi-articles and real particles, the reason why I was still having to be very careful with that.

A: I think we should abolish it. The quasi-particles are particles and particles are quasi particles. We use the same theoretical techniques to describe them, …. It’s been extremely fruitful to think of them in the same ways. …. It can suggest new materials to look for, and new properties that materials might have. You could image things from materials that you take over into a description of so-called elementary particle, …. And I should say, it’s not widely known in the high energy community in my experience, but the people who studied liquid crystals have been using topology in very sophisticated ways for a long time and it’s a very beautiful subject, and in many ways, they went much further with it than the particle physicists.

Both the hydrino and ultra-dense hydrogen (UDH) are likely quasiparticles. In fact the hydrino may be a form of UDH.

In condensed matter physics, a quasiparticle is a collective behavior of particles that can be treated as a single particle. For example, an electron in a semiconductor behaves like an electron quasiparticle because its motion is disturbed by interactions with atomic nuclei and other electrons.

UDH is made up of tightly bound molecules or clusters of different shapes formed from hydrogen atoms. UDH has a quasi-continuous energy distribution due to the coupling of electrons to vibrations in the material.

Through the action of entanglement with photons with electrons in the spin layer of UDH, UDH can be transformed into a composite quasiparticle that seeds Exciton-polariton condensate formation. This composite quasiparticle is then transformed into an exotic vacuum object (EVO) with the UDH at its core that acts as a shield for the the superconductive core so that the condensed polaritons act as a protective outer coating.

How quasiparticles simplify analysis of interactions in condensed matter physics.

Quote from Aleksandr Nikitin

Dear ! You are a victim of Wikipedia.

There have already been a great many such theories in the history of physics. For example, the latter is “string theory”. Where is string theory now?

No need to complicate things. It must be said directly that a quasi-particle is a mathematical abstraction that does not have physical properties, but simply an abstract concept that helps us understand the World. For example, like words, like numbers, like math...

It’s better to write in simple terms how the quasi-particle hypothesis helps solve the problem of cold nuclear fusion.

Solid state physics is based on quasiparticles, which is a way to describe complex many-body phenomena using single particle excitations.

Quasiparticles are collective behaviors of a group of particles that can be treated as if they were a single particle. For example, an electron traveling through a semiconductor behaves as though it has a different effective mass traveling unperturbed in vacuum. Such an electron is called an electron quasiparticle.

Quasiparticles play an important role in determining the properties of matter. Complex quasi-particles formed by bound electron-hole pairs in semiconductors, which play a fundamental role in their light absorption and emission processes, which carry superconductivity and move through the crystal lattice without resistance Bogoliubov quasiparticles: Broken Cooper pairs

Quasiparticles are studied in connection with solid-state physics and nuclear physics. They can suggest new materials to look for, and new properties that materials might have.

Quasiparticles are studied in connection with solid-state physics and nuclear physics because they play an important role in determining the properties of matter. There is reason to suspect, however, that all particles may actually be disturbances in some underlying medium and, hence, are themselves quasiparticles.

Quote

There are many kinds of quasiparticles in condensed matter systems. There are the basic ones like (quasi)electrons and (quasi)holes in metals and semiconductors, phonons, magnons, polarons, plasmons, etc. While it is true that quasiparticles are inherently tied to their host medium, these excitations are "real" in all practical ways - they can be detected experimentally and their properties measured. Indeed, I would argue that it's pretty incredible that complicated, many-body interacting systems so often host excitations that look so particle-like. That doesn't seem at all obvious to me a priori.

What has also become clear over the last couple of decades is that condensed matter systems can (at least in principle) play host to quasiparticles that act mathematically like a variety of ideas that have been proposed over the years in the particle physics world. You want quasiparticles that mathematically look like massless fermions described by the Dirac equation? Graphene can do that. You want more exotic quasiparticles described by the Weyl equation? TaAs can do that. You want Majorana fermions? These are expected to be possible, though challenging to distinguish unambiguously. Remember, the Higgs mechanism started out in superconductors, and the fractional quantum Hall system supports fractionally charged quasiparticles. (For a while it seemed like there was a cottage industry on the part of a couple of teams out there: Identify a weird dispersion relation ϵ(k)) predicted in some other context; find a candidate material whose quasiparticles might show this according to modeling; take ARPES data and publish on the cover of a glossy journal.)

Why are quasiparticles present in condensed matter, and why to they "look like" some models of elementary particles? Fundamentally, both crystalline solids and free space can be usefully described using the language of quantum field theory. Crystalline solids have lower symmetry than free space (e.g. the lattice gives discrete rather than continuous translational symmetry), but the mathematical tools at work are closely related. As Bob Laughlin pointed out in his book, given that quasiparticles in condensed matter can be described in very particle-like terms and can even show fractional charge, maybe its worth wondering whether everything is in a sense quasiparticles.

Quote from Aleksandr Nikitin

Gentlemen! It is already clear as daylight that the path of inventing new entities (particles, forces, fields, quasiparticles and quasi-worlds, and the like) has exhausted itself. The modern scientific paradigm, which separates our World into particles and fields in space-time, has exhausted itself.

At the next stage of scientific knowledge, it is necessary to unite our entire World into one single whole and consider particles, material bodies and fields as changing states of our single World, the materiality of which lies in movement. Only along this path can we find solutions to pressing fundamental problems, including cold nuclear fusion, a new engine and a new source of energy.

Quasiparticles are not particles. Instead, they are a concept that describes the patterns that emerge when subatomic particles interact in large numbers. Quasiparticles are a disturbance in a medium that behaves as a particle and can be treated as one. For example, an electron traveling through a semiconductor behaves as though it has a different effective mass

traveling unperturbed in vacuum. Such an electron is called an electron quasiparticle.

Quasiparticles are usually not real particles and are an emergent phenomenon that occurs inside a solid. There are two types of quasiparticles: Quasiparticles related to fermions and Collective excitations related to bosons.

Quasiparticles are different from real particles in four main ways: Real particles are made up of elementary particles

Quasiparticles are not made up of elementary particlesQuasiparticles are usually used in solids

Some examples of quasiparticles include: Phonon

: A quasiparticle derived from the vibrations of atoms in a solidPlasmons

: A particle derived from plasma oscillation

Polaron

: A moving electron that interacts with surrounding atoms in a way that shields its charge with a cloud of polarizationExciton

: An electron bound to a "gap" in charge known as an electron hole

Quasiparticles are a central concept in condensed matter physics. They are a way to describe the collective behavior of a group of particles that can be treated as if they were a single particle. Quasiparticles are not particles as nature made them, but only exist inside matter.

Quasiparticles are useful because they are one of the few known ways of simplifying the quantum mechanical many-body problem, and are applicable to an extremely wide range of many-body systems. Without the concept of the quasiparticle, the math used to describe many body systems would be untenable.

Quasiparticle - Wikipedia

List of quasiparticles - Wikipedia

Physicists have created a fluid in a cold atom Bose Einstein condensate with "negative mass", which accelerates towards you when pushed, but what is it and how was it made? Professor Michael Forbes, from Washington State University co-authored the study.

In the context of this video, it is now my opinion that the field of LENR should be centered on the condensed matter principal of the quasiparticle. The referenced video explains what the quasiparticle is, its history, as well as the associated properties that emerge from them that include the quasi-world, the property of quasi-reproduction and the quasi-universe.

Through Condensed matter science, any number of quasiparticles can be engineered to meet the needs of a given technology. In particular for the LENR reaction, a quasiparticle that has small or no charge and negative mass can produce the required quasiworld in which the LENR reaction can exist. This quasiparticle lives in a quasi-world that is protected from environmental interference such as temperature and pressure and in which the quasiparticle can self replicate. Inside the EVO, the spins of the coherent quasiparticle can accumulate to strengths that are sufficient to form a Grand unified fields level. The quasi-world also modifies other existing particles like the photon to form new quasiparticles which projects an electroweak based magnetic field so that this quasi-photon carries the nature of the unified electroweak quasi-world with it when it interact with matter that exists exterior of the EVO.

The quasi-world that supports the LENR reaction is the EVO. In the EVO, the LENR active quasiparticle can reproduce itself so that the EVO can grow over time as it absorbs matter and energy. The quasi-photon carries a modified type of magnetism that acts under the rules of the grand unified field (GUT) that exist inside the EVO to modify matter in the same way that matter would be modified inside the EVO by the LENR quasiparticle.

Back in the olden days of LENR research, there was a type of research effort that dominated: the question was what is the Secret Sauce. LENR experimentalists looked for the right pressure, or temperature, or RF frequency, or chemical combination, or magnetic field, or lattice configuration ... there was a belief that some combination of factors that would unlock the secrets of the LENR reaction.

It is now apparent that this search for the Secret Sauce was the hunt for the proper combination of physical and environmental factors that would produce the right situation for the production of the LENR family of the necessary quasiparticles that would produce the LENR reaction.

To this day not knowing what theory that they are working with, both NASA and SAFIRE project research effort is adjusting the various properties that they control to optimize their LENR reaction. They call this stumbling in the dark process the theory of experimentation. What they are actually doing is searching for the proper conditions that will create the LENR active quasiparticles that will unlock the reaction.

For example, in Rossi's theory paper, he invents a method whereby a collection of electrons can come together to form a cluster. This method is antiquated and is in my opinion a fantasy. The proper method that enables a collection of electrons to cluster together is based on quasiparticle theory. Solid state and condensed matter physic revolve around quasiparticle theory. This theory evolved mostly in the second half of the last century. If you want to understand the LENR reaction, you should become acquainted with how quasiparticles work or at least understand why they exist. There are any number of quasiparticles related to the electron. It is these type of quasiparticles that make the LENR reaction real.

How the Shell 105 catalyst works to create cluster based ultra dense hydrogen.

The Shell catalyst produces potassium based rydberg cluster formation. This formation will produce rydberg cluster formation in hydrogen through rydberg blockade.

The Rydberg blockade mechanism is a quantum phenomenon that occurs when atoms are excited to high-energy Rydberg states. In this state, atoms exhibit strong long-range interactions, leading to a blockade effect.

The Rydberg blockade mechanism is a key phenomenon in neutral atom quantum computing. It's based on Rydberg interactions, which are van der Waals interactions. In these interactions, there's an energy shift if two adjacent atoms are both in the Rydberg state.

The Rydberg blockade mechanism includes a term in the effective Hamiltonian that adds an interaction between adjacent atoms in the Rydberg states. In quantum computing, this allows for the construction of gates and nontrivial dynamics that create entanglement and correlation across the system.

The Rydberg blockade mechanism is the key behind entanglement generation between atoms.

The volume called the blockade sphere with blockade radius (BR), denoted by Rb, is defined as the region where only a single atom can be excited to a Rydberg state.

Rydberg Atoms/Rydberg blockade - Wikiversity

Quote from RobertBryant

Kim. "at 300ºK with Ec= 0.00655 eV corresponding to

F (Ec) = ~0.084 (8.4% !), ( ~10% for the atomic BEC case)

Since mobile deuterons in metal are localized within several metal

lattice sites,"

1.Specificity to certain metals?

No modelling for the. D(m) localisation. where m=Pd

why does Pd work and. not others..

2. Temperature...300K.... why are current LENR. exits. trending to 600-700Kand over?

there is even less BEC formation at these high T's

3. Pressure ? why is current LENR work trending to vacuum pressures rather than 1 bar or so pressure for Deflakion reactor

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Holmlid used Shell 105 catalyst (Fe2O3-K based with >8% K content) to produce superconducting hydrogen (UDH). Ólafsson has found and now knows that laser stimulation of ultra dense hydrogen, a superconductor will produce stange radiation which is caused by EVOs.

Defkalion used a potassium based carbon compound as critical to produce their reaction. This is similar to the Shell 105 catalyst. So the Defkalion reaction was most likely based on superconductive UDH aided spark based production of EVOs.

For the record and for your convenience and study, I now include the theory paper on Bose Einstein condensation in LENR from DGE to this thread.

Bose-Einstein Condensation Nuclear Fusion:

Theoretical Predictions and Experimental Tests

Yeong E. Kim

https://www.lenr-canr.org/acrobat/KimYEboseeinste.pdf

For the record and for your convenience, I now include the final research paper from DGE to this thread.

Here Dr Kim uses for the first time Bosenova in association with the explosions of magnetic particles that I beleive are EVOs.

Quote

This phenomenon/mechanism of nano-explosions of BCS (boson cluster state)was proposed in 2009 [17]. It is related to a BEC explosion phenomenon occurring with the atomic BEC now known as “Bosenova” [29-31].

For a micro/nano-scale trap of 10 nm diameter containing ~ 3.6 x 10^4 deuterons, each deuteron or 4He will gain only~ 0.7 keV kinetic energy, if the excess kinetic energy of 23.84 MeV is shared equally. This mechanism of “Bosenova”can provide an explanation for constraints imposed on the secondary reactions by energetic 4He, as described byHagelstein [32].

Theoretical analysis and mechanisms of reaction for experimental results of hydrogen-nickel systems

https://www.lenr-forum.com/attachment/391-iccf-18-jcmns-kh-pre-1-pdf/

Bob Greenyer finds a lattice of mixed transmuted elements inside a EVO.

Transmutation in SAFIRE.

It is my belief that SAFIRE operates under the action of a Bose Einstein Condensate.

Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) can produce vortexes, spherical shells, and double layers. The double-layer vortex lattice model illustrates the relationship between the physics of a fast-rotating BEC and macroscopic quantum tunneling. In 1999, researchers created vortices in two-component BECs using an interference technique. The technique allows researchers to map the phase of the vortex state to confirm that it has angular momentum. The researchers also observed differences in the stability and dynamics of the vortices in either of the two components.

Double-layer Bose-Einstein condensates with a large number of vortices

PDF

https://arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/0401173v2

Abstract

In this paper we systematically study the double-layer vortex lattice model, which is proposed to illustrate the interplay between the physics of a fast rotating Bose-Einstein condensate and the macroscopic quantum tunneling. The phase diagram of the system is obtained. We find that under certain conditions the system will exhibit a phase transition which is a consequence of the competition between interlayer coherent hopping and the interlayer density-density interaction. In one phase the vortices in one layer coincide with those in the other layer. In another phase two sets of vortex lattices are staggered, and as a result the quantum tunneling between two layers is suppressed. To obtain the phase diagram we use the quantum Hall mean field and Thomas-Fermi mean field theories. Two different criteria for the transition taking place are obtained, which reveals some fundamental differences between these two mean-field states. The sliding mode excitation is also discussed

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Vortices, Rings, and Spherical Shells in Bose-Einstein Condensates. I. Case of Repulsive Nonlinearity

Published October 12, 2021

Abstract

The stationary behavior of axisymmetric vortex and vortex-like states of a Bose-Einstein condensate are described numerically and analytically. Both extended and con?ned condensates are considered in the context of the nonlinear Schrodinger equation, which models the mean ?eld. The assumption of azimuthal symmetry and integer winding number leads to three physical solution types. Vortex solutions have no nodes and a regular singular point at the origin, approach a nonzero constant density as the radial coordinate approaches in?nity, and present a boundary between non-divergent and divergent solutions. Ring solutions have a central vortex which may be surrounded by concentric nodal rings, and take the same asymptotic form as the Coulomb function to leading order. Spherical shell solutions are the three-dimensional generalization of ring solutions but have a winding number of zero, and consist of spherical layers of alternating positive and negative phase of the order parameter. These solutions include the ground state for extended and con?ned condensates in both two and three dimensions.

-------------------------------------------------

Vortices are pervasive in nature, representing the breakdown of laminar fluid flow

and hence playing a key role in turbulence. Vortexes can help stabilize a larger trapped condensate with attractive interactions in the sense that it can contain a larger number of particles.

The crenelated sphere pictured in this video is formed from rare earths. The current method by which these rare earth elements can be created is through the merger of two neutron stars.

Quote from Cydonia

Why an electron cluster could enhance a Lenr reaction ?

Because many spoke in this way ? Maybe things could be more subtle..than putting a cement layer between 2 bricks..( EVO between 2 nuclei)

An EVO interacts with a nucleus directly when it absorbs a nucleus. The EVO can interact with a nucellus indirectly by projecting a strong magnetic beam that is of sufficient magnetic power to produce nuclear effects when that beam irradiates a nucleus. Form the SEM images recently produced by MFMP, this beam seems to emanate from between the center of the rotating north monopole and counterrotating south anti-monopole pair that develops at the center of the EVO.

The case against the plasmoid theory of the EVO reaction.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/…ill%20work%20inside%20one).

A Faraday cage cannot shield the magnetic field of a permanent magnet. A Faraday cage is made of a conductor that responds to electric fields, but it is not affected by strong magnetostatic fields.

A Faraday cage can protect against electromagnetic fields by shorting out the electric part, but it cannot block stable or slowly varying magnetic fields. For example, a compass will still work inside a Faraday cage.

This magnetic behavior points to the nature and origin of the magnetic field produced by the EVO. The lack of effectiveness of faraday shielding in the LENR reaction points to the existence of a lattice like spin footprint inside the EVO where the magnetically active spin particles take on a fixed and unmoving position inside the EVO. The witness hexagonal shaped marks produced by the EVO show that the lattice taken on by the spin particles take the shape of a hexagon shaped fixed lattice.

There is no movement of these spin particles as required by the plasmoid theory of the EVO reaction. If the magnetic field were being produced by a plasmoid effect that type of magnetic field would be able to be shielded by a faraday cage.