Yes, H3 beta-minus decays to He3 releasing electron, 18.6 keV gamma and electron antineutrino ... and I have heard that H3 decay in Russian thermonuclear warheads was a crucial source of He3.
Magnetic dipole moment is quite complicated, but electric quadrupole moment is the first nontrivial description of electric charge distribution (EDM is zero) - models of nuclei have to agree with, starting with understanding of some internal shift of fractional charge inside deuteron.
There are missing quadrupole moments for a few basic isotopes, specially interesting are tritium H3 and He3.
I couldn't find them also in 2021 version of this table: https://www-nds.iaea.org/publications/indc/indc-nds-0833.pdf
Here is another table now including magnetic dipole moments ... but again e.g. for H3 and He3 misses electric quadrupole moments - is there a reason for that?
https://www.psi.ch/sites/default/files/import/low-energy-muons/DocumentsEN/nuclear-moments.pdf
Here you have a list of electric quadrupole moments of nuclei: https://www-nds.iaea.org/publications/indc/indc-nds-0650.pdf
Methods:
MB - Molecular beam magnetic resonance
R - Re-evaluated data, or (for revised reference standard) adjusted by tabulator
β-NMR - NMR of in-beam polarized nuclei with beta asymmetry detection
AB - Atomic beam magnetic resonance
You need to explain why experimentally they see electric quadrupole moment - not naive "+0" charge configuration for proton-neutron, but "+-+" with somehow positive charge shifted right ... a fractional one as total is +e.
The mainstream explanation is saying it has l=2 angular momentum, so this charge shift is dynamical/statistical.
Do you know a process where combining two objects, adds their rotation velocities? In the ones I know velocity equalizes not adds.
And once again - how would you like to get experimentally confirmed electric quadrupole: "+-+" type charge configuration for torus, coupled proton(+) and neutron(0)?
Below is example how to get both these basic confirmed experimentally properties of deuteron:
- just align two magnets in one direction (horizontal below) to add their magnetic dipole moments,
- proton-neutron charge configuration needs to shift from "+0" to "+-+" electric quadrupole moment - e.g. because baryons structurally require some charge (enforce hedgehog-like configuration), so deuteron binding energy is mainly from savings by sharing one charge between two baryons.
So magnetic dipole moment being sum of two building it is due to rotating twice faster - adding rotation speed?
And "+-+" electric quadrupole configuration?
Do you maybe have some diagram?
While "radius of deuteron" is difficult to interpret, its magnetic dipole moment being nearly sum of magnetic dipole moments of 2 nucleons building it means these two tiny magnets point nearly the same direction - are aligned.
Well confirmed electric quadrupole moment of deuteron is also clear to interpret: it is "+-+" type charge configuration.
How would you like to get these basic well confirmed properties with your torus?
"The measured electric quadrupole of the deuterium is 0.2859 e·fm2."
"The measured value of the deuterium magnetic dipole moment, is 0.857 μN, which is 97.5% of the 0.879 μN value obtained by simply adding moments of the proton and neutron."
They say deuteron is "+-+" type of charge configuration, and with nearly aligned magnetic dipoles of two nucleons - it automatically comes out from the model I am considering ... but how would you like to get it for torus?
How else would you see quadrupoles ?
Take any e.g. "-+-" or "+-+" type charge configuration for electric quadrupole ...
Or for topological you have confinement exactly as in QCD: total charge has to quantized (integer winding number), but locally you can have incomplete hedgehog/charge - only to be summed to integer.
Below you have such examples (details ) baryon structure enforces incomplete hedgehog - in proton it is enclosed, in neutron it has to be compensated - explaining why it is heavier.
For deuteron two baryons share one charge to save energy (binding), making it "+-+" type electric quadrupole - as known from experiments.
Charge is defined by Faraday's law
The standard answer is Gauss law, but it allow for charge being any real number e.g. half of electron ... while in nature charges are integer multiplicities of e.
We repair it by interpreting field curvature as electric field, this way Gauss law counts topological charge/winding number - this way enforcing it to be quantized as in nature.
Yes in the > 100GeV far field scattering limit
No, the standard model starts with QED e.g. to get agreement with ~10^-6 eV Lamb shift https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamb_shift
This "baryon requires some positive charge" looking simple consequence of the model I am considering (charge as hedgehog enforced by interaction of two vortices) also suggests the basic binding mechanism - some its consequences:
- neutron is heavier than proton due to requirement to compensate this charge, also getting known experimentally neutron charge distribution: positive core-negative shell,
- in deuteron we have two baryons requiring some charge - to minimize energy they share a single charge (binding), also leading to "+-+" electric quadrupole - known experimentally.
The Standard Model has evolved for agreement with experiments - every time they have seen a disagreement, they guessed and fit new terms to add to the monstrous Lagrangian below right ... like adding epicycles in the old history.
It makes little sense to just say it is wrong - instead, we should search for a simpler model (like below left) and try to show it is effectively described by something close to this monstrous Lagrangian (intuitively like being Taylor expansion of some simple model).
More specifically: being able to describe details of field configurations of Feynman diagrams, predict basic properties like charge quantization, preferably with a lower number of parameters, smaller formulas.
To build charge quantization into Gauss law, we use the well known formula below right (called e.g. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss%E2%80%93Bonnet_theorem ) - counts topological charge by integration - just interpret curvature it integrates as electric field, and your Gauss law counts topological charge - which is quantized.
Not wanting to use model-dependent entities like quarks, we should search for agreement with model-independent experimental properties, like electromagnetic multipoles, profile - e.g. "negative core-positive shell" for neutron, or electric quadrupole moment and aligned magnetic dipole moments for deuteron.
Worth to also mention approaching mainstream skyrmion models of nuclei - using topological charge as baryon number, making it quantized and indestructible (not true e.g. in baryogenesis and Hawking radiation - we use topological charge as electric charge instead).
E.g. below are some their views on first nuclei from https://journals.aps.org/prl/a…03/PhysRevLett.121.232002
Dozens of talks from this group (around Nick Manton) and similar: http://solitonsatwork.net/?display=archive
The Standard Model is extremely well tested experimentally ... it still leaves some freedom where we can search for, especially: asking for field configurations behind Feynman diagrams - for e.g. classical field theory to be effectively described by something close to the Standard Model.
However, especially electromagnetic multipoles are extremely well tested experimentally - not getting the basics, like "positive core-negative shell" for neutron, or electric quadrupole moment for deutoron ... would rather make such model disqualified experimentally (at least qualitatively all of it comes automatically from the model I am considering: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2108.07896 ).
Deuteron additionally has nearly aligned magnetic dipole moments: mu_d ~ mu_n + mu_p ... so it is approximately two aligned magnets - again uniform torus as its model makes little sense.
Regarding Gauss theorem, it is not only true, but additionally the real one contains built-in charge quantization - e.g. forbidding half-electron.
We get this charge quantization by interpreting curvature of some deeper field as electric field - this way Gauss law counts topological charge of this deeper field - which has to be quantized ... we also regularize charge to finite energy here (by using Higgs potential).
Sure, there is additional quark structure, which might be only an interpretation - especially that quarks contains only a tiny fraction of baryon mass.
However, getting rid of quarks in a proposed model, we still need to explain the reasons quarks were introduced in the first place - like this "positive core, negative shell" for neutron.
There is also confinement - quarks are only local deformations of charge ... and exactly something like this comes automatically from the model I consider: baryons structurally enforce partial hedgehog - proton encloses it to full hedgehog: elementary charge, neutron compensates it to zero charge (what is costly - explains why neutron is heavier).
Deuteron is well known have strong electric quadrupole moment: 0.2859 e·fm2 - what means "+-+" type charge configuration - cannot be toroidal.
See e.g. 86 pages experiment-based "The Deuteron: Structure and Form Factors": https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/0-306-47915-X_4
What such ~0.5keV contributions would have to do with halo nuclei? They have separation energies in MeVs.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo_nucleus
http://theor.jinr.ru/~ntaa/17/files/lectures/Ershov.pdf
They have stably bind (e.g. for milliseconds) single nucleons in a few femtometer distance, while nuclear force has ~0.8 fm range: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_force
Deuteron is also very interesting - while naively it is p-n with zero electric quadrupole moment, in fact it is quite large: 0.2859 e·fm2.
Regarding "classical models cannot explain it", if you mean classical mechanics with orbiting point particles I totally agree, but for classical field theories I disagree.
In the model I am considering (introduction: https://community.wolfram.com/groups/-/m/t/2856493 ), we start with reparation of electromagnetism: interpret curvature of some deeper field as electric field, this way Gauss law counts topological charge - explaining the missing charge quantization.
Further topological defects there are 1D fluxon-like stable vortices, and their simplest knots seem to agree with baryons, more complex with larger nuclei - including halo ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo_nucleus ).
Interaction of two vortices forming such knot enforces hedgehog-like configuration in the center (diagram below), which corresponds to electric charge.
Proton can just enclose such hedgehog/charge, while neutron has to compensate it - what is costly, explains why neutron is heavier, and is "positive core - negative shell" as concluded from experiments.
For deuteron, both baryons require electric charge - they share a single one to save energy (binding) - leading to "+-+" charge configuration: electric quadrupole as required.
And what are charge distributions, especially of neutron?
Here are some 3 articles claiming positive core, negative shell:
https://inspirehep.net/literature/1377841
http://www.actaphys.uj.edu.pl/…eries=Reg&vol=30&page=119
http://www.phys.utk.edu/neutro…chool/lectures/greene.pdf
Also remember halo nuclei like Li11 - with single neutrons or protons stably bind e.g. for milliseconds in distances larger than of nuclear force (~1fm):
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo_nucleus
http://theor.jinr.ru/~ntaa/17/files/lectures/Ershov.pdf
They seem to require 1D stable (topological) structures to bind them, e.g. like below from https://community.wolfram.com/groups/-/m/t/2856493
Some other arguments for existence of fluxon-like stable 1D objects in vacuum:
- Holding nucleus together against Coulomb repulsion (?), halo neutrons
- popular quark string model, Nature article suggesting being topological
- coronal heating problem (surface 6000K, corona 10^7K), reconnections
- electrons in anti-parallel alignment – in 100-1000nm for Cooper pairs
- Brawley et. al., “Electron-like scattering of positronium”, Science 2010
- Cosmic strings – 1D topological defects of arg(ψ), evidence?
Shinning stable lines in Sun's corona: "Physics of Magnetic Flux Tubes" book by Ryutova:
“Vortices in superfluid Helium and superconductors, magnetic flux tubes in solar atmosphere and space, filamentation process in biology and chemistry have probably a common ground, which is to be yet established. One conclusion can be made for sure: formation of filamentary structures in nature is energetically favorable and fundamental process.”
Just written separate paper about such 2WQC enhancement of quantum computers - in theory solving NP problems:
