Papp first design used water with a chlorine additive. It worked well but the water was hard on the inside of the engine. so Papp converted his process to use noble gas. R. Mills is using this same method in the Suncell where he uses water and copper to produce the reaction activated by a low voltage electric arc.
Papp used radium as the alpha particle source. They say he had a bottle of radium that he brought into the country from Europe buried in his backyard.
Papp produced a pressure pulse to push a piston. This is what Holmlid produces in his reaction. Leif produces a shock wave of nanoparticle fragments. In the Holmlid reaction like the Papp reaction, energy is not thermalized. Papp did the same thing except the particle fragments came from noble gas nanoparticles.