Posts by Jarek

Optical pulling allows to pull in optical tweezers, negative radiation pressure to pull solitons - some hypothetical application: 2WQC (two-way quantum computers) maybe solving NP problems (standard 1WQC might be bounded with e.g. Shor, Grover).

Would gladly discuss and generally am still searching for collaboration in these topics, especially access to ring laser to test if it allows for negative photon pressure, what is required e.g. by CPT symmetry (details in Section V of https://arxiv.org/pdf/0910.2724 ).

I see this article is about annihilation, which is great but requires antimatter - how to get it in large amounts?

Proton decay, if possible and could be stimulated, would lead to the same energy density as annihilation (>100x of fusion) from matter alone.

Returning to free electron lasers, it seems the maximal energy of produced photons is ~20keV, proposed are for ~40 keV: https://accelconf.web.cern.ch/fel2017/papers/mop066.pdf

For nuclear transition with free electron lasers there are some papers about 14.4 keV Mössbauer Fe57: https://journals.aps.org/prres…PhysRevResearch.4.L032007

If reaching e.g. 782keV, it should allow to produce large amounts of free neutrons (p + e + 782keV -> n + nu), then maybe fusion with positive energy balance (?)

While we agree stimulated proton decay would be ultimate energy source, I highly doubt it could be achieved with low energy reactions.

It might be already happening e.g. in colliders like LHC - I have talked with some specialists, but they told the current experiments cannot confirm nor deny.

Another place for proton decay I would suspect are cores of neutron stars - close conditions to of Hawking radiation violating baryon number ... e.g. "Bizarre object 10 million times brighter than the sun defies physics, NASA says", 100x or more higher intensities they can explain - "proton burning" could explain, but again it seems it is not even considered by the mainstream.

Naively it seems simpler than fusion - we don't need to make two objects meet against Coulomb, only "swing out" proton of local energy minimum ... but it would be extremely deep local minimum (if finite).

For hypothetical practical "stimulated proton decay power station" in a few decades, I imaging a few free electron lasers pulling/pushing photons in some extremely precise sequence optimized based on models of protons.

Probably there are various ways to get "negative photon pressure", "photon pulling" - free electron laser, synchrotron, ring laser above ... in the negative radiation pressure articles they want to get it for mechanical waves on graphene.

ps. Thinking about fusion application, maybe it is worth to shoot hydrogen with 782keV gammas - could it help with proton + electron +782keV -> neutron + nu?

Could you point some specific article? Briefly looking at Leif Holmlid articles, I see mostly atomic physics level: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=7eoqJf8AAAAJ&hl=en

Above reactions seem testable - were they verified?

If possible, stimulated proton decay could give ~100x energy density than fusion from any matter ...

ps. "negative radiation pressure" - like this "photon pulling": https://scholar.google.pl/scho…gative+radiation+pressure

As a few persons here work on models of particles e.g. Wyttenbach , do you think baryon number is always conserved?

It is violated e.g. in baryogenesis, Hawking radiation ... electric charge is ultimately conserved due to Gauss law, but there is no Gauss law for baryon number.

If your model allows for baryon number violation, maybe you could think of stimulated proton decay (>100x energy density than fusion) - how to swing proton out of local minimum in your model?

In the model I am considering (introduction: https://community.wolfram.com/groups/-/m/t/2856493 ), the simplest knots resemble baryons - enforcing hedgehog inside corresponding to electric charge, proton can just enclose it while neutron has to compensate it - what is costly, explaining why neutron is heavier.

Stimulated proton decay here would be unknotting this knot - shaking it to make 2 vortexes goes through each other - tough calculations, but optimization of such shaking, photon pushing/pulling seems doable here.

Popular very physical example of field of 3D objects rotating in 3D are liquid crystals (biaxial nematic) - e.g. using Landau-de Gennes model awarded with Nobel prize ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes ).

From one side I modify this model to using Lorentz invariant Lagrangian, then further to 4D spacetime - with the fundamental field as 4x4 real symmetric tensor field, which are very popular in physics e.g. stress-energy tensor, I use them with Higgs/Landau-de Gennes potential for SO(3) -> SO(1,3) vacuum: with dynamics unifying EM + QM + GEM gravity.

E.g. here is numerical calculation of effective Coulomb potential for such topological charges in various distances:

Quote from gio06

A mixed space-time rotation is simply an hyperbolic rotation in Minkowski space-time with signature [+++-]. This is related to the variation of mass with speed in special relativity.

Exactly, with SO(1,3) Lorentz group - the model I am considering uses as vacuum, its dynamics unifies EM + QM + GEM gravity.

We live in 3+1 dimensional spacetime.

With SO(3) spatial rotations allowing for above liquid-crystal-like (biaxial nematic) configurations in agreement with electron properties: (quantized) topological charge e.g. hedgehog of long axes, plus evolution of twists of this axis ... mathematically leading to EM for tilts + QM ~Klein-Gordon for twists.

Then adding time we should extend not to SO(4) - the mistake I also previously made, but to SO(1,3) Lorentz group: adding 3 boosts to 3 rotations - which dynamics leads to second set of Maxwell equations - for GEM: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitoelectromagnetism

There are not many free electron lasers now, but maybe the successor of NIF could be based on them - searching for stimulated proton decay ...

E.g. by just scanning through MeV-GeV energies with multiple photon pulling + pushing for various energies - hopefully to swing proton out of very deep local energy minimum, searching for settings with some increased activity ...

If CPT symmetry remains valid in macroscopic physics, change from "photon pushing" to "photon pulling" is just a matter of placing the target behind such asymmetric light source: in perspective after CPT symmetry it would be target in front for photon pushing, what in standard perspective (no CPT) means photon pulling (stimulated emission from target):

Cydonia, thanks, I am theoretician working far from this field - visiting this forum from time to time is sufficient for me.

Quote from Wyttenbach

Here we fully agree. But the electron cannot be a point particle due to the magnetic moment hence it also has not a point like action in every experiment... The other problem is that physics currently has no means to dig deeper.

Indeed finding electron's field configuration is far nontrivial, for charge quantization it should be topological charge e.g. hedgehog configuration.

For clock/zitterbewegung there should be still internal evolution as twist, which also provides the angular momentum and leads to magnetic dipole moment:

Especially free electron lasers, wigglers/undulators ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-electron_laser ) can produce very high intensity beams of gammas in a chosen energy spectrum.

It could be used "to shake" nucleus to stimulate some transitions - maybe speeding up some decay processes, reaching some nucleus excited states (e.g. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafnium_controversy ) ...

Could it be useful for some nuclear fusion/fission applications?

E.g. shooting hydrogen with 782keV gammas - could it help with proton + electron + 782keV -> neutron + nu?

Let me start a general thread for existing and new ideas for potential applications of such possibilities.

Also, while in the above laser "pushes photons" to the target, CPT theorem suggests there might be also accessible its CPT analogue: "pulling photons" from the target: Ring laser might allow for revolutionary new effect suggested by CPT symmetry (I search for access/collaboration)

In diagram below, looking at it from perspective after CPT transform would make the absorption equation apply to the target on the left, what means applying emission equation to it in standard perspective (no CPT).

If possible, e.g. when there is a low probability nuclear transition with characteristic gammas, we might be able to "pull them" with free electron laser - hopefully increasing probability of this transition.

Any ideas for nuclear physics applications of such hypothetical possibility?

"Negative radiation pressure" as this "photon pulling": https://scholar.google.pl/scho…gative+radiation+pressure

For example maybe stimulated proton decay - ultimate energy source: complete matter -> energy transition, ~100x energy density than fusion from any matter. Violation of baryon number is required e.g. by baryogenesis, Hawking radiation. They cannot observe it in room temperature water, but maybe it is a matter of proper conditions, like "pulling photons" of some characteristic energy (e.g. 511keV?) by some powerful free electron laser?

It probably is doable, but might require multiple lasers for some precise sequence of photon pushing and pulling - optimization of which would require nearly perfect model of proton (as topological defect?) to swing it out of a very deep local(?) energy minimum ... probably a matter of a few decades.

ps. List of free electron lasers (2017, up to ~40keV photons): http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/f…JACoW-FEL2017-MOP066.html

Pulling with photons is done e.g. by https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_tweezers

EM radiation pressure is <E x H>/c ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/…f_an_electromagnetic_wave ) - doesn't have to be positive.

Thanks, but it is quite far from nuclear fusion ... my hints for fusion is only the need for electron assistance - I see the most active thread here: Physics

Another hint which might be useful for nuclear physics is in Ring laser might allow for revolutionary new effect suggested by CPT symmetry (I search for access/collaboration)

Specifically, CPT symmetry suggests that beside standard "pushing photons" to target by laser, there is also accessible its CPT analogue: "pulling photons" from target.

So e.g. if there is a low probability nuclear transition producing characteristic gammas, we could try to "pull them" (with free electron laser) - hopefully increasing rate of this transition ...

It seems useful for fission (maybe also stimulated proton decay), are there some fusion scenarios where it might be useful? Some lower energy state which might make fusion more likely ...

ps. To stimulate discussion, I have just started a separate thread for the latter: Nuclear physics applications of "pushing photons" to target by laser, and its hypothetical CPT analogue: "pulling photons" from target?

Quote from Wyttenbach

You must distinguish between macroscopic (ensemble of particles) physics and the particle's physics itself. A particle mass must have full 3 rotation 3D symmetry what is not possible with the classic 3D,t space.

Particles are complex field configurations, e.g. electron is simultaneously: electric charge, magnetic dipole, "gyroscope", and clock (confirmed experimentally: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10701-008-9225-1 )

Quote from Wyttenbach

The problem(miss use) of the Gauss law in physics is that one bases the gradient/energy density on the charge number, what is wrong. Gauss's E (charge number) is an abstract property of the total enclosed volume. It does not define any other property (force,potential, Energy) outside the volume. Only in the far field the error is small enough and you can use the SM garbage formulas but certainly never for a particle itself.

Gauss law is example of Stokes' theorem ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stokes%27_theorem ), calculating something inside the enclosed region ... and physics says it has to be integer multiplicity of 'e' - I know only one version containing such quantization of this "something": https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss%E2%80%93Bonnet_theorem

CPT symmetry probably remains valid in macroscopic physics, so maybe let us discuss/propose potential applications of such looking possible stimulated deexcitation, intuitively "pulling of photons":

- time-loop computers (mainly ring lasers),

- low probability nuclear transitions - if they produce some characteristic gammas, then they could be stimulated by such caused deexcitation - these high energy photons are available e.g. in free electron lasers, wigglers/undulators in synchrotron ... also in standard laser setting using above Einstein's equation. Which nuclear transitions would be the most interesting, practical?

- similarly for chemistry - probably useful for many technological processes (which ones?).

- maybe stimulated proton decay - ultimate energy source: complete matter -> energy transition, ~100x energy density than fusion from any matter. Violation of baryon number is required e.g. by baryogenesis, Hawking radiation. They cannot observe it in room temperature water, but maybe it is a matter of proper conditions, like pulling photons of characteristic energies by some powerful free electron laser? Could use normal laser setting.

- ?

In nature Gauss law can only return an integer multiplicity of 'e', what is easy to get interpreting field curvature as EM field - making Gauss law count (quantized) topological charge ... if you disagree, please provide an alternative explanation for charge quantization.

Regarding particles as perfect points, it is nearly necessary in QFT due to mathematical difficulty to consider anything more complex ...

... but for real particles it makes no sense, e.g. electron as perfect point would mean infinite energy of electric field alone.

And looking at experimental evidence, the available one rather suggest femtometer-scale size of electron: as deformation of fields not to exceed with energy the mass of electron ... and such finite size effects are in agreement with the running coupling effect: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2210.13374

Experimental boundaries for size of electron?

There is some confidence that electron is a perfect point e.g. to simplify QFT calculations. However, searching for experimental evidence (stack), Wikipedia…

physics.stackexchange.com

Also, there are many suggestions to require also stable (fluxon/Abrikosov) vortex-like 1D structures - probably also of topological nature (both diagrams are slides from https://www.dropbox.com/s/9dl2…20crystal%20particles.pdf - containing the links).

There are multiple level, EM is only a part - sure easy to make Lorentz invariant.

However, e.g. nature has quantized electric charge: Gauss law can only return integer multiplicity of e - what can be obtained by interpreting curvature of a deeper field as EM field, this way Gauss law counts topological (quantized) charge of such deeper field.

This is Faber's model (e.g. derivation of finite size: running coupling effect - https://arxiv.org/pdf/2210.13374 ), to get further particles we have to expand it.

Going from above S^2 vacuum to SO(3), from one side is analogous to going from uniaxial to biaxial nematic liquid crystals, from the other allows for 3 realizations of the same charge - 3 leptons, then further e.g. baryons with proton lighter than neutron.

To add gravity, my first approach was extension SO(3) -> SO(4), but then improved to more physicals SO(1,3) Lorentz group ... additionally providing mechanism for de Broglie clock/zitterbewegung (confirmed experimentally: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10701-008-9225-1 )

Some diagram (longer introduction: https://community.wolfram.com/groups/-/m/t/2856493 )

I also previously worked with SO(4) vacuum here, but this February ( https://arxiv.org/pdf/2108.07896 ) improved to more physical Lorentz invariant: SO(1,3) Lorentz group: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorentz_group

SO(1,3) has both spatial rotations - which dynamics gives Maxwell equations for EM (+quantum phase for twists) ... plus boosts: which dynamics gives second set of Maxwell equations: for gravity as confirmed by Gravity Probe B: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitoelectromagnetism

Here is my candidate for final Lagrangian and generalization of electromagnetic F_munu F^munu to include also QM and gravity as vacuum dynamics:

Thanks, it also needs experience in lasers I lack - hence I am searching for a collaboration, probably many persons in this forum already have such hardware and experience.

If performing credible test, in both cases it would be revolutionary:

- credible negative result would mean macroscopic violation of CPT symmetry - inspiring series of further experiments to explore it, e.g. the smallest scale this symmetry breaks, potential violation mechanisms, etc.

- in case of positive result, hundreds of new possibilities, applications ... e.g. stimulation of rare decay modes (also nuclear) ... and maybe time-loop computers ...

Regarding proton as toroidal particle, it is also suggested by (liquid-crystal-like) model I am considering - introduction and materials: https://community.wolfram.com/groups/-/m/t/2856493

Specifically, while 3 leptons are topological charges here (for electric charge quantization), there are also fluxons/Abrikosov vortex-like topological structures, which simplest knots resemble baryons - including e.g. explanation why proton is lighter than neutron.

The two fluxons of such knot interact leading to hedgehog-like configuration.

Proton encloses it to full hedgehog, corresponding to +e electric charge.

Neutron has to compensate this charge - what costs additional energy/mass.

If the above was not convincing enough (?), here is another perspective using formulas from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulated_emission

There are two (Einstein's) formulas - for absorption it applies to the central target (pumped crystal), and the standard target on the right.

The symmetric emission formula is considered only for the central target.

However, in perspective after CPT symmetry the targets and equations would switch - hence emission formula should also symmetrically apply to the target on the left - stimulate its (earlier!) deexcitation (if satisfying condition of being excited).

There are lots of experimentalists here, so I thought to ask if somebody has (or know somebody having access to) ring laser (or free electron laser, synchrotron)? - please contact me if so.

They might allow for currently unknown effect (increase deexcitation rate of target) - which if true would allow for lots of new applications including fusion, e.g. stimulation of improbable nuclear transitions.

Ring laser with optical isolator (acting as diode for photons) allows for nearly unidirectional photon trajectories.

CPT theorem says that "CPT symmetry holds for all physical phenomena" - applying this symmetry to ring laser would reverse photon trajectory, making it should cause excitation of target in below diagram. In the original perspective (no CPT) it translates to causing deexcitation of target.

Assuming this target is gas-discharge lamp, its excited atoms usually deexcite in isotropic way - the question is if such laser can additionally increase probability of deexcitation in this direction (and corresponding frequency)? In this case it would be seen by detectors around.

It needs experimental test - negative result would suggest macroscopic CPT violation (and its further investigation), positive would allow for lots of new applications.

ps. to spice potential "new applications", such hypothetical caused deexcitation would be earlier - what might allow e.g. for time-loop computers (more details in Section IV.A of https://arxiv.org/pdf/0910.2724 ) :