LENR reactors need magnetic confinement

LENR reactors need magnetic confinement

In my opinion, the fundamental nature of the Rossi effect is based on magnetism. The catalytic particle that produces the reaction is magnetic in nature. This particle is produced by heat pumping and EMF stimulation. The nature of this Exotic Neutral Particle (ENP)is reflected by the behaviour of the E-Cat itself and reflect how the E-Cat operates.

The ENP can exist at low energy pumping where the energy coming into the particle is equal to the energy leaving the particle. This is similar to the way Rossi keeps his reactor under control. Too much external energy pumping will result in the E-Cat going critical.

The same process of over pumping happens with the ENP. Overpumping brings it to the stage where it becomes self-sufficient requiring no additional EMF input. The energized ENP can get EMF from the environment around it not requiring external heat or EMF simulation to be applied.

The same is true for the E-Cat. When the E-Cat is subcritical, it requires heat and EMF stimulation to be applied. But when it is "over stimulated" it begins to meltdown since it has become independent from externally applied stimulation.

The ENP can live as long as it can catalyze energy production from the material around it. The ENP can live for days on its own as it brings in energy from the environment to sustain its internal LENR reaction processes.

Magnetic confinement increases efficiency of the reaction. Such confinement saves the externally applied energy that produced the ENP from being wasted.

The ENP can leave the reactor if the material that makes up the reactor enclosure is transparent to the optical and magnetic nature of the ENP. This might be why electrolytic cells have difficulty in sustaining powerful LENR reactions. In this case, the ENPs escape the glass beaker reactor enclosure and all the input energy that was pumped into the ENP is wasted to the environment. outside the electrolytic cell.

If the cell is made of material that can contain the ENP both optically and magnetically, the reactor will be efficent. Alumina is antiferromagnetic and will confine magnetic particles that try to escape the reactor shell. Another method of ENP confinement that Rossi might use is a solenoidal confinement coil that keeps the ENPs away from the reactor walls and in the center axis of the reactor.

The so called Erzion phenomenon was discovered in a series of electrolytic experiments marked by unexplained changes in a pool of cooling water outside of the catalytic cell. After 40 minutes of electrolytic cell operation, water on the tungsten anode side of the cooling vessel started loosing its transparency.

Water on the stainless steel cathode of the pool of cooling water remained transparent, at the same 40 C temperature. A sample of bubbly water, removed from the anode side, was tested for induced gamma radioactivity. No such radioactivity was found in it; the sample became transparent after 24 hours. Attempts to reproduce the long-term loss of cooling water transparency with other electrolytes, and under different electrical discharge conditions, were not successful. But the effect was highly reproducible when experimenting with the tungsten-anode electrolytic cell and the 7 M KF electrolyte containing 50% of heavy water.

That cooling water on the outside of the electrolytic cell's glass reactor shell at the right side (see Figure 1) is close to the anode while cooling water on the left side is close to the cathode. The disappearance of bubbles, after the electrolysis, was very slow (half-life of about 10 hrs). Attempts to explain the phenomenon in terms of cavitation, and other ultrasonic effects, were not successful. The only satisfactory explanation was possible within the framework of the erzion model. Authors believe that bubbles are produced through the action of neutral Erzions.

The Erzons phenomenon behavior is consistent with the magnetic based Exotic Neutral Particle(ENP). To begin with, the glass container is transparent to the magnetically based ENPs both optically and magnetically. The LENR reaction that keeps the ENPs viable produce the vapor that forms the water bubbles. The ENPs become energetically self sufficient in the water of the cooling pool where the ENPs remain viable for hours.

If the Erzons phenomenon is produced by magnetically based ENPs, an iron plate placed just on the outside of the glass wall adjacent to the anode would prevent the ENPs from exiting the glass electrolytic cell. With the ENPs blocked from travel, bubble production would be eliminated.

It has been recently revealed that each 250kVA E-Cat tiger reactor module is composed of 16 reactors. Only one of those reactors is a powered activator(mouse). The other 15 are drones driven by the activator. The activator produces a reaction catalyst that drives the other drones. I say that the reaction catalyst is the magnetic Exotic Neutral Particle(ENP) that becomes mobile as its energy content level reaches a self sustaining threshold. At low temperatures the alumina tube reactor shell that all these reactors are comprised of confines the ENP. But as all these reactors heat up, the alumina shell becomes electrically conductive. At high temperatures, the alumina becomes magnetically transparent and this allows the ENP to leave the activator an enter the drone where the ENP catalyzes the LENR reaction.

Electrical conductivity Vs, temperature.

Hank Mills
December 29th, 2013 at 2:34 PM
Dear Andrea,

The information you are sharing is facinating. While we wait for the full reports, it gives us something to think upon.

1 – If the mouse over stimulates the cat so it runs around in circles continually, not going back to sleep, does the cat always explode?

2 – Have you ever witnessed the cat running around in circles for extended periods of time, not needing any extra stimulation, but remaining stable?

3 – Other than heat from the mouse, is anything else stimulating the cat during the drive or self sustain periods? It may not work for the hot cat, but I wish there was some low power method of keeping the cat stimulated. For example, like the 100 watts of radio frequencies that kept the one megawatt plant in self sustain mode.

4 – By how many degrees on average does the surface of the cat vary from the end of the drive stage to the end of the self sustained stage?

Andrea Rossi
December 29th, 2013 at 6:10 PM
Hank Mills:
1- no
2- confidential
3- no
4- the temperature of the Cat raises when the Mouse is turned off, lowers when the Mouse is turned on
Warm Regards,
A.R.
===========

Rossi has provided a comprehensive explanation of the Cat and Mouse reactor clustering method in bits and pieces throughout his Q&A blog. One of them explains how the shutdown of power from the Mouse causes the Cat to be stimulated.

I now take this to mean that when Rossi shuts off a magnetic confinements field coil that keeps the Magnetic Neutral Particle(ENP) inside the Mouse, the LENR reaction in the Cats take off because the ENPs can get through the hot alumina and then get into the Cats to stimulate the LENR reaction.

The fuel mix in the Cat must be richer and more LENR reactive than the fuel mix in the Mouse stimulator.

We can’t build a bridge without a plan. We can’t get LENR to work without a valid theory. I am beginning to think that LENR is caused by magnetic particles, let’s call them Exotic Neutral Particles (ENP) that can float on currents of air. This theory has implications to getting LENR to work. If a reactor is build out of material that is transparent to ENPs then these important particles could escape the reactor without producing more ENPs thus keeping the LENR reaction energy starved. But if the reactor could be insulated from EMP escape, then the reactor would hold onto the energy that it produces and become gainful.

Replicators are perplexed by the success of Parkhomov’s reactor. Why can’t anybody get the Parkhomov reactor to work even with the same fuel that he used? But everybody is amused by the old iron pot that Parkhomove ran his experiment in. That iron pot could be keeping the magnetic ENP from escaping the confines of his reactor. All the other replicators let their precious ENPs escape into the air.

Why does Rossi enclose his fuel in a cartridge containing layers of steel? Could the iron particle in the Lugano fuel sample come from a magnetic confinement system? Does Rossi have an iron mesh inside the alumina tube to produce magnetic confinement? If theory says that keeping ENPs confined is important, then the use of iron and steel in Rossi type reactors becomes interesting.

Ni-LAlH4 Experiment by Songsheng Jiang, of the China Institute of Atomic Energy shows excess heat.

This experiment features a a Nickel cell (20 cm long, 14 mm high and 14 mm wide). Nickel will confine magnetic Exotic Neutral Particles(ENP). Is it a requirement for an successful LENR reactor to confine magnetic activity to the reaction chamber? Time and further experimentation will tell.

In this reactor, the heating coils are outside the magnetic confinement. I believe that a sinusoidal heating coil will confine magnetic activity and it would be better practice to place the hearer coils inside the magnetic confinement. IMHO, the magnetic confinement should be the last layer of functionality in the reactor enclosing the fuel, alumina tube and heating coils in that order.

@magicsound

An antenna has to radiate radio-frequency signals, something that's done best when the length of the antenna precisely matches the wavelength of the transmitted radio frequency.

You can determine the proper length of an antenna by using a formula:

Wavelength (in feet) = 984 / frequency (in megahertz)

The CB portion of the spectrum begins at 25.01 megahertz, so a full wavelength antenna would be a bit more than 39.34 feet long. That's obviously a little long to attach to your bumper, so people tend to use antennas that are a fraction of the wavelength: 1/2, 5/8, 1/4 and 1/8 are all common wavelengths for antennas. In the case of CB, the 1/4 antenna at just under 10 feet long is the common "whip" that you may see on cars and trucks. THe best bet for frequency might be 27.405 MHz (channel 40) since it will allow the shortest antenna length.

Length = 974/27.405 = 35.905 feet

We can add a coil of wire to the iron rod to get to that antenna length.

If you don't like the CB band and have a variable RF generator, we can also adjust the frequency to match the length of the rod.

@magicsound

IMHO, magnetism is not stimulative. At 770C the Curie point is exceeded and the iron is ineffective as a magnetic material. The Glowstick requires temperatures over 1000C to startup. The is no material that can be used as an outside container above 1100C because of the Curie point. That is why a sinusoidal coil is the only device that can force magnetic material to the center of the reactor tube.

Could it be that the three coils in the Rossi reactor are used for different things: one coil is used as a heater, another used as a sinusoidal magnetic containment coil, and the last for RF stimulation? Notice the three wire connections on the Hot Cat coils. But things are not as simple as that. The Rossi's control system produces complex waveforms. Could these complex waveforms produce the three functions of heating, magnetic containment and RF stimulation?

It may be possible to multiplex the three required waveforms that perform the three functions of heating, magnetic containment and RF stimulation into a square wave. Is there anybody here who can dope out that required squarewave to duplicate Fulvio Fabiani's work?

Form another perspective:

http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/108/04/0565.pdf

"AHE has been observed during electrolysis following dynamic stimulation of the cell by time dependent electrolytic currents (SuperWaves) and ultrasonic excitation."

The "SuperWave" remains protected IP of Dardik. But in current replication attempts three separate coils could be used. A this early juncture, it is easier to adjust each waveform component separately. Then there is no need to do a complex waveform calculation to change something.

There is a beautiful animation by LucasVB explaining the Fourier decomposition of a square wave:
I

Back in the early days, the cause of the breakup between Defkalion and Rossi was the tendency for Rossi's reactor to blow apart during startup. This was caused by a pileup of the fuel in the center of the reaction chamber. When DGT started their R&D, they hit upon a technique that spread the nickel micro powder evenly across the reaction chamber and held the powder more or less spread equally within the volume of the reaction chamber. . Dekalion used a nickel metal foam to hold the particles suspended in space so that the powder does not settle in a pile in the middle of the reaction tube.

The 200um open cell nickel foam that Defkalion Green Technologies say they use in their Hyperion, and build nickel/copper Celani like structures on this nickel support lattice.

There are indications that Rossi is doing the same metal mesh based powder suspension method.

If a replicator experiences a tube explosion, he is close to a successful LENR reaction. The replicator would be well served to insert a metal nano mesh into his alumina tube to keep the fuel particles distributed in the reaction chamber.

My reading of the fuel used in the Lugano demo is that it was pretreated in a way that the treatment method generated extensive transmutation on the surface of the fuel particles. The nickel fuel particle was covered with all kinds of heavy Z elements including a full range of rare earths. It is doubtful that Rossi salted the fuel with heavy elements because these elements were not detected in the bulk element analysis of the fuel load. My guess is that this pretreatment process involved spark discharge into the nickel particles in the same way that Mizuno activates his nickel surfaces. This pretreatment was energetic enough to produce sintered particles where many 5 micron nickel particles combine into some numbers of 100 micron particles. Yes, pretreatment of the nickel is the key to a successful LENR reaction.

It takes a lone time to load energy into the Exotic Neutral Particles (ENP) as shown by the weeks of laser irradiation that Holmlid uses to make his iron powder LENR active. Rossi may be producing ENPs into hs fuel through the use of electrical arcing treatment.. The half life of these ENPs are measured in days.