Quote from Alan Smith

2) Place discs in aluminum camping pan and bake exposed to ordinary atmosphere in household oven at 200C for one week.

3) Before they can drop in temperature, drop hot discs through funnel into 100ml bottle of room temperature 99.8% purity deuterium oxide and allow them to soak for unknown duration.

4) Stack ten soaked discs into a stack and wrap with copper magnet wire (enamel still on and not removed) directly in contact with the discs. Copper wire not always used inside the tube.

NOTE: I've been informed that this interior copper isn't used by LION in all of his tests and it is not required.

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Regarding step 2 in the LION fuel preparation as follows:

"2) Place discs in aluminum camping pan and bake exposed to ordinary atmosphere in household oven at 200C for one week."

What this procedure could generate is nanocavities in the surface of the diamond showing the Ryvita effect:

Damage Craters seen after Field Emission Testing of Diamond Films

CVD diamond and DLC films are routinely tested for field emission of electrons. After testing, the surface of the films often exhibit morphology changes, from small indents to large craters. This pit generation process is similar to the spark processing done by Mizuno performed on nickel and palladium materials.

It is inside these cavities were metallic hydrogen forms via Pauli Uncertainty Principle compression. The bonds of diamond are the strongest to be found in nature and are less likely to fail under the high pressure conditions that occur when metalizing hydrogen. These bonds are strong enough to hold hydrogen in compression for extended periods of time. The crystal structure of CVD diamond also is hexagonal thus providing an ideal template for the growth of metallic hydrogen inside these cavities.

These cavities are produced through oxidation where carbon in the diamond surface is converted to Co and Co2. The time that this erosion process is allowed to continue impacts the dimensionality of the cavities. Baking for an overlong period would produce cavities that were too large, and a too short bake duration will produce cavities that are too small.

Regarding step 3 in the LION fuel preparation as follows:

"3) Before they can drop in temperature, drop hot discs through funnel into 100ml bottle of room temperature 99.8% purity deuterium oxide and allow them to soak for unknown duration."

This step allows the hydrogen to find its way into the diamond cavities. The duration of this step should not be critical to the metallic hydrogen formation process but according to Holmlid this timeframe may require weeks of exposure. The metallic hydrogen is contained inside these cavities and will gradually escape over time. These disks will provide the means to transport the metallic hydrogen into the reactor.

The purity of the deuterium oxide is critical because the formation of metallic hydrogen inside the microcavities on the surface of the diamond is destroyed by any isotopic impurity in the isotopes of hydrogen.

In summary, there is an ideal baking time for the diamond coated disks. The soaking time is not that critical but an overlong period may begin to destroy the cavities on the surface of the diamond. Once the reactor begins operation, the diamond will deteriorate as the LENR reactor increases in activity leaving the nickel substrate.

Quote from axil

Regarding step 2 in the LION fuel preparation as follows:

"2) Place discs in aluminum camping pan and bake exposed to ordinary atmosphere in household oven at 200C for one week."

What this procedure could generate is nanocavities in the surface of the diamond showing the Ryvita effect:

Damage Craters seen after Field Emission Testing of Diamond Films

CVD diamond and DLC films are routinely tested for field emission of electrons. After testing, the surface of the films often exhibit morphology changes, from small indents to large craters. This pit generation process is similar to the spark processing done by Mizuno performed on nickel and palladium materials.

It is inside these cavities were metallic hydrogen forms via Pauli Uncertainty Principle compression. The bonds of diamond are the strongest to be found in nature and are less likely to fail under the high pressure conditions that occur when metalizing hydrogen. These bonds are strong enough to hold hydrogen in compression for extended periods of time. The crystal structure of CVD diamond also is hexagonal thus providing an ideal template for the growth of metallic hydrogen inside these cavities.

These cavities are produced through oxidation where carbon in the diamond surface is converted to Co and Co2. The time that this erosion process is allowed to continue impacts the dimensionality of the cavities. Baking for an overlong period would produce cavities that were too large, and a too short bake duration will produce cavities that are too small.

Regarding step 3 in the LION fuel preparation as follows:

"3) Before they can drop in temperature, drop hot discs through funnel into 100ml bottle of room temperature 99.8% purity deuterium oxide and allow them to soak for unknown duration."

This step allows the hydrogen to find its way into the diamond cavities. The duration of this step should not be critical to the metallic hydrogen formation process but according to Holmlid this timeframe may require weeks of exposure. The metallic hydrogen is contained inside these cavities and will gradually escape over time. These disks will provide the means to transport the metallic hydrogen into the reactor.

The purity of the deuterium oxide is critical because the formation of metallic hydrogen inside the microcavities on the surface of the diamond is destroyed by any isotopic impurity in the isotopes of hydrogen.

In summary, there is an ideal baking time for the diamond coated disks. The soaking time is not that critical but an overlong period may begin to destroy the cavities on the surface of the diamond. Once the reactor begins operation, the diamond will deteriorate as the LENR reactor increases in activity leaving the nickel substrate.

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Diamonds can be oxidized at 200 ℃?

Quote from lenrcentury

Diamonds can be oxidized at 200 ℃?

Quote

Diamonds are carbon crystals that form deep within the Earth under high temperatures and extreme pressures. At surface air pressure (one atmosphere), diamonds are not as stable as graphite, and so the decay of diamond is thermodynamically favorable (δH = −2 kJ / mol).^[18] So, contrary to De Beers' ad campaign extending from 1948 to at least 2013 under the slogan "A diamond is forever",^[44] diamonds are definitely not forever. However, owing to a very large kinetic energy barrier, diamonds are metastable;

Apparently, the unusual observation is melted SiO2, which takes a high temperature? SiO2 can alloy with a number of oxides and be melted at a much lower temperature. Could this be happening just on the edge?

I have seen many melted halogen bulbs.... Bent, distorted, large bulges in the quartz glass.... The filament just as far from the glass as when new....

Of course there was a thread, either here or at ECW, on tungsten filament light bulbs making LENR, which was supposed to be the "real" reason they were banned.... (Not to be confused with the debunked-but-still-cherished-by-some Hg transmutation in fluorescent bulbs story).

More on this post showing how chiral polization works

https://www.lenr-forum.com/...

The following demo is an example of a Gaussian beam incident from vacuum onto a chiral medium, in our example mica for illustrating negative refraction chiral photon polarization and backward wave.

Great stuff!!! Very interesting to see a move away from the combination of transition metals and H/D.

A few thoughts on the observations based on the proposed de-excited s-process LENR model:

- Is diamond carbon involved in the reaction, or is it forming the nuclear active environment (NAE)? Definitely forms the NAE. Looks like there may be a 4x augur resonance for: H(n>1) -> H(n=1/9). So perhaps carbon is a catalyst too!!!

- There is a strong possibility that diamond carbon has a completely different nucleus structure than other forms of carbon, so available carbon data (ionisation energies, etc.) may or may not be applicable to diamond carbon. See: subtleatomics.com/atomic-nuclei

- There's a fair bit of copper in the setup, so this could also be acting as a catalyst. Cu is a key catalyst via transitions of H(n>1) -> H(n=1/3) and H(n=1/9). See: subtleatomics.com/electrons

- Once you have H(n=1/9), the rest is easy!!!... Once you understand what H(n=1/9) really is...

- Al may also have a D resonance for H(n>1) -> H(n=1/3).

Quote from Paradigmnoia

Not to be confused with the debunked-but-still-cherished-by-some Hg transmutation in fluorescent bulbs story

I don't consider the Hg transmutation possibility debunked; what I've heard is another, slightly hand-wavy but still significant possibility raised that does not involve LENR, but something that is still in need of further testing to verify. (What if in general the differential isotope migration explanation is mistaken, and what's really going on is LENR? Perhaps the Hg transmutation possibility is still cherished by me.)

LION claims that the disks are soaked in D₂O for at least one month. This would prevent prompt accurate replication of the effect.

<2018-02-05 22:40>

LION

Hi BOB,

A THOUSAND times THANK YOU. Simply stunning images and as always your Passion and Curiosity and Science Nous shines through. I can't even begin to express the pleasure it gives me that you, who have worked so very hard for so long, should have these two reactors to analyse and share with the LENR Community. You are a Star, BOB, an absolute Star, may the Community TREASURE you.

Engineer48

Hi Lion,

Is the image of the blob that of melted fuel discs which were pre wrapped in Cu wire?

BTW how long did you soak the fuel discs in the liquid Deuterium? Did you heat the liquid? If so what temp and time, duty cycle et.

Will probably join Alan and Bob in a replication effort.

Thanks for your efforts.

LION

Hi Engineer 48,

I am not sure what the Blob is. Soaking= minimum of a month. The Deuterium was room temp.

All the best.

Quote from can

LION claims that the disks are soaked in D₂O for at least one month. This would prevent prompt accurate replication of the effect.

<2018-02-05 22:40>

LION

Hi BOB,

A THOUSAND times THANK YOU. Simply stunning images and as always your Passion and Curiosity and Science Nous shines through. I can't even begin to express the pleasure it gives me that you, who have worked so very hard for so long, should have these two reactors to analyse and share with the LENR Community. You are a Star, BOB, an absolute Star, may the Community TREASURE you.

Engineer48

Hi Lion,

Is the image of the blob that of melted fuel discs which were pre wrapped in Cu wire?

BTW how long did you soak the fuel discs in the liquid Deuterium? Did you heat the liquid? If so what temp and time, duty cycle et.

Will probably join Alan and Bob in a replication effort.

Thanks for your efforts.

LION

Hi Engineer 48,

I am not sure what the Blob is. Soaking= minimum of a month. The Deuterium was room temp.

All the best.

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LION pretreatment process: the fuel plate soaked in heavy water for a month. Did he not need to dry before he put it into the reactor?

lenrcentury

First baked for a week at 200°C, then soaked in D₂O, according to Greenyer's presentation.

Quote from can

lenrcentury

First baked for a week at 200°C, then soaked in D₂O, according to Greenyer's presentation.

Does this mean that there is no need to add LiAlH4 or hydrogen to the LION reactor? Replacing deuterium or hydrogen with heavy water takes part in the reaction.

As far as I recall from past discussions, one of the methods used for producing these industrial diamonds is chemical vapor deposition. I'm wondering if the lengthy process summarily described by LION for preparing these disks (possibly requiring in total anything between 45-60 days or more) could be greatly accelerated by producing suitable complex particles with a carbon plasma arc in a metal salt solution, a colloidal solution of small metal particles, or by using highly impure carbon electrodes for the arc.

Speculatively, doped diamond-like structures with incorporated O and H atoms could also be formed this way. However this wouldn't really be a "replication" anymore, but something quite different.