New book published: "The proton's and neutron's internal structures: Physics foundations and new measurements reveal the truth"

Quote from Wyttenbach

Charge is defined by Faraday's law

The standard answer is Gauss law, but it allow for charge being any real number e.g. half of electron ... while in nature charges are integer multiplicities of e.

We repair it by interpreting field curvature as electric field, this way Gauss law counts topological charge/winding number - this way enforcing it to be quantized as in nature.

Gauss–Bonnet theorem - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

Quote from Wyttenbach

Yes in the > 100GeV far field scattering limit

No, the standard model starts with QED e.g. to get agreement with ~10^-6 eV Lamb shift https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamb_shift

Quote from Jarek

No, the standard model starts with QED e.g. to get agreement with ~10^-6 eV Lamb shift

Of course this is just electro dynamics and not mass related.

Quote from Jarek

while in nature charges are integer multiplicities

You mix up language and facts. Charge carrier is not equal charge!!! What counts is magnitude of charge not number of carriers.

What you simple state is:: Charge (carrier) in the form of e- p+ is conserved as charge does not exists without separating e-p. But physical = Maxwell charge can be any real! How else would you see quadrupoles ?

The other thing most physicists miss is that helicity is a precondition for charge but it does not define charge. Just look at Faraday's law and you will see what other precondition is needed! So definitely Gauss' law as you use it does not define charge. This is just a dream of clueless pseudo physicists educated just in math.

Quote from Wyttenbach

How else would you see quadrupoles ?

Take any e.g. "-+-" or "+-+" type charge configuration for electric quadrupole ...

Or for topological you have confinement exactly as in QCD: total charge has to quantized (integer winding number), but locally you can have incomplete hedgehog/charge - only to be summed to integer.

Below you have such examples (details ) baryon structure enforces incomplete hedgehog - in proton it is enclosed, in neutron it has to be compensated - explaining why it is heavier.

For deuteron two baryons share one charge to save energy (binding), making it "+-+" type electric quadrupole - as known from experiments.

Quote from Jarek

For deuteron two baryons share one charge to save energy (binding),

Obviously the charge structure in Deuterium is different as exact measurement shows...

Preprint About the symmetry of the deuteron structural charge density... The charge is given as SO(4) physics explains as topological structure following the Clifford torus rotation.

There is absolute no sharing of a charge. We only see that the joint flux of 2 protons generates a topological charge. As said forget standard model fantasies.

Deuterium - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

"The measured electric quadrupole of the deuterium is 0.2859 e·fm²."
"The measured value of the deuterium magnetic dipole moment, is 0.857 μ_N, which is 97.5% of the 0.879 μ_N value obtained by simply adding moments of the proton and neutron."

They say deuteron is "+-+" type of charge configuration, and with nearly aligned magnetic dipoles of two nucleons - it automatically comes out from the model I am considering ... but how would you like to get it for torus?

Quote from Jarek

which is 97.5% of the 0.879 μN value obtained by simply adding moments of the proton and neutron."

This is numerology physics.... The neutron magnetic orbit has a higher symmetry +1 rotation that the proton thus you must multiply it by 2^1/2 to get the proton like value the difference is given by the change in mass of the generating flux.

Be aware that for the proton a muon measurement gives a more exact charge radius than an electron measurement. (waves fit better during scattering)) For the neutron/deuterium it is just the opposite way round. With SOP we can easily calculate magnetic moments if charge radii are exact. Else we need the exact coupling weights to find the radius.

While "radius of deuteron" is difficult to interpret, its magnetic dipole moment being nearly sum of magnetic dipole moments of 2 nucleons building it means these two tiny magnets point nearly the same direction - are aligned.

Well confirmed electric quadrupole moment of deuteron is also clear to interpret: it is "+-+" type charge configuration.

How would you like to get these basic well confirmed properties with your torus?

Quote from Jarek

How would you like to get these basic well confirmed properties with your torus?

In a nucleus the so called excess flux of protons joins in a new compressed orbit. The flux orbits in a nucleus can only have Clifford torus "symmetry" as flux cannot cross and thus must be on a single sided manifold. As two protons only join 2 excess orbits it looks close to a 3D torus just perturbed by the added internal charge.

So magnetic dipole moment being sum of two building it is due to rotating twice faster - adding rotation speed?

And "+-+" electric quadrupole configuration?

Do you maybe have some diagram?

Quote from Jarek

So magnetic dipole moment being sum of two building it is due to rotating twice faster - adding rotation speed

In a nucleus flux speed projected to 3D,t is c but for two combined rotations its much higher (4x c ) 2 for group measure being 2^1/2.

The metric for rotation is totally different from the classic metric as it is not constant.

The basic formula for a nuclear magnetic moment is:: radius*e*c/2. More general you must add the mass ratio of (unsymmetric excess mass)/(total excess mass - symmetric)/. 5 rotation mass as e.g. in 4-He produces no magnetic moment at all - just quadrupole moment.

So in Deuterium the mass factor is about 1/6 of the free flux that is running along CT.

As all charge radii have low precision this usually gives a 4-5 digits exact moment.

E.g. 6-Li is a rare exception of an even Z nucleus with a magnetic moment we can "exactly" model by using the difference of the 4He-6Li charge radius.

Do you know a process where combining two objects, adds their rotation velocities? In the ones I know velocity equalizes not adds.

And once again - how would you like to get experimentally confirmed electric quadrupole: "+-+" type charge configuration for torus, coupled proton(+) and neutron(0)?

Below is example how to get both these basic confirmed experimentally properties of deuteron:

- just align two magnets in one direction (horizontal below) to add their magnetic dipole moments,

- proton-neutron charge configuration needs to shift from "+0" to "+-+" electric quadrupole moment - e.g. because baryons structurally require some charge (enforce hedgehog-like configuration), so deuteron binding energy is mainly from savings by sharing one charge between two baryons.

Quote from Jarek

And once again - how would you like to get experimentally confirmed electric quadrupole: "+-+" type charge configuration for torus, coupled proton(+) and neutron(0)?

There are no flat torus orbits in nature. Only EM radiation can look flat (3D) torus like. All sphere and 3D volumes cannot hold stable flux/charge.

So it's up to you to learn how 4D CT orbits and higher ones work.

As an analogy , in a 3D projection you can think that a homogeneous 4D torus charge is 2 side( axis) oscillating on a 2D torus The flux surface is always 2D), what reduces the flux in the plane an increases it perpendicular to the plane. This is the classic quadrupole picture. Other classic pictures from mechanics are a Square with two opposite side bending up/down the opposite way. Changing distance = change in potential = change in charge always relative to the point of observation.

Quote from Jarek

just align two magnets in one direction

On paper yes. In reality two moments in 3D space settle in a twisted position. In reality the flux joins and produces a joint moment. Physics is not adding LEGO bricks.

The problem with standard model physicists is that most never studied basic physics = rotor mechanics and category theory/logic/topology. The result are fantasies like GR,QCD,lQCD, mass related QFT with solution spaces, that are not allowed or 3D actions like in GR that are unphysical. Worst are point symmetries what is totally excluded in real physics. Balls, points can only be used in topology to explain the limit.

You need to explain why experimentally they see electric quadrupole moment - not naive "+0" charge configuration for proton-neutron, but "+-+" with somehow positive charge shifted right ... a fractional one as total is +e.

The mainstream explanation is saying it has l=2 angular momentum, so this charge shift is dynamical/statistical.

How to understand observed electric quadrupole moment of deuteron?

Deuteron is p-n, so naively should have zero electric quadrupole moment. However, experimentally it turns out quite large: $0.2859\ e\cdot fm^2$ from…

physics.stackexchange.com

Here you can find some real samples for quadrupole moments:. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrupole.

The Q moment for 2-H is weak its about 0.25% of the magnetic moment or 1/400. In 9Be its about 5%!

Here you have a list of electric quadrupole moments of nuclei: https://www-nds.iaea.org/publications/indc/indc-nds-0650.pdf

Methods:

MB - Molecular beam magnetic resonance

R - Re-evaluated data, or (for revised reference standard) adjusted by tabulator

β-NMR - NMR of in-beam polarized nuclei with beta asymmetry detection

AB - Atomic beam magnetic resonance

7-Li is a special nucleus with a free flux (15 waves) that is equal to the 4-He nuclear flux. This is a special wave configuration that e.g. in 27Al leads to a Q of 0.14. Same waves also for 43Ca.

One should always related it to the basic magnetic moment. Then in 27Al its 3% in 7Li 1% 9Be close to 5%. record high (0.52 or 10%) it is for 57Co (unstable but reached from 57Fe. Highest I did analyze is 143Nd with -0,61 or about 60%!!

I just had a look at the magnetic isotopes Nd to Gd where we have up to 10 conjugate electrons. There you can find Q >>magnetic moment for odd Gd/Eu isotopes...

There are missing quadrupole moments for a few basic isotopes, specially interesting are tritium H3 and He3.

I couldn't find them also in 2021 version of this table: https://www-nds.iaea.org/publications/indc/indc-nds-0833.pdf

Here is another table now including magnetic dipole moments ... but again e.g. for H3 and He3 misses electric quadrupole moments - is there a reason for that?

https://www.psi.ch/sites/default/files/import/low-energy-muons/DocumentsEN/nuclear-moments.pdf

Quote from Jarek

but again e.g. for H3 and He3 misses electric quadrupole moments -

3He has a 10/5 wave structure that is full 5 rotation symmetry with no external flux asymmetry except for the nuclear structure. 3H (11 wave compression) seems to be more special but the internal mass difference to 3He is just about 20keV...But all nuclei up to 9B have special features as most have no gamma spectrum what points to strong potential like structures that need explicit orbit calculations. Only 6-Li/7-Li have one stable gamma energy.

I just did model 8Be that has a negative binding energy. This is possible down to a few eV in the SO(4) model as also excess energy bonds are allowed. Also the half live for such nuclei can be given based on the wave coupling energies. The problem is that some small perturbations do overlap and better experiments will be needed to advance nuclear physics to make it a real science again. Today most tabulated data is fudged by fringe QED models.

Yes, H3 beta-minus decays to He3 releasing electron, 18.6 keV gamma and electron antineutrino ... and I have heard that H3 decay in Russian thermonuclear warheads was a crucial source of He3.

Magnetic dipole moment is quite complicated, but electric quadrupole moment is the first nontrivial description of electric charge distribution (EDM is zero) - models of nuclei have to agree with, starting with understanding of some internal shift of fractional charge inside deuteron.

Quote from Jarek

starting with understanding of some internal shift of fractional charge inside deuteron.

It is not straight forward to model the 5 rotation charge bound CT orbits, as classical charge is a function of flux projection in respect to one dimension. In space with > 3 dimensions modelling each +1D adds more variations. I just managed to find a function that correctly produces the 5 rotation internal charge as :: f(x) = sin(x) + sin(x+72) + sin(x+144) + sin(x+216) + sin(x+288) = 0 based on the Golden angle. Interesting is that the Abs sum(+) and sum(-) are almost constant and slightly fluctuate also with magnitude Golden ratio. This already explains a part of the 1D current transfer. We must also be aware that the basic physical action principle is 2:1 that can be generalized to 4:1 but with 2:1 in 6D you can fill quite a complex 5D tensor at least. This gives many different contributions for 1D that depend on the 3D substructure of 6D....

May be if I once have a quiet moment I will start trying to write it out as I already did once for the 4D gamma ray coupling- it's just a step more...