Online It really depends on the set up. In theory, if I cut the outlet fan speed in half to my improved Mizuno type calorimeter, I should get double the temperature resolution but half the peak power level. In general, a mass airflow calorimeter can be reduced and calibrated to just the delta temperature scale, without needing to measure air flow or air volume etc just as long as they stay constant.
That would be 'relative thermometry;..it has it's own errors but it works.
Do you think it possible that your sprites are in fact bubbles of CO2 from decomposition of the carbonates - with the gas being forced out of solution by the local high temperatures?
Thank you for this fuller explanation -and in English too. I'll aim to read it over the weekend and hope after that to understand it. 
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It's this one (google translate...)
REPEATED LIES NEVER BECOME TRUE, BUT MORE TRUE. I read here at my leisure a little book Alternative energy of the XXI century V.M. Petrova - surprised. There is a good folk wisdom: you can't help but write - don't write. The author even I have not heard, and the editor of the publishing house does not know. Touches in this whole undertaking the words in the preface from publishers, as it were, a Disclaimer - a written disclaimer for possible the delicate consequences of an act as a result of the actions of the person who declared this refusal or third parties. In short, the epidemic of irresponsibility and impunity that swept through all kinds of activities in Russia, including in the field of science. In fact, all these statements laid out on paper are not new ideas, not new points of view, not new interpretations of known experimental data, but retelling the unverified statements of some "scientific" journalists who, for the sake of sensations or imaginary patriotism are ready just for a certain number of printed characters sell your own father. Yeees! The meaning of the printed word is great if money is paid for it! Here's a simple example from this book, where, I'm afraid to even call him the author, let it be retelling, trying to perpetuate blatant lies that are visible to the naked eye any specialist in this field. I'm talking about cold fusion:
Are Maxwell's Equations (as re-written by Oliver Heavyside) universally true? From section 4 of this Royal society 'open-access paper.
" The experimental evidence for Maxwell's equations is overwhelming. Furthermore, as the gateway to Einstein's theory of relativity [16], which in itself also brings its own compelling experimental evidence, any speculation about charge creation or the breakdown of Maxwell's equations, is very probably destined to be fruitless. However, because we have derived Maxwell's equations using the conservation of charge as a constraint, we complete the paper by considering what would happen if this constraint did not always apply, or more precisely, where might we look for the breakdown of Maxwell's equations. We suggest that the essence of an entity that has been created is that there should be no experimental methods that can determine the properties of the created entity prior to creation. The probability of the entity's existence can be considered to increase from zero to one. Looking for events described by this language of probability naturally points us towards quantum mechanics. Given that quantum mechanics has been tested to exquisite accuracy and that all known interactions conserve charge, it becomes a remote possibility at best, that we can find charge creation. Alternative tests of Maxwell's equations include looking for the creation of current density, or electric and magnetic waves that do not obey Maxwell's equations. Our best chances are to seek out events that are so difficult to produce that they have not been extensively interrogated experimentally, and hence may offer something completely unexpected. We suggest investigating an Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen experiment [17]. Typically, an entangled electron–positron pair is mixed and prepared as a superposition of states with equal and opposite magnetic moments (or spins). The charges are separated and the magnetic moment or spin of the electron is measured....."
Louis Pasteur Revisited: A Rebuttal to the Germ Theory of Infectious Disease and its Relevance to the Covid-19 Pandemic
I think this is laughable. Of course there are opportunistic infections, but they are just one cause of sickness.
No more news from Sindre - we are waiting patiently.
REPORT ON FUTURE RISKS - WHO'
Dual-use research of concern (DURC) is defined as life science research that is intended for benefit
but which might be misapplied to do harm (1). Such research has increased substantially in the past two decades. It includes, for instance, synthesis of the poliovirus (2), modification of the mousepox virus (3), production of mammal-transmissible strains of H5N1 avian flu (4, 5) and, more recently,
de-novo synthesis of the horsepox virus (6).Dual-use issues can arise in a range of disciplines,
beyond experiments for gain of function.
WHO both assesses and addresses concernsabout dual use of scientific and technological
developments by setting normative standards,issuing guidance and guidelines and facilitating
discussions among stakeholders. In 2010 WHO issued guidance on responsible research
(7), and, more recently, the WHO’s Thirteenth General Programme of Work (2019-2023)
mandated that WHO should “be at the forefront of … new scientific fields and the challenges they
pose” and should closely monitor and provide guidance on “developments at the frontier of
new scientific disciplines” (8). In 2020, WHO convened discussions with key stakeholder
groups, including funding organizations, scientific journals and scientific academies and councils (9),
and issued guidance on biosafety and biosecurity in biomedical laboratories (10). WHO is currently
developing a new guidance framework on responsible use of life sciences.
We report here the results of an international horizon scanning exercise, organized by WHO
to ensure foresight. The group of experts, from a range of disciplines, undertook a broad
examination of scientific and technological developments that could give rise to concern over
the next two decades and identified 15 priorities.
https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/346862/9789240036161-eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
At higher power levels/electrolyte concentrations the 'sprites' seemed to be generated all round the cathode, not just ejected from below, although I don't have a good video showing this (it can be somewhat observed in the above slow-mo animation as the reaction lights up).
Do you think the sprites may be formed around microscopic pieces of metal ejected from the surface of the cathode?
I have looked at the financials - lots of red flags in my opinion.
Well, if the financials are poor, and the tech uncertain, you have your amswer.
The problem with Santilli is that he is/was incredibly fond of litigation. JedRothwell could tell something you about that.
What is done is done, but I need to have truth over speculation or assumptions. Thank you.
i can only suggest you pay for a series of tests. The question is not capable of being answered without in vitro experimental evidence one way or t'other.
ETA- investment advice - as always DYOR. My advice, not for widows and orphans, this is one for your left-over beer money.
I think Star is an interesting company, and possibly quite well funded, but I am a little unsure about the dual nature of their claims. What are they - a fusion business or a hydrogen business?
On the topic of 'hero hydrogen' there's little new there that I can see. High temperature recombiners for hydrogen /oxygen have been in use in nuclear power plants for decades. I suspect that in that demo video Star were using a low concentration of hydrogen with air, not oxygen - as temperatures apporach 500C oxy-hydrogen mixed gas will auto-ignite and the guy watching the demo would be picking pieces of glass out of his beard for weeks afterwards.
Here's a slightly more academic look at high-temperature recombiners - no magic required, this is just materials science.
Possibly this paper...
VACCINE PASSPORT CHAOS - The Economist magazine.
Many countries did not require passports before the first world war. But as the conflict spread, states scrambled to introduce travel documents to help secure their borders. The result, after the armistice, was a bewildering smorgasbord of different information for different nationalities that could create chaos rather than clarity at border crossings. But returning to a world where people could travel freely across borders was by then unimaginable.
In 1920 the League of Nations stepped in. It designed a 32-page booklet with the country’s name on the cover and such basic personal information as place and date of birth. Some governments grumbled—France thought the booklet too expensive to print compared with its single sheet—and it took a few years for them to adapt. But today all passports follow the same format. Whether at Heathrow in Britain or Moshoeshoe I International in Lesotho, officials can glance at a passport and be fairly certain of its bearer’s travel privileges.
During the covid-19 pandemic, a similar process is under way. States have rushed to create vaccine passports to stop the virus at the border—or at the doors to the restaurant or gym. Often people must prove that they have been vaccinated, recently tested negative or had covid and recovered.
This time governments are not alone. Tech has thrown open the doors to firms like ibm and Microsoft, industry associations like the International Air Transport Association and non-governmental organisations like the World Economic Forum. Three undergraduates at the University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria spent last summer pulling all-nighters to build a pass that works across the European Union. They can’t afford much marketing, but the app, the GreenPass, has been downloaded 100,000 times.
As during the Great War, urgency has trumped co-ordination. India, which has administered over a billion jabs, has a “CoWIN” certificate with a qr code, identifying information and, confusingly, a photograph not of the bearer but of the prime minister, Narendra Modi. People in England can choose between a qr code on the National Health Service (nhs) app or website or a letter of certification from their doctor. In America, where President Joe Biden has vowed not to create a national vaccination database, many different state and private health passes are in use.
The trouble is that these passes are not interoperable. Most look the same: a qr code on a smartphone or piece of paper. Yet even scanning the codes can be a problem. Different verifier apps read different passes. Once scanned, the codes serve up widely varying information, depending on the national or local health systems or attitudes about privacy. Some vaccine passports, like the CommonPass used in parts of America, share raw data on vaccination status. Others, like the one issued by the nhs, yield only a symbol, a tick or a cross. And the rules of the game are not fixed. During a surge of infections this month, Israel yanked its “green pass” from 2m people who had not yet received booster jabs.
The administrative, commercial and even psychological burdens are obvious at airports. Traveller numbers have dropped between 85% and 90%, yet reaching the gate has become a more demanding obstacle course than ever. Queues lengthen as anxious travellers fumble for slips of paper and qr codes. Officials struggle to keep track of which vaccines state regulators have approved and how long which test results are valid for which destinations. As Corneel Koster, chief customer and operating officer at Virgin Atlantic, an airline, puts it: “It’s kind of a jungle out there.”
It is past time for standardisation. Yet designing a digital health pass is trickier than designing a travel document. Passports may reveal age, but vaccine passes are gateways to personal health information, potentially a great deal of it. That scares people. Even among countries with relatively high vaccination rates, support for vaccine passports varies, from 52% in Hungary to 84% in Britain (see chart). In India people are used to sharing their fingerprints and iris scans as part of the Aadhaar biometric id system. Yet many, like Debjani Mazumder, a publishing executive in Delhi, worry about pharmaceutical companies and insurers getting hold of their health records. “I feel like a guinea pig,” Ms Mazumder says.
In theory, digital technology should make it easy to verify vaccination status. Yet because verifying apps cannot recognise all qr codes, many verifiers take what Edgar Whitley at the London School of Economics calls a “flash-and-go” approach, simply eyeballing them. A black market is thriving. Oded Vanunu at Check Point Software Technologies, a cyber-security company, has posed as a buyer and sourced fake French vaccine certificates for €75 ($87), Russian ones for 9,500 roubles ($134) and Singaporean alternatives for €250 on the dark web and Telegram, a messaging app. These sham passes look the part but would fall short if properly scanned.
When airline agents, employers and bar staff scan qr codes, they check for two things: confirmation that the bearer has been vaccinated or tested for covid and a digital signature proving the information comes from a trusted issuer. Uniformity across digital health passes would require broad agreement on exactly what health information to include, and how to label and package it. That ought to be relatively easy. In August, the World Health Organisation (who) published guidance recommending the minimum data for a certificate. The name and date of birth of the bearer plus the brand and batch number of a jab are considered necessary. Identifying who administered a jab—information some passes include—is not.
What is trickier is creating a unified system for checking the digital signatures of health authorities. Creating a repository of all trusted signatures is an expensive and politically fraught task. Countries with a national health service, like Britain, have just one issuer. But in America, there are around 300, including state governments, hospitals and pharmacies.
Without a trusted way to verify certificates across borders, even the most advanced technology falters. George Connolly is chief executive of OneLedger, a firm that designed OnePass, a blockchain-based vaccine passport. He says it has access to data from only around 20 jurisdictions. So he gets contractors to check passes from elsewhere by phoning and e-mailing health authorities. Dakota Gruener, head of id2020, a public-private partnership focused on digital ids, rolls her eyes. “Do you need blockchain? No,” she says. “Is blockchain a distraction? Yes.”
Luddites have reason to feel smug. As Albert Fox Cahn of the Surveillance Technology Oversight Project, an advocacy group, puts it: “There is so much money being spent on building this really shiny new metal fence around our society when the wooden gate was working just fine.” Bits of paper signed by clinicians, like the who’s “yellow card”, have sufficed as immunisation records for decades. These are more globally inclusive, given that many people in poor countries do not have smartphones. Judging by black-market prices, paper passes are not much easier to forge. Fake versions of paper vaccine certificates issued by America’s Centres for Disease Control and Prevention go for $150 apiece on Telegram, more than some digital alternatives.
Over the borderline
The biggest impediment to sensible vaccine passports is not technology but geopolitics. It would take a universally trusted organisation with sophistication in health, technology and diplomacy to get countries to agree on global standards. This might seem an obvious role for the who. But, embroiled in the rivalry between America and China, the organisation has been blasted from all sides for its handling of the pandemic. On digital passes, the who has got itself in a muddle. Even as it has published lengthy documents describing what vaccine passports should look like, it has insisted that proof of vaccination should not be required for international travel when vaccine distribution is so skewed to rich nations.
Crucially, the who has declined to involve itself in validation and verification. Maintaining a register of trusted signatories would require a large staff. It would also require politically charged choices, like whether to recognise signatures from Palestine or Afghanistan, and which vaccines are good enough. The who would also have to take some kind of action when a state broke the rules. Carmen Dolea, head of the International Health Regulations Secretariat at the who, says this task goes beyond its mandate. “There are liability issues,” she adds.
Still, clumsily, the world does seem to be converging on a few standards and technologies. The European Union’s standards for digital covid certificates, for example, are also being used by Turkey and Switzerland. India’s have been picked up by Sri Lanka and the Philippines.
The next step, the who says, is for countries to negotiate bilateral or regional arrangements. Recent negotiations between Britain and India illustrate how messy this can be. Britain had refused to accept India’s CoWIN vaccine certificates, in part because they did not state the bearer’s precise date of birth. The government in New Delhi included only the year of birth because many poor Indians do not know their exact birthdays. A tit-for-tat escalation in travel restrictions kept families apart and business trips on hold for weeks, before an agreement was reached earlier this month. India added the precise date, reasoning that most people who can afford international travel know their birthdays.
Some wonks still think they can fix the problems of poor governance with more technology. Nandan Nilekani, co-founder of Infosys, a tech giant, and the driving force behind India’s Aadhaar system, is pinning his hopes on “adaptors” that convert one type of pass into another. Creating the right adaptors would be like finding a way to save shoppers from having to walk around with American Express cards, MasterCards and Visa cards in case shops require different kinds of payment. But technology that builds bridges between passes would not solve the problem that issuers would have to trust one another—and users would have to trust the adaptors fiddling with their health data.
Perhaps, from the ashes of the pandemic, the world will devise a seamless digital vaccine passport that will replace the yellow card. But when covid is still killing thousands of people a week, the bickering over qr codes and digital signatures among multilateral organisations, tech groups and states is a sideshow, if not a distraction. Vaccine passports will never contain the virus. Only vaccines will. More than three-quarters of people in Denmark, Singapore and Qatar are fully vaccinated, according to Johns Hopkins University. Yet less than 1% of those in Ethiopia and Uganda are. Someday, vaccine passports might help keep the peace. But right now the world must focus on winning the war.
I would appreciate it if your posts were a little more civil. Insults add nothing to your arguments, scientists work on data.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KIvHrwVg7uA <=======
beautiful pics of bulk plasma and CME emission.excellent description of the science, and the effects/impact on Earth. solar cycle 25 is now 1+ year from peak; first flare already hit, and the initial attenuation from the D-layer interaction and attenuation (ca. >6 dB) seems over because here tonight 40 meters is rocking, and even 6 meters seem crowded.
Best regards,
Dr. Mitchell Swartz AC1ER
r... As the major energy-importing nations lead the charge to net-zero carbon emissions, the course is being set for the most dramatic disruption to the global energy trade since the 1970s and the rise of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC).
Electrification is at the heart of the changing energy mix, with innovation driving down the cost of renewable power, denting longer-term demand for hydrocarbons. Electrification, though, can only take the world so far. Many industrial sectors, as well as heavy-duty trucking, shipping, aviation and chemicals, will need alternatives. Low-carbon hydrogen has great potential to capture a sizeable market share, with the world’s major energy importers already rolling out their hydrogen roadmaps. In turning the energy-trade world order on its head, net zero simultaneously offers energy exporters – current and future – a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to secure future revenues by developing low-carbon hydrogen supply. This will include blue hydrogen from those with access to low-cost natural gas resources and carbon capture potential – Russia, Canada, the United States and Saudi Arabia – and green hydrogen from those with vast renewable resources – Australia and the Middle East.
The stakes couldn’t be higher. Wood Mackenzie’s base-case Energy Transition Outlook (ETO) forecasts average growth in the seaborne trade of oil, gas and coal to slow from 4% per annum over the past two decades to only 1% a year from 2020 to 2050, while our accelerated energy transition (AET) scenarios see a collapse in trade, especially for oil and coal. Conversely, the currently minimal seaborne trade in low-carbon hydrogen is set to grow in all scenarios. It could account for around a third of the seaborne energy trade in a net-zero 2050 world, so the race for suppliers is on.
I was told CP/Miura did a presentation at ARPA-E. Also the Iwamura was not happy about the claims made. That's all I know, might be a misunderstanding.
