Tritium and neutrons are not required. Neutrons are produced by beta decay.
axil
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Posts by axil
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In the Lugano test, the heater wires were visible as dark shadows on a brighter core background. There is evidence that another substance like silicon dioxide aerogel held the fuel in place to distribute the fuel evenly over the core volume. What does the presence of a second unknown substance do to the arguments that Thomas Clarke is using to determine the reactor temperature by Alumina transparency.
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Mats, the Hydrogen state discussed in that article probably isn't relevant to LENR. Their experiment used a pressure of 3 MILLION atmospheres at room temperature. Can a discrete breather (or anything else) in the lattice generate such extreme conditions? Seems unlikely.
http://www.sciencedaily.com/re…/2014/12/141216123829.htm
Carnegie's Ivan Naumov and Russell Hemley discover hydrogen forms grapheme layers/clusters instead of metal under pressure.
This is an experimental validation of the Rydberg matter structure of hydrogen.
Instead of high pressures, quantum mechanics can produce this ring structure using a principle called Rydberg Blockade.
Potassium and/or lithium provides a quantum mechanical template that directs hydrogen to form in rings just like potassium does...or lithium.
Holmlid uses quantum mechanics rather than pressure to form liquid hydrogen(AKA rydberg hydrogen matter).
See
Mesoscopic Rydberg-blockaded ensembles in the superatom regime and beyond
http://www.nature.com/nphys/jo…v11/n2/abs/nphys3214.html
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Tuesday, December 16, 2014—New work from Carnegie's Ivan Naumov and Russell Hemley delves into the chemistry underlying some surprising recent observations about hydrogen, and reveals remarkable parallels between hydrogen and graphene under extreme pressures. Their work is the cover story in the December issue of Accounts of Chemical Research.
Hydrogen is the most-abundant element in the cosmos. With only a single electron per atom, it is deceptively simple. As a result, hydrogen has been a testing ground for theories of the chemical bond since the birth of quantum mechanics a century ago. Understanding the nature of chemical bonding in extreme environments is crucial for expanding our understanding of matter over the broad range of conditions found in the universe.
Observing hydrogen’s behavior under very high pressures has been a great challenge for researchers. But recently teams have been able to observe that at pressures of 2-to-3.5 million times normal atmospheric pressure it transforms into an unexpected structure consisting of layered sheets, rather than a close-packed metal as had been predicted many years ago.
These hydrogen sheets resemble the carbon compound graphene. Graphene's layers are each constructed of a honeycomb structure made of six-atom carbon rings. This conventional carbon graphene, first synthesized about a decade ago, is very light, but incredibly strong, and conducts heat and electricity very efficiently. These properties promise revolutionary technology, including advanced optical electronics for screens, high-functioning photovoltaic cells, and enhanced batteries and other energy storage devices.
The new work from Naumov and Hemley shows that the stability of the unusual hydrogen structure arises from the intrinsic stability of its hydrogen rings. These rings form because of so-called aromaticity, which is well understood in carbon-containing molecules such as benzene, as well as in graphene. Aromatic structures take on a ring-like shape that can be thought of as alternating single and double bonded carbons. But what actually happens is that the electrons that make up these theoretically alternating bonds become delocalized and float in a shared circle around the inside of the ring, increasing stability.
Naumov and Hemley’s study also indicates that hydrogen initially becomes a dark poorly conducting metal like graphite instead of a conventional shiny metal and a good conductor, as was originally suggested in theoretical calculations going back to the 1930’s using early quantum mechanical models for solids.
Though the discovery of this layered sheet character of dense hydrogen has come as a surprise to many, chemists 30 years ago--before the discovery of graphene--predicted the structure based on simple chemical considerations. Their work is validated and extended by the new findings.
"Overall, our results indicate that chemical bonding occurs over a much broader range of conditions than people had previously considered. However, the structural effects of that chemical bonding under extreme conditions can be very different than that observed under the ordinary conditions that are familiar to us,” Hemley said.
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Mother Nature is a bitch. Better to live in a LENR dream world.
You have no idea of how she works. Your impression at science is a dreamworld.
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Cook is very good at producing hypothesis that are excellent examples of "not even wrong".
Well, he is not a physicist, so maybe it is OK.
You may be right on this but sadly that opinion does not include any thoughtful analysis. Such lack of considered opinion exposes you as a hopeless, hysterical hypochondriac of history of which this site has more than a full measure. We suffer more than our share of the these witless nattering nabobs of negativism.
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From the work of J fisher and team, using CR39 it is possible to determine the type of particle, the energy of the particle, the direction that the particle was going, and if the particle is produced by background radiation or the LENR reaction.
This CR39 method is currently used at CERN to detect for the generation of monopoles. J Fisher has detected the telltale signature of monopoles but his interpretation of this particular type of track is one produced by Radon. On this we disagree.
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The fraud is that Rossi tells principals at [lexicon]IH[/lexicon] and Woodford who invest in him that the ecats work when he knows full well, exactly how he cheats on the measurements, and he knows exactly why he has NEVER allowed a proper calibration. That's fraud for sure. Rossi's wares aren't vapor. They're pretend. You know. Like Defkalion's. Some of us call it Rossifiction.
Figure out how you can get some money to Rossi so that you can accuse him LEGALLY of fraud. If you don't do this. then you have no legal standing. Mary, if you want to destroy Rossi, you must have a plan.
America is not Italy where you can bribe a judge as the mafia sometimes does to get competition out of their hear. In America, you need evidence, lawyers, and lots of money. You are trying to do this thing on the cheap just by slander. This isn't politics, this is business. You got to play the big boy games in America.
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Rossi isn't getting competitive advantage because there are no competing products. There are, in fact, absolutely NO products which anyone can buy and which are claiming to provide LENR.
Well then you can not say that Rossi is committing fraud. He is just practicing standard vaporware corporate behavior. No one looks down on Bill Gates for doing this, then why should Rossi?
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Only if the definition of success is bamboozling people out of money. Petroldragon was a spectacular and costly failure. Rossi's second opus magnus was the thermoelectric DOD project, also a spectacular failure and wasted millions in tax payer dollars. And the current ecat nonsense has never sold a single product to any customer which can be identified. And in more than four years, has never had a single adequate test. It's a success for Rossi only because two large investment companies are execrable at doing due diligence and relied on insufficient, badly done, and incompetent testing. Hey, they're spending OPM! (OTHER PEOPLE'S MONEY) What do they really care? They will say at the end that it was a worthwhile risk considering the high potential payoffs. And most of their sheeplike investors will agree.
Is the sale of vaporware a fraud, or is it a case of buyer beware? What does your legal research say about this issue?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporware
Why wasn't Bill Gates convicted of fraud?
QuoteAnnouncing a product which does not exist to gain a competitive advantage is illegal via Section 2 of the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, but few hardware or software developers have been found guilty of it. The section requires proof that the announcement is both provably false, and has actual or likely market impact.[30] False or misleading announcements designed to influence stock prices are illegal under United States securities fraud laws.[31] The complex and changing nature of the computer industry, marketing techniques, and lack of precedence for these laws applied to the industry can mean developers are not aware their actions are illegal. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission issued a statement in 1984 with the goal of reminding companies that securities fraud also applies to "statements that can reasonably be expected to reach investors and the trading markets".[32]
Several companies have been accused in court of using knowingly false announcements to gain market advantage. In 1969, The United States Justice Department accused IBM of doing this in the caseUnited States v. IBM. After IBM's competitor Control Data Corporation (CDC) released a computer IBM announced the System/360 Model 91. The announcement resulted in a significant reduction in sales of CDC's product. The Justice Department accused IBM of doing this intentionally because the System/360 Model 91 was not released until three years later.[33][34] IBM avoided preannouncing products during the antitrust case, but after the case ended it resumed the practice. The company likely announced its PCjr in November 1983—four months before general availability in March 1984—to hurt sales of rival home computers during the important Christmas sales season.[35][36]The practice was not called "vaporware" at the time, but publications have since used the word to refer specifically to it. Similar cases have been filed against Kodak film company, AT&T, and Xerox.[37]
US District Judge Stanley Sporkin was a vocal opponent of the practice during his review of the settlement resulting from United States v. Microsoft Corp. in 1994. "Vaporware is a practice that is deceitful on its face and everybody in the business community knows it," said Sporkin.[38] One of the accusations made during the trial was that Microsoft has illegally used early announcements. The review began when three anonymous companies protested the settlement, claiming the government did not thoroughly investigate Microsoft's use of the practice. Specifically, they claimed Microsoft announced its Quick Basic 3 program to slow sales of its competitor Borland's recently released Turbo Basic program.[37] The review was dismissed for lack of explicit proof.[37]
Mary stop fapping your lip and get on the phone to the government. But Rossi has a patent now. Does that compromise Mary's legal case?
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I have also posted on Safire before.
http://www.e-catworld.com/2015…ring-in-safire-axil-axil/
The Safire team seems to be seeing fusion in the dusty plasma condensation layer when the hydrogen plasma first recombines into the non-plasma state. IMHO, this layer of condensing de-ionized hydrogen is likely Rydberg Hydrogen Matter(RHM).
The Safire method of producing this RHM seems like a simple way to produce RHM. The Safire experiment has a positively charged anode in the center of a hydrogen leak proof box carring a high DC potential. The walls of the box are negatively charged. The power pumped into the box is 1800 watts.
Safire is seeing power spikes of between 2 to 10 megawatts and transmutation products.
The main obstacle in LENR engineering is producing RHM for use in the LENR reactor.
It might be possible to extract this RHM as fuel for a LENR reactor. Or setup a LENR reactor which maintains a Safire like high voltage DC potential between the centrally located high DC voltage anode and the negatively charged reactor walls.
It would be interesting to see if any overunity heat is produced by this method.
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[quote] there is not enough evidence to tell what they are yet.
There are untold numbers of LENR developers working on systems that will be released to the market before too long and you don't even know who they are or what their scam is. I thinks you should also go dark and flush them out of their holes so you can pounce.
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Or from the Piantelli patents:
"........impulsive trigger action consists of supplying an energy pulse"".....trigger means (61 ,62,67) for creating an impulsive action (140) on said active core (18), said impulsively action (140) suitable for causing......"
The key to the Rossi effect is the generation of Rydberg hydrogen matter creation during the fuel preparation process. Rydberg Hydrogen Matter might be created using a shock wave during the fuel preparation phase.The intensity of the pressure applied to a material is proportional to the instantaneous power applied to the surface of the material. The faster that a material is shocked, the larger the pressure wave that will be created. To get great pressure to be generated, a intense amount of energy must be applied in the shortest amount of time to the smallest possible area.
Rossi does not do this in this reactor, but he does it in his fuel preparation process. Once Rydberg matter is formed, it will stay active for a long time so a fuel preparation process may create LENR active hydrogen that has a long shelf life.
Once the wafer is coated with lithium, nickel, and hydride, Rossi might treat the surface with a high energy laser, spark, proton or electron beam to produce the required shock pressure needed to convert hydrogen into Rydberg matter.
Additives that might aid in the Rydberg matter preparation process are graphite, lithium, and/or potassium.
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Science grows through explaining exceptions. For example, Newtonian physics explains most of the universe, but there are a few exceptions that it cannot explain: the orbit of Mercury and the bending of light through the influence of high mass is another. To explain these exceptions, the general theory of relativity is required. Einstein was judged to be a kook until Max Planck took him under his wing and sponsored his ideas. Not until then did general relativity gain any traction in the science world.
LENR is another example of the exception to the rule. Quantum mechanics works well for most things but there are a few things that it cannot handle. For example, what goes on inside the proton and neutron is not subject to the rules of quantum mechanics, so a new force was invented called the color force that handles this exception. The color force is the source of the strong interaction, or that the strong interaction is like a residual color force which extends beyond the proton or neutron to bind them together in a nucleus. The other exception that goes along with the color force is the fractional charge that quarks have. There are also the strange cases that come up involving the fractional quantum hall effect where magnetism produces balls of fractional charge that really surprised physics.
The color force is carried by gluons which makes it different from magnetism. But the quarks inside the protons are thought to be monopoles and they cannot be separated. But why is a quark different than a monopole which can be separated. This confinement is caused by superconductivity inside the proton or the neutron.
The monopole magnetic field comes from Surface Plasmon Polaritons solitons that form on the surface of all nano and micro particles. All nanowire based nanoparticles produce superconductive behavior due to topological restrictions in current flow. So most nanowire shaped nanoparticles will be LERN capable. This low level of LENR activity is what is seen in many LENR reaction. Where Rossi has improved the process is the production of graphite like nanowire particles called Rydberg matter.
If we could produce a monopole that was inside a superconductor, then we would have something special. We would have quarks. This is the exception that quantum mechanics cannot handle. The color force, quarks, and superconducting monopoles are covered by non-associative quantum mechanics. It is the repeated graphite like plate structure that is the key to a powerful LERN reaction.
It just so happens that nano particles can produce a superconducting monopole. This is accomplished in Rydberg matter which has been proven by Holmlid to be superconducting and subject to the Meissner effect.
The Rydberg matter that is produced in the LENR reaction is a carrier of the color force that keeps quark contained. This conjecture is proven true in the experiments of LeClair. The water particle is a water based Rydberg matter formed under the tremendous pressure and temperatures produced in the collapsing cavitation bubble. When this nanoparticle begins to eat through material no matter how hard, the particle is protected by destruction from nuclear level forces equal to that of a supernova by the quark based superconductive strengthen color force at the tip of the water crystal. The monopole shield is impenetrable and can withstand a supernova based explosion. When LeClair puts this extra force into the cavitation erosion equations, the equation becomes valid after a hundred years of failure.
LeClair states:
NanoSpire Cavitation Erosion Model Prediction of Fusion Thermodynamics
Mark LeClair of NanoSpire has solved the one hundred year old problem of accurately predicting cavitation erosion for all materials, as a function of cavitation and material properties. Researchers including Lord Kelvin, Lord Rayleigh and many scientists since their day have been unable to solve this seemingly intractable problem. Previous attempts at deriving an accurate general equation have been off by a factor of up to 300X compared to data.
Mark has derived a general equation for cavitation erosion that is a 98% R^2 curve fit for ASTM-G32 cavitation erosion data for 22 different materials. The equation takes van der Waals repulsion into account during high speed impact of cavitation reentrant jets. The equation predicts that a thin layer exists at the point of cavitation reentrant jet impact with a substrate where van der Waals repulsion dominates. The pressure in this thin zone is in the range of a few hundred up to just over a thousand gigapascals depending on the strength of the material.
In cold fusion, we are dealing with a special exception to standard reality involving the color force, gluon force carriers, quark confinement, non-associative quantum mechanics produced by a special shape (topology) of a special nano/micro particle.
See for the theory as follows:
Vortices in Non-Abelian Gauge Field Theory
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Quote
http://www.ptep-online.com/index_files/2011/PP-26-07.PDF
Liquid Metallic Hydrogen: A Building Block for the Liquid Sun
The reference puts forth a case that explains the sun as a condensed matter object made up of a liquid hydrogen lattice. The evidence that supports this idea is rooted in the continuous black body spectrum of the light that the sun produces. Only a solid like graphite can produce such a continuous spectrum. This idea that the sun is a condensed matter object rather than a gas explains many of the solar mysteries that have perplexed solar science for the last two centuries. But what cannot be explained and what is discouraging the idea that he sun is a condensed matter body made up of liquid hydrogen is how that liquid could remain liquid under the tremendous heat and pressure that exists inside the sun and in its atmosphere.
Another mystery about the sun is why it is not far denser than it is. There is a force intrinsic to the liquid hydrogen from becoming degenerate and therefore keeps the fusion going in the sun.
QuoteDegeneracy removes all of the forces which lead to fusion. As such, it should be more reasonable to maintain the relative incompressibility of condensed matter. The Sun, after all, has a very ordinary density of 1.4 g/cm3 [141] and the same is true for the giant planets.
From the conclusion
QuoteRelative to the Sun, a condensed approach brings interesting contrasts and dilemmas versus the gaseous models. The latter are endowed with tremendous mathematical flexibility [1, 2], but their physical relevance appears limited. Gases cannot by themselves impart structure and the solar spectrum is not easily explained in a gaseous framework [9]. The gaseous stars suffer from the stellar opacity problem [9]. Conversely, a liquid metallic hydrogen model imparts a wonderful ability to explain the origin of the solar spectrum relying on the layered structure held in common with graphite [141–149]. Metallic hydrogen possesses a very high critical temperature and can exist as condensed matter even on the solar surface accounting for many features of the Sun best characterized by material endowed with a lattice [141]. Most of the physical attributes of the Sun are more simply explained within the framework of a liquid model [141]. However, a condensed Sun is not as open to theoretical formulations. The advantages of a liquid Sun are now so numerous [20, 141–149] that it is difficult to conceive why the model was not proposed long ago. This speaks to the allure of the gaseous Sun and the mathematical beauty of the associated equations of state. In closing, it should be highlighted that there is currently an effort to describe the Sun as “liquid-like” (e.g. [162]). In the end, the author believes that such terminology should be avoided. If the Sun is condensed, it should be viewed as liquid, not “liquid-like”. Even gases could be “liquid-like”. Such terms cannot be sufficient, since a real lattice is required for production of the solar thermal spectrum. No compromise can be made on this point for those who have studied thermal emission in real materials. “Liquid-like” might refer to anything from a gas, to plasma, to fully degenerate matter, to supercritical fluid and none are necessarily endowed with a lattice. The contention of this work remains that the photosphere of the Sun is liquid, with true lattice structure and ordered interatomic distances. The adoption of liquid metallic hydrogen as a solar constituent brings with it a wealth of possibilities in describing solar structures and understanding the solar spectrum. Central to this advancement, the lattice must remain the foremost element in all of condensed matter, whether here on Earth, within the Sun, and even, in the firmament of the stars. Acknowledgement Luc Robitaille is acknowledged for producing a rendition of graphite’s layered lattice.
LENR is a fundamental force of nature. We who have been studying LENR understand that a monopole magnetic shield protects the liquid hydrogen that we know as Rydberg hydrogen matter from becoming degenerated matter in the giant planets and stars. Degenerate matter cannot support fusion so LENR is keeping the sun shining. This monopole force keeps the biggest and most massive stars from burring out and collapsing in on themselves. This monopole force gives LENR the ability to produce nuclear reactions directly within the nucleus of the atom as the strong force. The evidence from the sun and the planets adds to our understanding of what LENR is.
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If facts were indisputable there would be no need for discussion. There will always be differences of opinion which need to be accommodated without people being alienated or humiliated in the process.
The trolls do more than just have a contrary opinion, they actively do all the dirty tricks that they can think of to undercut LENR development.
There was a NRC action generated by a troll against Rossi regarding the presence or use of nuclear material in his lab. There are calls to monied interests to undercut LENR funding. There are efforts to get pro LENR journalists fired. There are efforts to lobby educational institutions to either remove and/or not considerer LENR development efforts.
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Quote
Hot-electron nanoscopy using adiabatic compression of surface plasmons
http://physics.gsu.edu/stockman/data/Stockman_Fabrizio_et_al_Nat_Nano_2013_Adiabatic_Nanoscopy_Supplement.pdfElectric field norm of a TM0 mode along the conical tip geometry (Rtip = 25 nm), excited at 670 nm. (A) The tip is in non contact with respect to the semiconductor sample. (B) When the tip is posed in contact with the semiconductor, a further enhancement of the induced adiabatic SPP focusing at the tip apex can be deserved. In all cases, fields are normalized to the input amplitude, E0=1 V/m.
I ran accross this picture of a nanowire type of nanoparticle. The Rydberg matter type of particle fits into that class of particle. Note how the SPP covers the particle from its tail to its tip. The tip has the most amplified SPP field.
Science grows through explaining exceptions. For example, Newtonian physics explains most of the universe, but there are a few exceptions that it cannot explain: the orbit of Mercury and the bending of light through the influence of high mass is another. To explain these exceptions, the general theory of relativity is required. Einstein was judged to be a kook until Max Planck took him under his wing and sponsored his ideas. Not until then did general relativity gain any traction in the science world.
LENR is another example of the exception to the rule. Quantum mechanics works well for most things but there are a few things that it cannot handle. For example, what goes on inside the proton and neutron is not subject to the rules of quantum mechanics, so a new force was invented called the color force that handles this exception.
The color force is the source of the strong interaction, or that the strong interaction is like a residual color force which extends beyond the proton or neutron to bind them together in a nucleus. The other exception that goes along with the color force is the fractional charge that quarks have. There are also the strange cases that come up involving the fractional quantum hall effect where magnetism produces balls of fractional charge that really surprised physics. The color force is carried by gluons which makes it different from magnetism. But the quarks inside the protons are thought to be monopoles and they cannot be separated. But why is a quark different than a monopole which can be separated. This confinement is caused by superconductivity inside the proton or the neutron.
If we could produce a monopole that was inside a superconductor, then we would have something special. We would have quarks. This is the exception that quantum mechanics cannot handle. The color force, quarks, and superconducting monopoles are covered by non-associative quantum mechanics.
It just so happens that nano particles can produce a superconducting monopole. This is accomplished in Rydberg matter which has been proven by Holmlid to be superconducting and subject to the meissner effect.
The Rydberg matter that is produced in the LENR reaction is a carrier of the color force that keeps quark contained. This conjecture is proven true in the experiments of LeClair. The water particle is a water based Rydberg matter formed under the tremendous pressure and temperatures produced in the collapsing cavitation bubble. When this nanoparticle begins to eat through material no matter how hard, the particle is protected by destruction from nuclear level forces equal to that of a supernova by the quark based superconductive strengthen color force at the tip of the water crystal. The monopole shield is impenetrable and can withstand a supernova based explosion. When LeClair puts this extra force into the cavitation erosion equations, the equation becomes valid after a hundred years of failure.
LeClair states:
NanoSpire Cavitation Erosion Model Prediction of Fusion ThermodynamicsMark LeClair of NanoSpire has solved the one hundred year old problem of accurately predicting cavitation erosion for all materials, as a function of cavitation and material properties. Researchers including Lord Kelvin, Lord Rayleigh and many scientists since their day have been unable to solve this seemingly intractable problem. Previous attempts at deriving an accurate general equation have been off by a factor of up to 300X compared to data.
Mark has derived a general equation for cavitation erosion that is a 98% R^2 curve fit for ASTM-G32 cavitation erosion data for 22 different materials. The equation takes van der Waals repulsion into account during high speed impact of cavitation reentrant jets. The equation predicts that a thin layer exists at the point of cavitation reentrant jet impact with a substrate where van der Waals repulsion dominates. The pressure in this thin zone is in the range of a few hundred up to just over a thousand gigapascals depending on the strength of the material. In cold fusion, we are dealing with a special exception to standard reality involving the color force, gluon force carriers, quark confinement, non-associative quantum mechanics produced by a special shape (topology) of a special nano/micro particle.
See for the theory as follows:
Vortices in Non-Abelian Gauge Field Theory
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Poor Gregory. All your googling produces are artist conceptions or images of collections of useless and functionless junk. And the other links are to claims. A friendly suggestion: stick to fields you understand. If there are any.
More insults from a know nothing. The insults got you tossed from vortex.
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Hey frankwtu, if there is no bad publicity, can you explain why Franc Ackland rigidly censors his dreadfully dull web site to eliminate most comments unfavorable to Rossi and ALL comments suggesting that Rossi is a fraud? Interestingly, Woodford fund has a forum and when two of their shareholders documented their distaste for LENR in general and Rossi in particular, they at first allowed a brief discussion (two or three responses from each side) and then rigidly censored any further debate. If I were a Woodford shareholder, I'd be mightily pissed off!
This behavior is not unusual in social interactions. For example, a gathering of the Veterans of Foreign Wars would not tolerate terroristic statements coming from any of its visitors. We keep you and your kind here endlessly flapping your lip so you can harmlessly waste your breath and insults on deaf ears.
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Rossi just said no Seebeck effect is used....
so he have stated
- power is harvested directly from the wafer (?)
- the wafer is generating DC current ( WTF ?)
- the currents are collected "externaly"well I'm confused. And Rossi is a master confusor :crazy:
LENR produces subatomic particles. Lief Holmlid has shown that mesons are generated by LENR. Mesons will decay into electrons. Electrons are coming out of the LENR reaction in the same way as neutrons are generated by a nuclear reaction.
