Posts by axil

The case for Muon catalyzed fusion

The interrelated nuclear reactions that are occurring concurrently in a typical LENR reactor are multifold. For example, In the ECCO reactor, there is likely multiple nuclear active reactions going on at once. These reactions include nucleon decay that is producing sub atomic particles (muon and pions), muon/pion catalyzed fusion and fission.

But how can we tell the nature of these interrelated reactions. One way to determine if muons are producing nuclear reactions is to confine the reactor in a magnetic bottle to increase the population of muons that are confined to the nuclear active zone of the reactor. If muons are active, then there should be a marked increase in the level of transmutation that is occurring. There should also be a increase in the energy production of the reactor since the muons will decay inside the nuclear active zone. Also, muon catalyzed fusion should increase inside the reactor rather than wasted in the far field. If no difference in transmutation or energy production levels are seen then the PRIMARY LENR reaction is the sole source of the transmutation.

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An indication in an experiment that muon reactions happen in a LENR reaction.

Low-energy nuclear reactions and the leptonic monopole

Georges Lochak*, Leonid Urutskoev**

http://disq.us/url?url=http%3A…z28qmbSGq_Hw&cuid=2168707

This experiment shows that U238 is fissioning at a faster rate than U235 since U235 was enriched.

The uranium was far removed in distance from the Primary LENR reaction source. Yet both U238 and U235 were found to fission. Muon induced fission is the likely cause of this fission reaction.

Quote from H-G Branzell

How do you reconcile your paper with the Standard Model?

Celebrate

http://artsci.case.edu/smat50/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=BHxHtjP3ddQ

Using powerful new online Parkhomov nuclear reaction database to help explain real empirical data and guide potentially viable experimental choices.

Dr. Alexander Parkhomov's net positive nuclide to stable nuclide interactive reaction tables are now available on

FusFis.org

Made possible by the superb donated programming talent of Denis Lamotte, thankyou Denis.

Blogpost is here: https://steemit.com/steemstem/…t-really-is-new-fire-fuel

Quote from Zephir_AWT

SAFIRE has nothing to do with cold fusion, the disintegration of tungsten electrode observed is common ion sputtering effect. AxilAxil lacks better experiments so that he combines wildly.

Transmutation of tungsten was seen in the probe. That means LENR.

Quote from Wyttenbach

axil : So far we only have experimental prove for LENR. Theories with no experimental backing are not worth to be discussed.

The paper you mention is interesting for cavity based LENR in a classical Rossi like setup but all experiments I looked into a year ago are at very low pressure. This is a prerequisite if you understand the Bose-Einstein formula. This also explains that extrapolating any temperature is not quite easy and just mathematical...

When Alan runs his plasma tube experiment with the foil sparking away, he will find a very high temperature in that foil. Alan should have reported that foil temperature when he described that experiment...that is... if that experiment was finalized.

By the way, Alan, what was the temperature of that sparking foil?

Quote from Alan Smith

That is a theoretical study. In other words, somebody's opinion. It is not an experimental observation

Well this is your chance to gain practical knowledge of polariton coherent behavior. But seriously in theory, very high temperature polariton operation is clearly deemed possible.

A uncomplicated reactor concept might obviously emerge from the SAFIRE reaction.

A stainless steel or nickel double walled plasma tube filled with an appropriate coolant has metal fins that are positioned to impinge into the double layers of a SAFIRE like plasma. The double layers will induce the LENR reaction on the surface of the metal fins. The fins could be filled with a circulating coolant.

The SAFIRE reaction might be able to penetrate the surface of the metal fins and interact with the coolant flowing through the inside of the fins. The metal tube is confined in a magnetic bubble that confines any charged particles that might be generated by the SAFIRE reaction until those sub atomic particles decay and liberate their energy content.

A coolant circulation pump could circulate the coolant through the double walled metal pipe and associated fins to a heat exchanger where the heat generated by the SAFIRE reaction could be converted in such a way to utilize the power contained therein.

Quote from Wyttenbach

axil : Can you give us a reference paper with stable polariton waves at >> 10000 Kelvins.... or even greater 1000 would be OK....

https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.140602

In the section of the SAFIRE video showing the large tungsten probe's reaction to the plasma, there first was a large production of energy in the plasma that lasted a few seconds. This was the time that pumping of energy into the polaritons was underway. This was a time of high energy production. The plasma next failed but the surface of the tungsten probe still produced a large amount of energy from what the presenter terms thermionic emissions.

This was the time when the surface of the tungsten was self pumping. We call this self sustain mode. The surface of the tungsten probe looked unaffected on the outside. It did not vaporize, but doubtless the surface released much metal vapor into the gas around the probe.

A multi megawatt level burst of energy release did not occur during the polariton segment of this reaction because the probe was not destroyed by the energy that was released.

There was a large amount of metal vapor in the gas around the tungsten probe and yet there was no production of a multi megawatt level burst of energy released as would be expected if the nano-particles that had condensed from the tungsten probe were the only carrier of the LENR reaction.

This leads me to conclude that both the metal vapor from the probe, the metal surface of the probe, and a plasma only reaction that does not involve metal are all producing the LENR reactions in the SAFIRE system.

Quote from Ed Lewis

One question, though they maybe said so in the video, is actually how hot the electrode gets by their estimation and also how hot does the plasma, or any part of the plasma that is involved with the transmutation, actually get. I only watched the video once, and didn`t even watch the whole thing, so I don`t know what temperatures they think they are reaching.

Putting things into context...

I have been interested in SAFIRE as a possible LENR platform since 2015 when I saw a video where some unexplained reactions were happening in the phase 1 SAFIRE experiment. Two of these unexplained reactions held exciting possibilities as aout-of-the-box LENR reaction. First, transmutation of an element on the hydrogen gas with an atomic weight of 3 was being produced. and second, huge bursts of energy were produced which ranged up to 20 million watts of power.

Even way back then, SAFIRE information mentioned that there was LENR going on in SAFIRE. But the SAFIRE system is comprised of just hydrogen...no palladium...no nickel...no metal...how could LENR be occurring in SAFIRE. This situation was very interesting and possibly revealing.

Now in 2018, the new status report video shows how a metal interacts with the double layer that forms in a hydrogen plasma. The tungsten probe should have easily withstood the temperature in the plasma. The temperatures in the plasma is well under the melting point of tungsten. Yes, the electron energy level (7.5 Ev) is equivalent to a black-body temperature of 80,000C , but electron energy levels are not temperature levels.

The tungsten probe should have withstood the environment in the double layer. Instead, the tungsten probe vaporized in nanoseconds...it did not first melt. A thick tungsten probe version partially vaporized but what remained looked unaffected. But its interior was transmuted into various other elements even when its surface remained pure tungsten. Anther telling revelation is that the alumina insulation held up well in the double layer.

The .thunderbolts. crew has been interested in double layers in plasma since .thunderbolts first began as a primary format that appears in plasma in space.

http://www.thunderbolts.info/eg_draft/eg_chapter_6.htm

We learn from this old paper that the SAFIRE experiment is the spherical version of this plasma tube experiment. The Double layers in plasma are produced in the plasma tube as well as in the spherical SAFIRE plasma mode. What Alan/Russ did with the metal foil in their plasma tube experiment is identical to what SAFIRE did by inserting the Langmuir Probe into the double layer. The two experiments produced the same LENR effect when the metal was inserted into the double layer. In both these systems, the interaction between the metal and the double layer is to produce a population of surface plasmon polaritons that merge to generate a polariton BEC.

The Alan/Russ plasma tube experiment has been conducted by young plasma students for over a 100 years. This goes to show that there is not much new under the Sun. The glow tube experiment is a demonstration of the Goldstein–Wehner law.

See

http://campus.mst.edu/aplab/index_files/PlasmaTheory.pdf

Plasma Theory for Undergraduate Education - Missouri S&T

Detecting double layers in plasma physics is the first thing that these students learn is plasma school. But the most telling clue is the production of gamma radiation when the emissions of the metal interaction with the double layer plasma is shielded by a metal foil. This shielding method is how Holmlid built his peer reviewed muon detector. What the Holmlid experiment is producing and what metal irradiation by plasma is producing is the same thing...polaritons.

Quote from H-G Branzell

Axil, thank you for recycling my illustration of a Meshuganon experiment. But in my mind the credibility of the previously claimed observations of these crazy particles has decreased from very low to close to infinitesimal.

http://atom-ecology.russgeorge…/data-speaks-to-real-men/

By the way, the power supply already is DC.

The Alan experiment has been conducted by young plasma students for over a 100 years. This goes to show that there is not much new under the Sun. The glow tube experiment is a demonstration of the Goldstein–Wehner law.

See

http://campus.mst.edu/aplab/index_files/PlasmaTheory.pdf

Plasma Theory for Undergraduate Education - Missouri S&T

The SAFIRE experiment is the spherical version of this plasma tube experiment. The Double layers are produced in the plasma tube as well as in the spherical SAFIRE mode. What Alan did with the metal foil is identical to what SAFIRE did by inserting the Langmuir Probe into the double layer. The two experiments produced the same LENR effect when the metal was inserted into the double layer. In both these systems, the interaction between the metal and the double layer is to produce a population of surface plasmon polaritons that merge to generate a polariton BEC.

In this plasmoid generation mode of the LENR reaction where the petal Condensate intercepts the energy output that the double layer reaction produces, that energy is reformatted in the singular way that the petal condensate is constrained to produce as a analog black hole. That reformatting process includes a very wasteful segment of the total output. The condensate produces muons (aka Meshuganon) with that fraction of total output energy that is essentially lost to the far field. Muons has a long delay time and they travel a long way from the place in which they were created. As Alan has observed, the generation of gamma radiation when the tube is heavily shielded is a sure sign that muons are being produced by the inserted metal surface.

In the SAFIRE reaction, no condensate is formed and therefor all the energy that the LENR reaction produces in the formation of helium is retained as heat output. I predict that Helium 3 will be detected in a spectrogram of the gases in the glow tube over some extended period of its operation. Excess heat will also be produced by the glow tube in the same why that SAFIRE produces excess heat.

Alan should take the glow tube experiment to ICCF-21. The SAFIRE people will greatly profit from the Muon demo.

I think that downsizing the SAFIRE experiment will work. The key to the reaction is the formation of the double layer. I now beleive that the new Rossi SK reactor is using a pure plasma reaction like SAFIRE.

It would be interesting if someone can ask Rossi if the SK rector is covered by the same patent as the QX. If not, the SK reactor is a pure plasma reaction that does not use fuel and an open source one at that.

I think that phase 1 of SAFIRE is doable for an amateur. A glass enclosure that holds hydrogen as seen below might be within the capabilities of the the amateur scientist. Unlike many other types of LENR experiments, the experimenter knows that LENR will occur in any metal inserted into one of the double layers. The sub atomic particles that comprise the plasma are LENR active. An experimenter can use these SAFIRE features to perform all sorts of interesting LENR based activities.

It might be that the SunCell is demonstrating the same plasma based LENR reaction as SAFIRE is. The SunCell can produce self sustained plasma based reactions that can last for minutes. It would be informative if the SunCell reaction can be produced using SAFIRE methods. This could inform Mills that his theory of the reaction may not be the correct one and that his patents might need to be adjusted accordingly to add LENR to his thinking. The SAFiRE reaction looks like an open source reaction freely available to anyone to use in reactor development.

See some Phase 1 experimental action in SAFIRE.

There is not much of a difference between the SAFIRE architecture and the experimental setup of Alan's experiment.

Alan can change the input power format to DC current, the hydrogen to protium, and add the ability to change the pressure of the hydrogen. Alan can add a few diodes in this power circuit to get a DC current source, and that source might not need to be a high voltage one.

What the SAFIRE project does to get the double layer plasma structure to form is to adjust the voltage and current as independent variables together with the pressure of the hydrogen until they see the development of the double layer structure in the plasma.

It would be wonderful if LookingForHeat or some other willing experimenter could reproduce the SAFIRE plasma structure as a way to test the LENR reaction even if that inspection is done at a primitive level..

The proton proton (PP) fusion reaction is the most enigmatic nuclear reaction that you will ever run across. This reaction has concerned me a lot and still confuses me.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/…0%93proton_chain_reaction

Proton–proton chain reaction

The PP reaction should not occur, but it is said to occur as the power source of the Sun as well as all the other stars because there is so much hydrogen involved in the energy cycle of the Sun.

"In the Sun, deuterium-producing events are rare. Diprotons are the much more common result of proton–proton reactions within the star, and diprotons almost immediately decay back into two protons. Since the conversion of hydrogen to helium is slow, the complete conversion of the hydrogen in the core of the Sun is calculated to take more than 10^10 (ten billion) years."

The PP reaction should be impossible to happen here on earth, but there is evidence that helium is being generated in all sorts of LENR systems. Why does LENR make PP fusion possible or possible very likely to occur?

The reason for a vibrant PP reaction to occur in LENR is the huge increase in the likelihood of weak force reactions. LENR boosts both the strength and probability for the weak force to manifest by huge amounts.

We have seen this sort of weak force amplification happen in the transmutation of Ni58 to Ni62 and Ni64. In the Luano test, all the natural nickel isotopes were converted into Ni62. Where did all those extra neutrons come from to transmute all the Ni58 to Ni62?

LENR generates a massive increase in the strength of the weak force that converts all those protons into neutrons. The weak force is there to change protons into neutrons to balance out and stabilize nuclear reactions.

The occurrence of PP fusion in SAFIRE is actually a LENR reaction. The chiral separation of particle spins into right and left handed helicity produces this massive increase in the weak-force.

In SAFIRE, protons are forced together so forcefully that they form diprotons. Diprotons are unstable and normally, the protons in that pairing are forced apart by like charge repulsion. But instead, the hyper-strong weak force then transmutes these diprotons into deuterium. Now the deuterium is easily transmuted into Helium 3 when another proton merges with the newly created deuterium.

Rather that taking 10 billion years for deuterium to form from diprotons, it takes instead picoseconds in the LENR environment established by particle chirality.

Quote from Ed Lewis

The problem I found when people tried to explain Ball Lightning as Rydberg Matter ...

The plasmoid is one of the most ubiquitous causes of LENR, but it is not the underlying cause in the SAFIRE reaction. The plasmoid is a complicated and hard to understand cause of the LENR reaction. The plasmoid is full of quantum mechanical and optical complications that make it very obscure and intractable, but it is the mechanism that most LENR developers are using to produce the LENR reaction. SAFIRE produces energy from hydrogen proton proton fusion without the introduction of any metal into the plasma stream. It is the internal organization of the plasma itself that produces the LENR reaction.

The SAFIRE LENR reaction is a totally pure and uncomplicated LENR reaction. It is a wonderful and informative case study of how LENR works.

The plasmoid is usually the starting point in the creation of the LENR reaction. The plasmoid reduces down eventually after much complicated QM gyrations to produce the underlying factors that really produces LENR. But not any type of plasmoid can produce LENR. It takes a special kind of plasmoid to produce LENR. It takes a petal condensate soliton to create the type of quantum mechanical mechanisms that result in LENR. In other words, the petal condensate soliton will generate the same activity that SAFIRE can naturally instantiate in the double layers of its plasma format.

When we insert a bit of metal into one of the double layers of the SAFIRE plasma, we can derive the petal condensate soliton on the surface of that metal. This ability to move up from a basic causation level to a more complicated levels shows us that the LENR reaction can be symmetric. The Hutchison effect uses this reaction symmetry to produce LENR effects in metals. This ability to move up the causation chain unlocks the quantum mechanical toolkit of the petal condensate soliton that the LENR reaction uses and makes them accessible at a macro level.

I like the SAFIRE fusion system in that it is capable of demonstrating extreme power density. It can generate clean fusion energy without any radioactive activation or radiation. The COP that SAFIRE is capable of generating is 2,000,000(out)/200(in) watts = 10,000 or maybe even 20,000,000(out)/200(in) watts = 100,000.

The QX system is built to be a distributed system located in the customer's site. Local control of that system is a problem for Rossi.

The requirement for an on site expert to control a local system is the weakness of Rossi's system. Rossi wants to keep the need to have a trained operator on site to a minimum or even better to have no local operator on site at all. This internet remote control idea is dangerous, not so much to protect the Rossi IP, but to protect his system from the sabotage that a competitor might want to inflect onto the entire population of Rossi's product line.

A hacker could mount a denial of service attack against Rossi's entire product line and no control signals will get though to any of his systems. What does Rossi do then?

A system that needs no control expertice is a system that will easily defeat Rossi in the marketplace.

Rossi made a mistake when he designed the QX. In a centralized system where control is provided by on site experts, extreme power density and minimum material usage is what will win in the marketplace.

A 20 gigawatt reactor that can operate inside a room will defeat a huge centralized e-cat site using millions of QX reactors. High power density means cheap up front costs and econimies of scale.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economies_of_scale

The Chiral Particle Radiation Hydrodynamics Effect.

The flow of EMF radiation through plasma will separate particles based on their chirality. Since chiral particles migrate at different speeds when exposed to emf radiation, chiral particles will collect into separate regions and then further separate by their charge. This difference in how particles react to deal with photon momentum imparted by emf radiation and the then its subsequent absorption and later release of that energy is called chiral radiation hydrodynamics.

For the theory of how EMF radiation can separate chiral particles, see

https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms4307

Lateral optical force on chiral particles near a surface

In the SAFIRE experiment, multiple layers of chiral particles form. The emf emitted by the stimulating current flow is retarded and stored in each double layer. This storage mechanism is analogous to the way a wall comprised of many layers will retard a large wave.

The speed of light in that current flow is greatly slowed in response to the way hydrogen stores and releases that energy at its intrinsic natural resonance. This storage of this energy is amplified in each double layer as the emf energy moves to the outermost double layer until the outermost layer receives and stores an energy balance sufficient to generate hydrogen fusion that produces helium 3. This is the method in which the Radiation implosion based Teller–Ulam design for the hydrogen bomb works.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_implosion

Radiation implosion

Tritium is not produced in this fusion reaction since the outermost double layer in which the fusion occurs is comprised of left handed chiral particles. Chiral particle separation insures that no radiation is generated by this fusion reaction.

The LENR reaction in SAFIRE

When the tungsten probe is inserted into a double layer, the Surface Plasmon Polaritons on the surface of the tungsten is excited through the release of the energy stored in the double layer. This high level of stored energy is converted into a polariton petal condensate as the density of polaritons grows large. The condensate generated by the LENR reaction and the chiral separation of particles in the double layer blocks all nuclear level radiation produced by the LENR reaction.

Science has made a big mistake that is causing them to travel down the Hot Fusion dead end. The Sun uses the LENR reaction to produce energy, not hot fusion. One false basic assumption can cause the entire scientific edifice to collapse.