Developments in Superconductivity

Quote from Lou Pagnucco

A possible route to above room-temperature superconductivity --
"High-Tc Superconductivity: Strong Indication of Filamentary-Chaotic Conductance
and Possible Routes to Superconductivity Above Room Temperature"
https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1604/1604.01623.pdf

Somewhat similar to Branly's effect --
"Understanding Branly's effect through Induced Tunnelling"
http://arxiv.org/abs/1312.7464

Also, possibly related to LENR theories based on ultra-high density
ballistic, or superconducting current filaments.

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From

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/LochakGlowenergyn.pdf

Low-energy nuclear reactions and the leptonic monopole

Georges Lochak*, Leonid Urutskoev**
*Fondation Louis de Broglie, Paris, France
**RECOM, Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia

The spark produces nanoparticles covered with surface plasmon polaritons that generate a monopole flux tube. This monopole magnetic field is the fundamental cause of the LENR reaction.

More info about room superconductivity research at r/Physics AWT

• Puzzling new behaviour observed in high-temperature superconductors
• Physicists discover flaws in superconductor theory
• Classical BCS theory cannot explain the behavior of high temperature superconductors
• Electrons are not enough: Cuprate superconductors defy convention
• Joe Eck announced the room temperature superconductor composed from four elements only.
• Experimental evidence of superconductors with critical temperatures above 373K is presented.
• New photographs and video of 373 K superconductor demos were posted
• Superconductors could detect superlight dark matter

Anomalous thermal hysteresis in the high-field magnetic moments of magnetic nanoparticles embedded in multi-walled carbon nanotubes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhao, Guo-Meng; Wang, Jun; Ren, Yang; Beeli, Pieder

2012-02-01

We report high-temperature (300-1120 K) magnetic properties of Fe and Fe3O4 nanoparticles embedded in multi-walled carbon nanotubes. We unambiguously show that the magnetic moments of Fe and Fe3O4 nanoparticles are seemingly enhanced by a factor of about 3 compared with what they would be expected to have for free (unembedded) magnetic nanoparticles. What is more intriguing is that the enhanced moments were completely lost when the sample was heated up to 1120 K and the lost moments at 1120 K were completely recovered through several thermal cycles below 1020 K. The anomalous thermal hysteresis of the high-field magnetic moments is unlikely to be explained by existing physical models except for the high-field paramagnetic Meissner effect due to the existence of ultrahigh temperature superconductivity in the multi-walled carbon nanotubes.

Interesting how is strong force related? How does this effect LENR? What does it suggest direction wise? Oh and thanks for the references!

Quote from Rigel

Interesting how is strong force related? How does this effect LENR? What does it suggest direction wise? Oh and thanks for the references!

Superconductivity is central to the LENR reaction because it brings coherence as an indispensable catalytic factor to the LENR reaction.

The LENR reaction is produced by a greatly amplified weak force interaction with matter that destabilizes nuclear matter through coherence.

Like any other subatomic particle, protons and neutrons are inherently unstable. They just appear stable because of their long half lives. The supersymmetry (SUSY) prediction of the grand unification theories, such as the SU(5) Georgi–Glashow model and SO(10) is on the order of 10e34–10e36 yr

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_decay

Particle physics is based on finding supersymmetry to complete the standard model. Not finding proton decay would mean that the standard model was wrong.

To produce proton decay through coherence, it is important to find the conditions where superconductivity persists at high temperatures up to 7000K where some instances of the LENR reaction have been observed.

In this system, an interesting observation about how the weak force is operating in LENR

http://www.newinflow.ru/pdf/Klimov_Poster.pdf

Quote

Spectrometer X-123SDD records soft X radiation (0.1 - 30 keV) in heterogeneous plasmoid. X-receiver is arranged at different cross sections of PVR testing section and cross sections behind nozzle at L = 1 ÷ 100 cm from it.

• Heterogeneous plasmoid behind PVR nozzle is γ-radioactive. Soft X-radiation 100 - 10000 eV from this plasmoid. X-radiation decrement is very small (radiation intensity decrease is about 20% at L = 100 cm)

At the very tip of the reaction nozzle, there is gamma radiation produced by the weak force decay. But over a very short time as the plasma moves away from the reaction nozzle at supersonic speeds, even though the reaction temperature is initially 7000K or more, the level of radiation is reduced in stages until at L = 100cm, the x-ray energy level is nominal at 30 keV. This nominal 30 keV x-ray level is the level reported by Defkalion in their system using spark discharge.

Other systems using laser irradiation of various transition metal nanostructures show both the formation of tritium and its rapid decay as a simultaneous operation. The laser brings coherence to the LENR reaction as a catalyst for weak force amplification.

See

https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1306/1306.0830.pdf

Quote

Tritium is another unstable isotope with half-life of 12.2 years. It would be interesting to induce its beta-decay by exposure to laser radiation, as it was done previously for other nuclides. In this work we demonstrate for the first time the nuclear synthesis and decay of Tritium under laser exposure of various targets in D2O.

I like these laser based experiments that reveal in the most basic terms what is happening in the bare bones LENR reaction.

Julian Seymour Schwinger (February 12, 1918 – July 16, 1994) was a Nobel Prize winning American theoretical physicist. He is best known for his work on the theory of quantum electrodynamics (QED), in particular for developing a relativistically invariant perturbation theory, and for renormalizing QED to one loop order. Schwinger was a professor in the physics department at UCLA.

After 1989 Schwinger took a keen interest in the non-mainstream research of cold fusion. He wrote eight theory papers about it. He resigned from the American Physical Society after their refusal to publish his papers. He felt that cold fusion research was being suppressed and academic freedom violated. He wrote: "The pressure for conformity is enormous. I have experienced it in editors’ rejection of submitted papers, based on venomous criticism of anonymous referees. The replacement of impartial reviewing by censorship will be the death of science."

A recent reexamination of Schwinger’s ideas shows based on 27 years of experimentation shows that he was right on the mark in terms of the basic causation of cold fusion.

For example, in a reexamination of Schwinger’s cold fusion theory by A. Meulenberg in the video presentation:
ttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RcTSUJUCRHE
and associated slides at
http://hdl.handle.net/10355/36818

J. Schwinger states: Nuclear Energy in an Atomic Lattice, in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990.

Quote

“This representation of the overall probability, per unit time, as the product of two independent factors, may be true enough under the circumstances of hot fusion. But in very low energy cold fusion one deals essentially with a single state, or wave function, all parts of which are coherent. It is not possible to totally isolate the effect of the electric forces from that of the nuclear forces.”

Consistent with J. Schwinger statement above, it is now becoming clear that coherence is amplifying the weak force to an elevated level where nuclear matter is being decayed into mesons, fission and fusion then occurs through the action of muons – a meson decay product.

Next J. Schwinger states

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Problem: How to avoid creating neutrons in D-D fusion Proposed Solution:

1. Assume interaction Hamiltonian includes short range nuclear potential

2. Phonon action stimulates phonon emission

3. Use up some nuclear energy before fusion occurs

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This happens as nuclear binding energy is shared in the act of nucleon decay when the atom and catalytic quasiparticle are joined in a coherent entanglement before the secondary muon fusion or fission can occur.

J. Schwinger next states on the positive feedback loop in LENR as follows:

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Correlated phonon-induced motion of a D sub-lattice,

• Stimulated emission, (but no energy levels)

• Large D displacement => non-linearities

• Emission-enhanced displacement => more emission

The transfer of nuclear energy via entanglement strengthens the weak force based catalytic action of the quasiparticle which then produces enhancement of its catalytic action as it also stabilizes the radioactive nuclear byproduct of the LENR reaction.

http://phys.org/news/2016-12-d…xtremely-temperature.html

Discovery of bismuth superconductivity at extremely low temperature jeopardizes theory

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The finding by the team has shed doubt on the reliability of the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) theory, because the metal does not have enough electrons to allow for partnering up—the means by which most semiconductors operate without resistance. It also now represents the lowest carrier density superconductor. The work by the team also demonstrates that despite a significant amount of effort put into studying superconductivity, it is still not very well understood.

Yes it is out. BCS was almost Newtonian (and revolutionary at the time for hundreds of years) and then now is a time for a new phase (GR). But now currently latest new phase (String T. now at 40years) will be replaced also as we understand more. This is why we should work together to gain a greater understanding. How did that damn electron get there? If what we understood is true, the electron could not as they say... "got there from here" but yet.

This is a 'non habet', but could be related to help get hydrogen into a Ni type bone. I think it was on ECW open thread if mis-attributed please correct. I did not know where to put this. I am still looking for Ni based success, but am pessimistic.

Hydrogen in your pocket.

Many important phenomena such as Seebeck efect, Nernst efect, Shubnikov-de Haas efect, de Haas-van Alphen (dHvA) efect etc. were first discovered in bismuth. This is because the crystalline bismuth is an intrinsic topological insulator. That means, it's composed of layers and the electrons are allowed to move only between these layers, being expelled to there from bulk. This means, that despite the average concentration of charge carriers is low in bismut, locally their density can be still high enough to fit the adiabatic limit of BCS theory (i.e. the Born-Oppenheimer approximation of Hartree-Fock model, on which BCS theory is based).

In this way can also BCS theory be reconciled with high temperature superconductors behavior because the Cooper pairs are allowed to move only along Fermi surface, which forms narrow hole stripes within these materials. The attractive interaction is mediated by phonons and there is a maximal frequency of phonons characteristic for a given material. Thus, the interaction can only occur between the states in the gap. We restrict ourselves to the electrons from the Fermi surface only because any interaction below it is restricted by the Pauli principle. Thus only the interactions at the Fermi levels are important.

I learn a lot from posts like this above. Kinda skewers my BCS argument, but so be it. As I was going down the post, I came across this photo of a oil lamp powering a radio.

Quote from Zephir_AWT

The attractive interaction is mediated by phonons and there is a maximal frequency of phonons characteristic for a given material.

There are no phonons at absolute zero, go back to the drawing board.

Why they shouldn't? It would imply, at the absolute zero temperature the superconductivity should disappear - at least according to BCS theory - or not?
BTW did you read about Zero-point energy?

It's not so difficult to imagine, from where the mistake of your reply originates from. It results from the assumption, that at absolute temperature everything will freeze to solid rest. But this is not what the absolute temperature means. At first, even if the particles would be perfectly still, they can still mediate phonon waves between them - the matter doesn't become thermally non-conductive just because of it. But most of all, the absolute temperature doesn't imply the absolute rest of these particles. The particles will still wiggle at 0 K - just there will be no colder place, to which their motion could be transferred to. IMO this motion could be even observed by naked eye at the surface of liquid helium, which would look rough and vibrating even at the zero temperature. As you probably know, the helium doesn't freeze at room pressure even at the lowest possible temperature, because the density fluctuations of vacuum keep its atoms in neverending motion. The portion of this motion can be even seen by naked eye at the surface of liquid helium.

This is interesting so while I hate to cite wikipedia but I found "At absolute zero temperature, a crystal lattice lies in its ground state, and contains no phonons." I have not checked the original papers though they are not linked directly. Please no offense.

The absolute zero is not possible. At absolute zero, the thermal vibrations of the matter particles and their uncertainty in position/momentum would drop down to zero, which is not possible according to Quantum Mechanics.

https://www.quora.com/Could-inducing-two-phonons-quanta-of-vibration-in-a-lattice-be-used-to-attain-absolute-zero"

This is because the vacuum, which is classically considered as a truly empty space, is not empty after all. It is full of field of elementary particles, and also possesses a certain amount of energy in the ground state, which is known as “Zero point energy”. This Zero Point Energy thus prohibits any substance to be cooled upto absolute zero, since the atom being cooled can “borrow” some energy from the vacuum, provided that it repays back the energy in accordance with Heisenberg’s principle. Thus the particle will always have some thermal jitters, and thus can never be cooled to absolute zero."