Posts by rubycarat

Edmund sTorms is going to tell us how it works, why it works, and how it can be commercialized.

Hydrogenated metals are well known. A nuclear reaction can simply not take place in the lattice structure. It would violat too many laws of chemistry and physics. Instead another environment must be created, he calls it the Nuclear Active Environment. Once in the NAE, it has the ability to form another structure called the Nuclear Active Structure where the action occurs.

The NAE must

attract the hydrogen, but not allow the formation of the hydrogen molecule. Thus, it mus have a particular size. He believes the NAE are gaps, small cracks too small to see on the electron microscope, a few nanometers in size. Once occupied by H or D the gap structure become s chemically stable. This proves the condition where the NAS can form.

Inclusion s of oxide particles in solid Pd at which the reaction with D or H causes gaps to form around the particle regardless of the physical form of the Pd. Gaps can form between small particles in a powder Arata Case Takahashi, in an electoplated layer co-deposit or when Pd is deposited on CaO Iwamura.

Stress induced fractures can form in a brittle material (extended electrolysis. Gaps can also be made in a material by nano-machining.

What evidence is there for this? He assumes the active gap is approx 2 nanometers. 0.35 large particles you can have

McKubre had a sample of palladium that made excess energy and studied the effect of composition. Excess vs. D/Pd ratio graph is shown. When he loaded up to 0.8, he should start to see heat. As he increased the composition, smaller and smaller NAEs were formed that had the right size.

Number of NAE, the number of fusion sites, the replacement rate, and the isotope concentration with control the rate of reaction.

The slopes in the graph Log excess vs. 1/T are all the same, despite having different power levels. This slope is important. These features are same whether using electrolytic or gas-loading methods in Pd powder.

Nuclear products form the reaction are stopped by the surrounding material and their kinetic energy is converted to heat.

karabut et al. investigated specturm of ion emitted after glow discharge is turned off. The graph drops off. In 2008 Storms detected radiation from LENR, and confirmed the same results. Further, he inserted absorbers to catch the radiation, and he showed very clearly that is was not Helium. The behavior is consistent with an isotope of hydrogen, he thinks Hydrogen-4.

Want to succeed? Make more NAE, Stimulate the formation of the NAS, using laser, pulsed current, gamma flux, added impurities, or use higher temperatures. He believes many failures that have been reported would have been successful if they had been at higher temperature.

He makes his won materials with a process I can't list right now, but give him a call and he'll share some knowledge. He adds impurities, and says the right-sized particles added are crucial. He rolls out powder, a couple times, heats it, adds particles, etc... He says get to work nano-machining and we'll figure this LENR thing out ASAP. 1 nanometer is too small, and 10 nanometers is too big.

Mikio Fukuhara talks about Nuclear Transmutations and the Creation of Elements. He starts reviewing the conventional theory of creation of elements by cooling hot gases that condense.

Fukuhara proposed a new model for the formation of nitrogen, oxygen, and water. He compares the element concentrations for Earth, Mercury, Venus and Mars. There is a difference for Earth; C, N, P, S, Cr, Mn, Fe are larger in concentration on Earth. He chooses three natural elements Mg and Fe, and Al and Mg, to investigate further. Given the temperature and pressures, can we create new elements? his calculations reveal that a nuclear reaction between Al and Mg can indeed occur.

In fact, there a several elements he has researched that show the clear possibility of nuclear reactions. Lighter elements, he considers, appear to be linked to plate tectonics after the nucleation of the liquid core.

New Hydrogen Energy Project in Japan by Kazuaki Matsui, A Review

Started in 1993 and spent about $20 million

The objective were to demonstrate excess heat with electrolysis and understand the mechanism, along with a quantitative control of heat. They got a number of groups from industry and academia from international sources.

They set up in Hokkaido on the second floor.

They had the ICARUS cell designed by Fleischmann and Pons as well as five other systems setups. He shows a graph claiming excess heat, and then he claims that there is a possibility of systemic error. He will not claim he made excess heat. He says that they measured some Helium-4 in 1997, but he can not be sure of contamination. Kazuaki shows pictures of a lovely lab. Here's Vittorio Violante and Martin Fleischmann when they were visiting the lab.

Here is Francesco Celani, Douglas Morrison and an unknown fellow at that location.

In THIS century, the NEDO Project produced two calorimetry facilities at Kobe and Tohoku U and a DSC apapratus at Kyushu U. At ARPA-E LENR Worshop 10-21-2021 Prof. Narita of Iwate U has reported summary of those achievements on excess heat by hydrogen and deuterium absorption on metals, focusing on Prof. Takahashi and Iwamura works.

Erik Ziehm presents for George Miley Understanding Cluster type Reaction Sites.

Patterson Cell was developed way back when with Dr. Miley. Demonstrations of a 1kW unit were performed. Micro-sphere beads between two titanium electrodes in light water. Spheres were layered with nickel, palladium, copper flash, .... When the spheres ran out, they tried to make more, but the excess heat dropped.

Miley has worked on new materials and since found transmutations where isotopic abundances were outside of the natural values in Iron, copper and zinc. Each element has its own shift in isotopic material.

Earlier thin-film experiments led Miley to speculate Swimming electron Layers were responsible for catalyzing the reaction. He thought clusters of D or H for the reactive LENR material. Later, he went to gas-loading and nano-articles. This gives a larger surface are particles, allowing more active sites where clusters can form in the defect sites. Ni-rich particles worked with H, while Pd-rich particles worked with D.

In one run the team measured around 1479 J double the possible chemical contribution. Sintering occurs and reduces performance though.

Erik is focusing on plasma bombardment now. he makes all kinds of defects as trapping sites for the Deuterons. Thermal DEsorption spectroscopy is then used.

Now Brillouin on Demonstrating Proof of Concept. They start with a video

Hydrogen Hot Tube HHT (copyright) Boiler System

Pulses of 15 kW electricity up to 4 million time s a second.

30,000 homes powered on one glass of water-type of heat coming out of the Hot Tube as they scale for efficiency.

They

3x-4x energy gain has occurred in the lab.

1.4x energy gain to "come right out of the wall(?) has been many many times.

10% went back into the Hot Tube, 90% went into a sink. They ran their device for 18 months, with 10% going back into the device. They produced over 2x gain, occasionally 3x during that time. Compare to the hot fusion situation, where less than 1% goes back into the unit.

The catalyst rod is the key to driving the reaction. News: In the past month, they have achieved a steady state. They now estimate about 25% of total power is going back into the unit.

A little blurry:

waste oil ot asphalt, thermal storage companies are interested. Businesses are there waiting for the reaction to ramp up. Please post up a better photo if you have one:

They are looking for more capital to advance making 10 - 15 of these Tubes a week.They are looking to get a clean room environment. They need a lower level of clean room than say Intel Corp has. Ultimately, they are close to making it happen, and they need to start scaling up.

I slid over to the second stage to see Jed Rothwell talk about How To Fix Global Warming with Cold Fusion. He swooped in virtually.

Cold fusion tech can provide energy for desalination to convert deserts into 3.5 million square kilometers of verdant land.

Indooor farming and cultured meat grown from animal cells will reduce agriculture land and allow a reforestation megaproject.

New trees can capture lots of carbon as they grow. When they are old, they don't absorb so much, and when they die, the carbon goes back into the atmosphere. Harvesting the dead wood can arrest this process. He says we can bury some of this in underground coal mines, too. Let's bury 15 billion tons a year, removing this carbon in 114 years, he says. Worldwide lumber production would ramp up by a factor of 12, too.

He speculates cold fusion robots the size of a bird would fly and cut 5 liter of chips a day. 300 robots could demolish at 15m pine tree in a day. This is better than big chain saws, because they could easily fly into wilderness areas without roads, they don't need human operators. this is not practical now because the re-fueling of fossil fuels would be costly. He says thinks small, we don't need human-sized machines. We need to re-think everything, and the scale of everything with cold fusion.

Climatiologists have not heard of cold fusion and are not optimistic about planting trees to help with CO2 removal. That's only because they are thinking about the boom and bust cycle of Forest Carbon, without the cold fusion solution.

This is not a free lunch. It is a lunch you are paid to eat!

Peter Hagelstein starts Day 3 on Models for accelerated nuclear deexcitation: Dicke-enhanced excitation transfer on the 14.4 keV transition in Fe-57

Modeling LENR uses a coherent process, not incoherent, like billiard balls. This new models couples an ocsillator between 2-level systems.

I won't even try to interpret this. However, he is saying "nuclear molecules" might be a way forward. "We need ground-state, non-rotating nuclear molecules." But these will decay: radiative decay, internal conversion, and fission, so this is still incomplete.

Hagelstein is optimistic that this new model might be the one to describe what's happening in the field. He's got a lot of calculations to do to be sure, but he's really feeling good about these new ideas using the nuclear molecules.

Mitchell Swartz says that Synchronization of Vacncy-Loaded Deuterons Eneables Successful LANR Mass Energy Transfer.

A Phusor type system (Heavy water, Pd cathode, Platinum anode) produces excess heat at two input levels. In pre-loaded, dry LANR/CF systems also produced excess heat with a power gain up to 12 on that run. Another dry NANOR type component produced approx 12 Watts output. Successful experiment produced emission frequency at approx 327 MHz. During masing, if the voltage is raised slightly, effects occur, and he can see superfine lines in a graph showing him where the deuterons are located.

The MOAC Mother Of All Cathodes also produced the 327 emission with 10 Volts and 20 Volts. There are also pulsatile RF emission from an active LANR system, pulses that take place over minutes, also with interacting sidebands. Synchronous behavior is seen everywhere in our experience and in cold fusion systems.

He loads his samples electrically, and makes non-reversible reaction such a disclocations in the lattice. Synchronized deuterons increase until the double Hopf bifurcation results. Phonons are made in a cooperative process, showing excess heat and making low-momentum Helium nucleus.

Ooo Edward Beiting, former aerospace fellow, now LENR experimentalist. He is focusing on excess heat on Ni-H and all his results are negative at this time.

He wants to present sufficient detail to allow critical review. Here's his calorimeter:

After a 200-hour run, doing everything that Mizuno did, he did not get any excess heat. He even did mass spectrometry on the gas, to be sure of its purity and that there were no leaks.

A Technova Approximation (not an exact replication) on Cu1/Ni7/Zr14 particles. He makes different particles sizes from 20 microns in diameter up. He calcinated them in a furnace for 7 days in a furnace and heated in air at 450C. He found an increase in mass of 1.33.

After 150 hours, Beiting did not see excess heat, and with H2 loading hundreds of hours, no excess heat. Oddly, one run he looked at the particles and saw that the Zr and O were layered in the spheres.

JP Biberian iws working on nano particles made of nickel-based alloys for the European Project CleanHME. Prof. Arata began this approach using palladium nano-particles imbeded in zirconium oxide which showed excess heat production excited by heat only. He uses a Seebeck type calorimeter which can go to high temperatures up to 1000C. He calibrates using Alumina powder. The active powder is being patented. It is a chemical compound. To get hydrogen in nickel, it needs to be above 200C and remove the oxide. Biberian has used 2 cm diamter and 3 cm diameter cells. The powder is either treated in a separate furnace under vacuum or _____ .

In the calorimeter, the powder is heated under vacuum up to the maximu temperature of the experiment, then cooled down at room temperature. Heating steps from 5 to 10 watts until stabilization of the output signal coming from the 50 thermocouples in series.... Nine cycles of heating and cooling and excess heat showed itself. He measure activation energy similar to Ed Storms' activation energy.

I am seeing approx. 12.6 Watts/100g at 950C and now 4.8 Watts/100g at 950C.

Then,

No other excitation besides heat is needed for particle of nickel and NI/Cu particles.

Ed Storms asks, Have you seen tritium? According to his model, there should be tritium, but JPBiberian has not looked yet.

Dmiter Alexandrov talks cold nuclear fusion reaction in Constantan successful experiments. He's doing 950C initial temperature and sees momentary metal evaporation after interaction of deuterium gas with the specimen. Evaporation takes place for less than one second. Here are his comments:

I have to stop out right now...

Hey Dimiter is getting pretty good power gain from these wires, almost 3x.

Francesco Celani talks about the thin Constantan wires under H2, D2 gases at high temperatures. He is saying that the flux of H or D entering or outgassing from the materials is the crucial element in success.

He is making measurable values of Anomalous Heat Effect AHE.

He breaks it down to a preparation phase and an activation phase. Lots of text on these slides so maybe Jed will interpret?!

Technova MHE Rand D object and progress by Masahiko Hasagawa.

Technova and Kobe U over ten years worked on the MHE#1 project. New MHE experimental apparatus is shown. The new MHE goes up to 600C. There are additional temperature sensors, and the sample powder is mounted in a mesh holder.

He finds a correlation of H-loading ratio and excess power. There are two phases of H-loading, a fast H-laoding in rise-up and slow h-loading after operating at two different temperatures.

there is a lot going on here, so here's another picture. Summing up, we see that over 32 hours, 1.8 MJ were generated using about 0.63 mol of hydrogen, giving 2.8 MJ/mol_H

These guys are confirming reproducibility of this system they have. These slides are intense, so I will just show the next one. There is a link between the H/Ni loading ratio and excess power evolution, with 3 phases.

They then do an experiment where they close the H reservoir, and open it, alternately. Pressure jumps for 10 secs when they open it, and the MHE reactions bump up more and more when they do it.

They have confirmed reproducibility of re-activation for more than 10 times and they find different excess power patterns by operations under different H/Ni ratios and history of excess power generation.

New knowledge with two finding on MHE study: close correclation of excess thermal power and hydrogen loading ratio and a protocol for the re-activiation method of MHE power.

Yasuhiro Iwamura will talk about anomalou heat burst truggered by Input Power Perturbation observed in Ni-based Nanstructure thin films Hydrogen. He starts out by reviewing the Mitsubishi work on thin-films transmutations. When he moved to Tohoku U, he observed anomolous heat in the mulilayer thin film. And now, he is researching this aspect of the thin-films. he heats up a sample up to 500C and Infra-red radiation is directed at the Nano-sized Multilayer metal composite.

He has a big equation as a model. The crucial elements are the heat conduction, the thermal radiation. He does a blank run using a bulk nickel sample. Excess heat from an active sample is shown in a graph with excess power of 19W, 8.7W, 26W, 19W, 24 W... These are sample data points as time goes on during the run. The excess energy for this run was 16 keV/H cannot be explained by any chemical reaction.

Another graph of time variation of excess pwoer shows many heat bursts. He magnifies the view of one of the heat bursts. Heat starts on the surface and goes into the center and the other side of the multi-film sample. Another graph shows the same thing, heat bursts start on the surface A of a multi-layer film, and travels through to the other side of the sample.

Input power fulctuated slightly during the spontaneous heat burst. Could they try to intentionally cause the heat burst? Yes, they did, using input power perturbation! Then, surface temperature A, B and T_c (the center of the multi-film sample) all increased significantly, even though input power was once reduced.

Also, increases in surface A and B temperatures were larger and steeper than that of T_c. So, heat burst energy generated at the surfaces A and B propagated to the center of the sample T_c.

Energy generated by a simgle intentionally induced heat burst cannot be explained by any known chemical reaction. Energy genreated by on single heat burst cannot be explained by any chemical reaction. There are variations in the way heat bursts occur due to the parameters of input perturbation, sample surface condition, hydrogen absorption conditions, and other factors. They will be clarifying what is happening using the data from this system.

SEM analysis on a spontaneous heat producing sample shows spotted regions within the grains, showing elements lighter than Ni and high oxygen concentrations, while other areas have oxygen concentrations below the detection limit. for an intentional heat-producing sample, Oxygen is the most abundant, present in more than 40% according to TOF-SIMS analysis consistent with SEM-EDX.

In a sample where nothing happened, they took it out and oxidized for two hours at 500C. They looked at a high O concentration area, and it was less than 5%, compared with very high oxygen concentration at black regions in the heat-producing samples are >10%.

Perturbation of the input power causes a fluctuation in hydrogen density, which might trigger the heat burst phenomena. We are currently attempting to explain the phenomenon by a trapping hydrogen hypothesis. Ni-based nano-sized multilayer film was preloaded with hyrogen.

Michael McKubre swoops in virtually from New Zealand. Cold fusion reactions are an experimental discipline. He has attended 24 ICCFs and not a single one has ocurred without him learning something surprising and unexpected. He wants to be surprised, so please, surprise him, he says!

Stephen Bannister talks about the confluence of Energy Economics and Geopolitics. 10 /11 US post WWII recessions were precede by large increases in oil prices. Almost 800 million people which is 10% of the global population in 2010 lived without access to electricity. Cheap energy can fix this. That is, "Jed Rothwell cheap", or, 600x cheaper. Also, Stephen says this will eliminate the second-order risk of geoengineering as a solution. If successful, LENR will also eliminate significant health impacts. California has banned new gas cooking stoves!

He has an equation:

F = P * g * e * f

P population

g GDP intensity

e Energy intensity

f ........

Bannister does forecasting. A graph of total carbon dioxide flux estimates 8.3 x 10^12 of additional carbon emissions through the end of the century. He says this is equivalent to 4 degrees increase in global temperature. Uh-oh.

He says he is not a carbon neutral guy, he is a Zero Carbon guy. Me and someone else in the audience clapped, and we were the only ones!

To launch a new Industrial Revolution and move up the Kardashev scale. We are a tiny fraction of the energy used by a Type 1 civilization. In fact, we are a Type 0 civilization.

He leaves us with one thought, that the Sun is liquid hydrogen lattice(?) Hmm...

Wow, panel with Matt Trevithic, David J. Nagel, Robert Duncan and Dr. Thomas Schenkel of Lawrence Berkely National Lab.

Matt says Silicon Valley is his home and it is a place for people who have a healthy disregard for the impossible. He is happy that this conference is here. This is Matt's 10the ICCF. A picture iwth Matt and Martin Fleischmann is shown from 2003.

Matt led the google program to explore the cold fusion. At peak, they had about 30 researchers working. A photo with young people that he shows and says, they are the future of this field. That program was called the Charleston Project, named for the street where they had their first office.

Now to fusion. The ultimate energy souce. We just have to figure out how to utilize it. It is no longer true we will have to wait 30 years for a technology. Fusion became fashionable in 2021. $5 billion has gone into private fusion investments most iwthin the past two yars.

tae technologies, zap energy , commonwealth fusion systms, helium , etc... 29 members in the Fusion Industry Association.

ARPA-E has funded 41 fusion projects acroosss three programs. ArRPA-E has been learning about LENR since at lease 2019, and annoucned their new program in July 2022.

the fusion gain factor is referred to as Q. Q=1 is breakeven. there are scientific challenges and the engineering challenges. Who will figure it out first? Tokomaks have the biggest engineering challenge. At the other end of the spectrum, is LENR with its scientific challenges.

Quantum 2.0 employs many-body phenomena such as superposition and entanglement to enable advanced science and technology. We could be on the cusp of discovering the "transistor for energy" that we will be able to develop of technology.

He introduces the panel. Dave Nagel and Francesco Celani have been to every single one of the ICCFs. Dave Nagel has co-chaired two ICCFs. Robert Duncan was featured on the 20-year anniversary of the announcement segment of 60 mins show. Dr. Schenkel is a distinguished professor and member of project Charleston. Matt T has questions for the panel.

Why do you believe in LENR? Dave Nagel cites Arata and Zhang who published back in 1995 and got 8 Watts excess power for 100 days at Osaka University. Nagel was already on board because of Fleischmann and Pons, but this, and also, 40x excess power measured at Naval Research Laboratory in 2014. Nagel mentions Edmund Storms' review of Heat and Helium results which shows a correlation. This is established science by reputable people.

Robert Duncan describes his experience when the tv show asked him to look at Energetics Technologies and see if it was for real. they got 34x excess jpower from Energetics Tech "Run 64" in 2004. It was striking to him, despite the diffuculty in reproducing the effect. He is also excited about the new field of Quantum Nucleonics. Data shows modification of quantum coherence of Fe57 with certain excitation.

Thomas Schenkel is a newer convert. He has seen fusion rates > 100x higher than expected at Berkeley Lab in 2019 using a deuterium plasma. He is showing neutron yueilds from d-d fusion as a function of cathode voltage, which sets the reaction energy in their plasma-beam experiment.

If Robert Duncan had $10 million, what would you do? Have a highly professional validation process, and encourage them to push fundamental approach. Don't rely on store-bought stuff. Absolutely reliable metrology is critical. Give the whole community the necessary tools, don't pick the winners and losers, but level the playing field and see what comes of that.

Thomas would like to see hypothesis-driven work, and would like to explore tunneling rates, branching ratios, and excitation field effects on nuclear reactions. This can all be part of normal science.

Dave Nagel would set up a program to create a reproducible experiment that used modern tools. He wants to see synchroton radiation to study the materials. An electro-migration in wire experiment is his choice for exploration. He points to Francesco Celani's work in this area.

What about the prize? It will mobilize momentum says Schenkel. Exploring stochiometry, looking at the extreme corners of the phase diagram of loading, engage theorists and modeling. He would like to do the most complete type of investigation using a methodical approach.

Got to leave this session a few minutes early. It's still going on.....

Huw Price, Professor at University of Bonn and Trinity College on Risk and Reputation. He talks about Jaan Tallinn who created Skype program. Jaan was trying to get people to think about risks and imagine the future better. Huw met him on his way to Cambridge to be Bertrand Russel Professor.

Huw wanted to hook up Martiin Rees and Jaan Tallinn, and Jaan came to Cambridge for a public lecture. The three decided to work together to look at the catastrophic risks of technology for the future and the possibilities that could lead to the extinction of humanity.

They got some attention but they weren't always taken seriously, so they started to try to mainstream these ideas. The goal was to build an academic field on this topic. They created the Centre for the Study of Existential Risk. Science tends to focus on easier problems, like the Lamplight Effect, where you look for something lost under the streetlamp as opposed to the dark part of the street.

Jaan was worried about AI, and some groups were working on AI safety, etc, but most felt that the topic was fringe. A new competition was announced for big ideas to make a difference for humanity. Cambridge put together a proposal on the impacts of AI and got to move forward. Leverhulme Cemtre for the Future of Intelligence began, with support from Stephan Hawking. This was dedicated to the impacts of AI. Stuart Russell gave a series of lectures which still some regarded as too flaky, despite his reputation.

CSER has organized a conference on Risk and the Culture of Science and they included the topic cold fusion. Alan Smith was the representative for that area. Huw had been following cold fusion, but it dropped off the radar.

But now, he thought it would be appropriate to put under the Existential Risk umbrella.

Professor Heather Douglas from Michigan State U says The hospital ER avoids as much as possible any false negatives with respect to heart attacks and accepts lots of false positives.

Huw provides the shuttle example, where if the seals would fail, they knew the shuttle would fail. People didn't want to listen to the scientist Roger Boijoly who told the launch people there could be disaster. Lawrence Mulloy the shuttle program manage didn't' hide his disdain. We know what happened to the Challenger.

Huw wrote his first piece on cold fusion in 2015. He wanted to "hack the reputation" problem. He advocated for an Xprize-like award back then and is happy to hear they are working on that now.

A second piece was published in 2019 where he says that we needed to "cheer not smear" because the risk was too great to not explore this. Huw hooked up with Michael McKubre during the March 2019 anniversary of the announcement.

Then, the google research piece appeared. He thought it was a good thing, and he has recently published Jan 2022 on Risk and Scientific Reputation: Lessons from Cold Fusion. He does have a little issue with the google paper. The google paper says, "Finding breakthroughs requires risk taking, and we contend that revisiting cold fusion is a risk worth taking."

His response says that misses the point. Huw says, "the most important risk is the of NOT taking the cold fusion research pathway."

Day 2 Greg Tanaka begins with Opening Remarks. He shows a graphic revealing nuclear power is safer and cheaper and cleaner than every other power source. Unfortunately, nuclear energy is going down with fewer reactors operating. Diablo Canyon reactor in California reduced carbon emissions in California by 10% but is currently on schedule to be decommissioned. This plant could provide a lot of benefits, including the desalinization of water for a drought-stricken West Coast US.

Tanaka believes nuclear is our way forward to avert the worst of climate change.

A Brillouin video is now playing. They are needing a few million dollars more to get the next phase. We will check out the live demo of active unit after the show.

Then, the rapper Baba came on. He free-styled a bit and is now doing a rap he wrote over the last couple hours. He is quite good and throws that science language around like he knows what's up.