One item of concern was the fact that Rossi ran the reactor at 30% of maximum to avoid problems. What problems??? If the QX was solid, it should have run at 100%.
Yes Alan, as Axil said , you must insist on Rossi, with malice ..to learn more about problems he tries to avoid.
In the same way, why this device is so small ? Because bigger it should be difficult to avoid some rays ?
Sorry, but i didn't see anything about the mix ? Are there some informations about this ?
Display MoreAlan Smith wrote" i suspect is Sodium (ex Sodium Carbonate) to Silicon."
Na-> Si?
My speculation if deuterium/neutrons are present
1.Na-23 plus neutron --> Na-24
2. Na-24 plus 2 deuterium --> Al-28
3. Al-28 --> Si-28 plus beta..i.e. Beta decay
There are many isotopes which decay to Si-28 (Magic Number notion)
http://periodictable.com/Isotopes/014.28/index.dm.prod.html
Srinavasan got Xs heat with Na2CO3 , but no tritium in 1992
To quickly summarize Lenr, we should tell we found often tranmutations not clearly correlated with XH.
If, as i suggest XH could be "hidden"inside a "new nucleus structure" where for each element, number of nucleons remain the same but binding energy is stronger.
I ask experts in measurement here to know how to check correctly this ?
Normally each elements are identified by mass "measurement devices" but if the mass is wrong ( because heaviest binding energy), how we should do that correctly ?
Another paper from Klee Irwon. Tetrahedal packing this time.
This work well explains how each quark is made as tetrahedron "object" then its each face should be an expression ot it, as, up, down...etc.
Following this explanation, there is juste ONE quark inside each nucleus , because it's the nucleus..
Many experiments with electrolysis of potassium carbonate were connected with elevated levels of calcium, the same applies to rubidium and cesium
Potassium transmutation then calcium ash or Sodium + Carbon then something like silicon as ash..
Are you sure that these ashes were really what you found ?
According to Einstein, mass of each elements should be the sum of protons/neutrons added to the famous binding energy.
Therefore it couln't be exactly true for Lenr behavior ?
you should change the way you measure these ashes to be sure of your results.
A simple way to check your results.. weigh your ashes, if you find an abnormal increase in density, you will know ..( if you compare with "normal" density of each element)
The binding energy curve is based solely on experimental values, not a theory. Many less stable isotopes are missing on this curve - what you can see is just an envelope formed by these most common/stable ones...
Yes, to could explain some transmutations without any XH, we should find ashes with more weight than expected normally in this chart.
As hybride atom, for example potassium ash associated with binding energy ( and weight !) of calcium.
The current theory of transmutation energy is solely based on fusion/fission energy theory. At the end it just depends on energy content of resulting isotopes as calculated from binding energy curve.
If binding energy curve is fake rather subtly incomplete (for lenr understanding) every actual Lenr theories ARE fake.
In all cases, if the independant particle model ( as suggested both by Cook and Rossi) is the good way to explain deformed nucleus structure, this curve will have to be modified.............
Display More
Actually the last link you posted contains ideas and observations very pertinent to what Ed Storms talks about- his Nuclear Active Zones. Interesting stuff, an extract is below.
Journal of Theoretics
Volume 5-6, Dec 2003/Jan 2004
Torsion Field Effect and Zero-Point Energy in Electrical Discharge Systems
Xiong-wei Wen [email protected] Mechanical Engineering Department, Tsinghua Univ. Beijing 100084, China. Xing-liu Jiang [email protected] Science School, Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Beijing 100083, China. Li-jun Han Department of Materials Science and Engineering,Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Beijing 100083, China
Abstract:
Highly localized nuclear activation in electrochemical systems and other electrical discharge processes have been observed by many laboratories in world. There is an attempt to explain such anomalous phenomena by using torsion field theory and axion model in this report.
Anisotopic behaviours of radiation products, burst charster, “Heat after death” of excess energy release in electrical discharge systems are considered to be interpreted by the torsion coherence of vortex dynamics with the zero-point energy induced by localized intense field emission of micro-protrusion of the cathode, and the dynamic Casimir effect of transient evolution of triple region of gas, liquid solution, and electrode protrusion. Axion model and Primakoff effect are proposed as an explanation of nuclear transmutation without noticeable gamma radiation. Nuclear products with high concentrationsn, unidentified tracks with highly collimated lines of low energy nuclear reactions in the electrochemical systems were recorded by CR-39 solid detectors and photo-films, and localized spots with chemical alterations were observed at our laboratory.
It is suggested to carry out intensive study of vortex dynamic for explaining the anomalous in wide area of nature and laboratories. Analysis of vortex dynamics with wide range from pitting corrosion of electrochemical system, laboratory plasma, tornado, to quasar spiral model with extremely high energy cosmic rays in the center region, leads to a conclusion for that vortex dynamics creates torsion fields responding to the anomalous effects.
Please all, this file from a former boss of French CEA, Dr Vigier who worked with the famous researcher Graneau.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/…icle/pii/037596019291045S
http://www.ampere.cnrs.fr/hist…urants/force-obsolete/eng
Neutron-rich nickel-78 is doubly magic Nickel-78 is the element's heaviest isotope and is believed to have an important involvement in supernova nucleosynthesis of elements heavier than iron. It's exceptionally stable (decay time in the range of seconds), despite it contains excess of loosely bound neutrons. Protons and neutrons are not identical particles and in the shell model, the nucleus is described by two separate sets of shells, one for protons and one for neutrons. These neutrons are thus displaced outside the atom nuclei into single layer and/or even expel proton to the outside of nucleus.
As more neutrons are added to the element only the neutron shell is filled, and the proton-neutron component of the strong force steers the energies of the orbitals, either closing gaps by bringing the orbitals together or opening new gaps by repelling them from each other. The net result is the appearance and disappearance of magic numbers depending on the size of these gaps.
It should be that active fuel for Lenr doesn't appaer inside Aston's chart.
It may be composite atoms with stronger binding energies than normal.
By losing this excess of "bonds", Lenr restabilizes nucleus components (proton and neutron's order) towards their basal equilibrium (Aston's chart)
This well explains transmutations without XH.
Display Morehttp://physicsworld.com/cws/ar…been-recreated-in-the-lab
Hydrogen is a gas under ordinary atmospheric conditions, which on this chart is too small a region to be resolved. Under high pressures, the element forms a liquid when very hot, or a non-metallic solid at moderate temperatures. The non-metallic solid region has four phases, described, in which hydrogen is arranged in various close-packed structures.
The element is always a solid at high pressure and at moderate temperatures, but takes on distinct phases depending on just how high the pressure is. Phase I is a close-packed structure in which the molecular angles are disordered. Phase II is a similar structure but with some degree of orientational order. Phase III is believed to be a structure in which the strength of the hydrogen–hydrogen bonds turns so weak that the hydrogen can be considered partly atomic, not molecular. In phase IV, some evidence suggests a portion of the hydrogen molecules form planar, graphene-esque sheets. Beyond those phases? Metallic hydrogen – possibly.
Since 1935 theory has predicted that hydrogen can also form a metallic solid under very high pressures, which experimentalists have been striving to produce ever since. (Courtesy: Source: I F Silvera/Harvard University)
In the late 1960s, physicist Neil Ashcroft at Cornell University in New York, US, predicted that solid metallic hydrogen could be a high-temperature superconductor; and in the past decade, other theorists have suggested that the critical temperature for such a superconductor could be above room temperature, unlike any other known to date.
From the phase diagram above, if metallic hydrogen is superconductive, it is superconductive at thousands of degrees in temperature.
Dear Axil, and others,
There was a thread here recently that questioned about the real central "role" of hydrogen. indeed, the phenomenon Lenr seems to be more general, global.
see the papers below:
Dr. George Ohsawa sought to transmute sodium into potassium in vitro. The method revealed itself to him in a symbolic dream. Thus inspired, Dr. Ohsawa and Michio Kushi, et al., constructed an experimental electric discharge tube with copper (Yin) and iron (Yang) electrodes and a valve through which to draw a vacuum or admit oxygen (Fig. 3.1). The first transmutation with this equipment was achieved on June 21, 1964. After applying 60 watts of electricity for 30 minutes to heat sodium to a plasma, a molar equivalent of oxygen was introduced. Viewed with a spectroscope, the orange band of sodium gave way to the blue of potassium, according to the formula:
Na23 + O16 = K39
Display MoreFemtosecond Laser cutting of a nitinol stent.
Hopefully you won't need one of these stents
Could it nanostructure nickel?
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We still need attosecond technology to do easily nanostructure , femtosecond remains too big unfortunally.
Now actually best is sputtering to do that.
LONGVIEW,
in terms of probability, I don't suppose that "p+e=n" correlates with the levels of excess heat encountered.
I understand that Lenr people could be sepctic by the revolutionary results from Indian's guy.
Therefore, i suggest that is less easy to make a mistake by several tons (by long time) than talking about COP 5 with 50W as XH.
So, if Lenr needs both exothermic/endothermic reaction it helps us to define new ways for explanation.
As well as, if exothermic reactions makes 1 Mev , the same for both endothermic reaction the total XH balance should be close to zero but really, some XH should appaer nevertheless helped by quantum fluctuations.
As AXIL said, we preferentially detect transmutations than XH. Concretely what would that mean ?
Imagine 2 H atoms and 2 another atoms just in a few space (NAE?), the first combination is endothermic with one H and one atom, the second combination is exothermic, so the balance is close to zero, that we see ,a few XH, therefore a bigger transmutation rate.
Now, we should consider 2 H atom associated not with 2 another atoms rather with 2 differents isotopes of the same atom.
Sorry, for my poor explanation because, it 's difficult to explain easily.
What does that mean, in the case of P&F, for example ?
They used Pd which have 6 stable isotopes, that means also several different isotopes should be "mixed" in the same sample.
By this way, it 's possible to meet both different exothermic/endothermic combination between Pd isotopes/Deuterium.
In Rossi's case, a lot people talked about Ni 62 role.
Maybe be he mixed a few Ni62 ( or 63) with common Ni isotope to meet the same behavior as i described before ?
Then reaction triggered, transmutations appaers to maintain this process.
In Piantelli's case, at the beginning, are we sure that his Ni rod was plenty of isotope 58 ? It would be just a few exposures close to radioactive points to move its isotopic distribution.
this explanation could be in relation with NAE concept from E Storms, a small space with H isotopes + 2 different isotopes from the same metal,or not ( exo+endo Lenr reaction) + energy from outside ( What you want, it doesn't matter, therefore heat remains more convenient) to destabilize both reactions to fall into a new lower equilibrium with few relative XH and full transmutations.
Szumski explains that both exothermic and endothermic reactions should occur.
May be it's necessary that these reactions take place together to see XH.
So , to "built" a great technical thread, i suggest this paper should be the most impressive.
Observation of Anomalous Production of Si and Fe in an Arc Furnace Driven Ferro Silicon
Smelting Plant at levels of Tons per day
244
C.R. Narayanaswamy
The author talks about matter 's creation !! it would call into question real stars's role.
Would this be the most revolutionary aspect of lenr ?
Yes, in near vacuum with both collisional entities essentially free, only at very high energies is coulombic repulsion overcome. By dimensional restraints these activation energies can by greatly lowered. The question may be how can the restraints be simultaneously and oppositely applied to both fusile entities down to a femtometer scale w/o disrupting those restraints. Surface associated phenomena of several sorts may be a route to such restraints. Keeping in mind that the nano to picometer scale of electronic orbitals and atomic structure at say solid to gas or solid to liquid interfaces over sustained times might only contribute up to some limit at lattice or surface dissociation energies. Pulses offer the opportunity to convert lattice inertia into a virtual sub-picometer "vise" to enable fusion. Shielding by oppositely charged entities can greatly lower the collisional barrier, especially when the collisional matrix/interface is nearly static. There are many other categories of surface associated "focusing" phenomena which can also contribute. So besides phase interfaces, there are easily impressed field gradients, chemical and electrochemical discontinuities, as well as surface confined electromagnetic transmission phenomena such as the "skin effect" and surface plasmon resonance. All such have been reported or speculated to be associated with changes in effective mass of electrons-- and likely also, and perhaps not accidentally, with LENR / CANR / LANR / CF AHE reports.
Longview, Bocijn,
by "heavy electrons" what are you consider ? Really heavy as muons, or simply a cluster of electrons, or heavy because fast ?
Congratulations for your good Lenr abstract Longview, really close it seems to the reality.
