This thread was well started but ends badly, I find...
For myself, I find that today fashion is for shoulders whereas yesterday it was for holmlid, tomorrow who would be ?
Therefore, Shoulders may have found a way to increase ionization rate punctually (up to layer K ?) using these clusters.
I always thought that an ionization beyond valence layer was important to trigger Lenr.
Shoulders postulates that high concentrated electrons cloud both with high energy should be the key.
Therefore he never speaks about electron's energy distribution inside the cloud ?
May be just a fraction of these electrons create a charge condensate even if it would take a larger cloud to reach this result.
All this to say that there should exist other forms of gap (still to discover) surely more efficient than cracks or sharp electrodes.
Display MoreShoulders' suggestion is that the EVs get emitted from the cathode (negative electrode) and go towards the anode at either ground or a positive potential. This is why the cathode should be sharp. The anode may be a flat, grounded plane like a metallic foil.
The positive electrode has less electron charge.
The negative electrode has more electron charge.
Charges will tend to neutralize, so electrons will flow from the negative to the positive electrode.
My understanding is that clouds generally become negatively charged relatively to the Earth, so first strike will be towards the Earth's ground.
However the opposite can also happen:
http://www.lightningsafety.noa…ence/science-overview.htm
http://www.weatherimagery.com/…itive-negative-lightning/
However, since electrons leave hot surfaces more easily than cold surfaces and that this thread is about EVOs which are supposed to be formed by charge concentration at the cathode, it should be acknowledged that in this case heat might help.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermionic_emission
Incidentally, the central insulated electrode in automobile spark plugs is typically designed to be the cathode, since it will tend to get hotter than the outer grounded anode. When the ignition coil is incorrectly wired the spark plugs will work less efficiently.
EDIT: it looks like Wikipedia has a clearer explanation than what I previously quoted as a source:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spark_plug
Notably, Ken Shoulders tried to solve the last point in bold with (generally metal-) wetted cathodes.
Interesting dialog about heat after death.
For myself i still suggest that Lenr reaction makes some hybrids nucleus following nucleus cluster's models.
In this case, binding energy isn't the same between each nucleon inside a nucleus.
Lenr reactions increases this imbalance.
That means that ash as lenr reaction product becomes unstable then releases back a part of XH (heat after death), when nucleus retrieve its original binding energy distribution.
This is why Rossi re-used a part of old ash to do a new mix.
It also implies that all isotopic analyzes are false ...
I suggest NAE concept from Storms should remain reliable even if still inaccurate because he tries to improve his knowledges following own brain waves..
Personally, in any cases, energy, discharges, don' t trigger Lenr.
About clusters, if you imagine ten electrons which have to recover orbital trajectory with ten nucleus, sometimes, one of them forget their way..if for example the nearby environment is complex and crowded with obstacles such as cracks or rare gas.
The meaning of " forget their way"", i suggest here, would mean "they lose all their kinetic energy and fall on the nucleus".
The excellent Groszek paper shared here by Alan Smith goes in this direction.
This explanation well connects Lenr with "simple"chemistry often we saw...
Can, i 'm not sure that " gradient tension" are necessary because i saw some electrolysis experiment with around 50 W wich have melted ZrO2 substrat..
Alan Smith said:" It is an electron, it has powers and properties we have yet to discover, and - just sometimes- it will do it's own thing,"
NAE is an environnement where electron's trajectories are complex because constraints..
The main thing is the constraint, also the discharges generate these but in a small proportion and by too heterogeneous way.
Bocijn well spoke about hidden momentum.. (thanks for shared paper)
For what it's worth, Shoulders and coworkers thought that hydrogen embrittlement in palladium cathodes is responsible for randomly (but consistently in some cases) creating sudden discharges by fracto-emission within micro-cracks, which would generate EV. Interestingly, Storms also thinks that LENR occurs within such cracks (the so called Nuclear Active Environment or NAE, although of "nano-" size in his opinion). In a previous comment I linked a couple related writings where this is discussed a bit more in detail, along with a paper by Shoulders.
I don't think that HV discharges and fracto-emission would be the only way to produce suitable concentrated voltage gradients.
In this case, discharges could not be the way for Lenr. This appaers as a electron cluster disorderly.
This is why, BTW, we meet sometimes just a little tranmutations not a lot of XH.
BTW, we should find more results inside an ordered lattice because tidy current...
The reality is more complex, so big results are found by P&F with a cubic cathode. (expensive but runs well)
Why? Because in this case, it exists in small areas of the cubic lattice, " crossed currents".
These generate very "special trajectories" for electrons.
Now to stop talking I wish a merry Christmas to all.
Display MoreSpeaking of electrons and anomalies, what I wrote above indirectly made me recall that in one the latest videos that was posted by ColdFusionNow several months ago (which I transcribed on LENR-Forum), Edmund Storms said this:
Basically Storms' idea is that the actual anomaly in LENR is with the electron, which is what brings hydrogen atoms in a sort of metallic state he calls that the Hydroton (but other researchers also have their ideas on dense, metallic-like hydrogen atoms explaining LENR results). So, for people struggling to understand why/how EVOs might be be behind LENR, this could offer a possible answer.
Electronics is not my bread&butter, so to speak. Furthermore, power analyzers, oscilloscopes, probes and the like would help the task significantly and I only have basic tools.
I well know FHC works below:
https://drive.google.com/file/…FmvhmYzlPUVM0T0pqZXM/view
http://iscmns.org/CMNS/JCMNS-Vol21.pdf#page=64
it's close Vigier explanations:
See below then again P5/10 attached file
therefore a correlation with Axil's concept, i'm not sure ???
However, axil has good ideas too but his beliefs would be more in correlation with events created in thin film.
Display MoreThis is a historic post by axil - I think it deserves another airing in this thread.
In the reference provided below, this is what the Surface plasmon polariton (SPP) looks like when it disconnects from the lattice and moves freely. In LENR, free moving SPP solitons can be found in both the liquid and plasma phase.
See for a full description as follows:
http://aflb.ensmp.fr/AFLB-311/aflb311m484.pdf
From EGO OUT on the work of Frédéric Henry-Couannier and a preview of his upcoming presentation as follows:
Frédéric Henry-Couannier is almost all the way toward correct thinking about the fundamental causation of LENR. Micro lightning balls (mlb), is the fundamental cause of LENR. But these electromagnetic solitons have already been discovered in nanoplasmonics. They are called by their scientific name “Dark mode surface plasmon polaritons” (SPP) and are actually acoustic black holes. Most of the time thay are produced by and affixed to the metal lattice and because they are stationary, they cannot reach their maximum power potential. But when they are freed from the lattice, they can grow in strength to a huge extent. This is true for both water based and plasma based environments in which they are also formed.
For example, in a meltdown of a Ni/H reactor, the SPP becomes detached from the lattice and grows strong in a plasma as the meltdown process precedes. Like any vortex that can move; many of these solitons are attracted to each other and many might combine together to grow in intensity in their aggregation. Ken Shoulders termed these structures produced in the plasma of an electric arc EV.(or large electrons). LeClair produces these objects in his cavitation reactor and has seen them exit that reactor to punch holes in his walls and even exit his lab to punch holes in the trees outside his building. In the Proton 21 experiment, the solitons were found to decompose material far from the site of their creation. LeClair has seen a SPP eat through as much as 2 meters of copper on the surface of a copper bar.
And yet the same EMF vortex mechanism can be found inside microorganisms. Like any black hole, there are two mechanisms of reaction projection involved: a beam of magnetism the emits from one pole of the soliton. This magnetic beam is the high energy interface. Just like a quasar, the monopole like anapole magnetic field projects axially from one poll of the SPP. Penrose superradiance increases the monopole magnetic field by 20%.
Then there is the other LENR mechanism: low energy projection of multi particle entanglement. This mechanism (a worm hole connecting N particles with the SPP) provides for teleportation of energy to and from the site of the atomic transformation.
This is how atoms around the SPP are connected by multi-wormhole entanglement during a multi-atom cluster based transformation reaction. In the quantum world everything is fuzzy and uncertain. Atoms cannot be pinned down to a definite location. Called superposition, an atom may even be in two places at the same time. All this uncertainty makes determining how a reaction happens and what atoms participate in the reaction impossible to define. We only know that all the conservation laws will be followed.
In a preview of Frédéric Henry-Couannier upcoming presentation next week, I suspect that the theory (Dark Gravity) will explain how these EMF black holes interact with matter. But not only gravity can produce black holes, EMF can do it too. Any wave form that forms a boundary condition can do it, even water.
For a preview and an explanation of acoustic black holes see the following video:
Prof. Daniele Faccio: "Black Holes, With A Twist" - Inaugural Lecture
The work of Leonid Urutskoev and D.V. Filippov on exploding titanium foils are formative to my understanding of the LENR reaction. One point that greatly impressed me seen in these experiments was the detection of the LENR reaction far from the plasma channel produced by the exploding foil. I call this feature of the reaction “action at a distance”. In these exploding foil experiments, fission of uranium was detected in a chamber in the test device that was physically separated from the location of the plasma channel. From Holmlid, we now know that muons and mesons can be produced by the LENR reaction, these subatomic particles can travel over a considerable distance to initiate muon catalyzed fission.
The LENR reaction has a gigantic range of action from nanoscale energy production in biological transformations to the formation of transuranic elements of the most heavy kind at the high energy range of the reaction.
This wide range of transformation of elements confuses most LENR theorists. It is difficult to envision how transuranic elements tha usually form in the trillion degree environment inside supernova can be produced here on earth in a bucket of water.
Most of the LENR old guard believe that LeClair is mentally unbalanced for claiming that his cavitation based reaction can produce the heaviest transuranic elements that exist. Holmlid also does not understand that his laser based reaction which produce temperatures up to as much as 500 million kelvin is a LENR reaction. LENR can produce energy as high as LHC can produce or a supernova.
But transformation of elements can occur all the way up to the quark soup level of nuclear processes being as energetic as any nuclear processes to be found in the universe. The more energy that is fed into the LENR transformation process, the more energetic is the resulting nuclear products that will result.
At the very high end of the LENR reaction scale, a scale that befuddles our understanding, the scale at which transuranic elements form, the question that is begging to be answered: what force can encompass multiple atoms together with all their associated electron clouds so that they can be combined together to produce an ultra heavy atom. The answer is magnetism; nano magnetism, asymmetric magnetism, strong optical magnetism and Fano resonances in asymmetric plasmonic metamolecules, magnetism as intense as any to be found anywhere in the universe.
This eliminates the need for refractory and very solid electrodes (and very heavy, which is annoying in an aircraft), it also eliminates the need for cesium injection and the entire energy transfer system from the prow to the stern (MHD Bypass)
But the other technical problem remains: as the intake and the nozzle are not tunable, is is difficult to tune the pressure of the exhaust (figure)
Please Fabrice David, stop dreaming behind works/ideas that are not yours but those of Jean Pierre Petit.
You should start for Lenr applications to follow rather Willard Custer way of life..creativity and modesty.
http://rexresearch.com/custer/custer.htm
Display MoreAnother new possibly related preprint on enhancement of fusion, and other nuclear, reactions in plasmas --
"Effect of impurities on nuclear fusion"
https://arxiv.org/abs/1712.05270
This appears to be related to the phenomenon of the "Astrophysical S-factor" where (mostly) electron screening enhances fusion events in stellar (and in some lab) environments.
For anyone interested, many papers can be found on Arxiv.org Advanced Search page with "astrophysical AND s-factor" in the abstract entry.
Great to Lou Pagnucco to share this work..
Another papers here from P Kalman, the first one about Rossi's LIH.
Be careful no "solaritron" here.
The Lipinski's cold fusion (which is most reliable case of LENR known so far) runs without any polaritons at the surface of molten lithium phase (never solid). Such a phase would probably exist at the surface of fuel mixture, once it contains the excess of lithium. This fusion is powered by impacts of ions from discharge.
Yes, you are right about Lipinski, this is why i suggest that Rossi could be strongly inspired by theses works.
If Axil's layout is good, probably carbon electrodes should be more reliable. BTW , according to T° reached Rossi's had to solve big problems due to differences of dilatation.
Why 2700° ? Because probably he improved Lipinski's work by adding molten nickel..
BTW , no need of LiAlH4 rather just LiH and molten Ni.
Following his patent, he works at 4 bars, then it's conceivable that free electrons produced by strong and quick discharges, should be slowed down considerably because of high pressure, until stopping and falling on nucleus if both electrons and nucleus "could run" in the same direction..
Your assumptions about polaritrons are credible and interesting.
They must probably play at certain stages of lenr reactions.
however, I suggest that explanation of Lenr phenomenon would be much deeper.
No relation also to any chemical form, even if it seems that electrons play an important role.
in fact, helped by Lenr phenomena, we are able to cross potential barrier without full energy.
What also means that phenomenon is general, whatever atomic number.
there may be probably more favorable atoms combinations than others to find heat.
I guess plasma without dust should be the best way to study the phenomenon,
Russian, Japanese teams, other, already have created transmutations, whatever original ingredients, by this way.
I don't think that polaritrons should play a role in a real pure plasma.
Display MoreThere are many nano and microstructures that can support polaritons. The Rossi effect most likely uses metallic hydrogen and/or lithium. Rossi's fuel preparation process generates metallic hydrogen/lithium by compressing these elements under extreme pressure inside microcavities. This molecule of between 4 and 60 atoms support polaritons on their surface and is produced through the compression of atoms in microcavities where the uncertainty principle provides the power of compression. Once formed, these molecules can float around. The TAO effect causes many of these molecules to combine into a large aggregate. It is this large luminous aggregate that is seen floating around inside the QX as miniature ball lightning.
It is possible as an alternative to using LENR fuel, Rossi has developed a runtime process using the processed surface of the nickel electrodes by formating that surface with pits and bumps as mizuno does in his substrate preparation process.
Rossi states on his patent that the LENR reaction occurs in the cavities in the metal surface. Rossi also said that the reactor occurs in the "hair" channel. That channel may have undergone a process where cavities were generated.
The metallic hydride might form in the surface of the processed surface of the nickel electrode. Rossi told Frank Acland the Ni rods were processed, "so to speak".
The HID lamp produces a very tiny hot spot in the plasma between the electrons. The temperature at the surface of the nickel electrodes are less than the melting point of nickel because the hot spot is offset from the surface of the electrode by a few millimeters.
As Me356 said in the past, if you do not add pure Li to LiAlH4, your trial will be explode, unfortunally.
I remember some replicator's already tried a similar device without..succes.
Questions, Why Rossi used nickel for both electrodes, according to your understanding ?
Device temperature reaches 2600 K then could not erode nickel's electrodes, in your case ?
A diagram of the QX
This is not just bad electroplating: the method described in the patent is about vaporizing electrode material with a plasma by using intense arc discharges. The parameter space for the operation seems large enough for patents to be written.
Yes, Lenr seems to appear after deep ionized levels more than chemical.
Btw, it should appear during positive, negative species recombinations, drowned in a main neutral environment.
Finally, this is summary of most experiments.
Cydonia, vous voudrez peut-être revérifier une hypothèse que vous faites. Mais m'appeler incompétent ne vous aimera certainement pas à l'équipe du forum.
Ok Eric Walker,
I apologize to the entire team, especially you.
I apologize to Axil too, I was overwhelmed by my bloody temperament..
Therefore, I feel that more we write thread here, more it seems true what is said, no ?
In all cases, I don't see how "metallic hydrogen" or "polaritron" should explain, both , XH, or Vysotskii results or better Na+O to K by Ohsawa ( no Hydrogen here...) ?
Still sorry to have communicated a bad feeling, long live to LenrForum.
Dear Eric Walker, if you kill my messages ALL TIME directly to clearance items , this is because you are AS FAR AS incompetent that your friend AXIL !!
bye bye you can kill my profile a second time, definitively this website doesn't help Lenr field.
Display MoreIn Holmlid's latest paper, Holmlid has shown that metallic hydrogen is active on the surface of the Sun thought the production of the solar wind and metallic hydrogen can exist and be active at those solar surface temperatures.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com…002/2017JA024498/abstract
The solar wind proton ejection mechanism: Experiments with ultradense hydrogen agree with observed velocity distributions
also see
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Again, takes care about what you said, a metallic hydrogen isn't a metallic hydride !!!!!!!!!!
Again, at solar's temperature no possibilities for molecules to exist !!!!!!!!!!!
The key factor that ME356 has revealed when he provides those micrographs of his fuel to public analysis is that metallic hydrides are central to the LENR reaction that he is able to generate. Metallic hydrides are the most powerful generator of the LENR effect. It is likely that Rossi also uses his fuel to carry the LENR reaction in the QX. Rossi's fuel may also very well be a carrier of metallic hydrides. What CAN wants to do in his proposed test of the EVO technology using a QX like experiment may not be effective because his approach does not include a LENR fuel type that contains metallic hydrides.
Metallic hydrides are a type of nanoparticle that is a superconductor whose electron spin wave based surface cover is a mirror like EMF environment that confines photons in an optical trap that is perfect to produce and maintain polaritons where photon/electron thermalization and entanglement is optimized. These Metallic hydride type nanoparticles are quasi stable whose half life has been seen in experiments to persist for months when allowed to be reenergized.
A metallic hydride remains before all a molecule, in this case following temperatures reached by QX, it 's a nonsense what you said.
About Me356, lighthouses recently lighted on Rossi forced him out of the burrow.
Electrical neutrality of plasmas is only macroscopically true. Electric field of each particle interacts with electrical charges of neighboring particles. Distance after which the potential of a particle is "hidden" by charges of particles around is called the Debye length. This length defines the volume (the Debye sphere) in which the rule of neutrality can be violated. This parameter can be generally approximated by the following equation:
Where is the permittivity of the vacuum, e is electron's charge, k is Boltzmann constant, T e is electrons temperature, and n e is electrons density (number of electrons per unit volume). An ionized gas will be considered a plasma if and only if its Debye length is much smaller than the physical dimensions of the plasma and if number of particles in the Debye sphere is greater than unity. Typically,Debye length of a low-pressure plasma (~ 300mTorr) is around 1mm ( close to AR device ????) and electrons number in Debye sphere is around 10 4 -10 7 electrons [28].
An hypothesis to understand why AR is using a small diameter for QX..
See this older paper about capillarity fusion by Vigier.
Les
Display More@Mary Yugo ,
I have already demonstrated that 25 to 30 mV DC across a 1 ohm resistor is possible while passing 1.75 A through it. The AC voltage across the 1 ohm resistor at that time was about 1.3 V true RMS. And there was 25 to 30 V true RMS across the whole circuit at that time.
The handheld voltmeter, when set to DV volts, won't give any indication of AC volts.
The Klein (orange) meter imaged in the Gullstrom-Rossi report reports DV volts, but not by default. It defaults to AC volts, and so must be changed to DC manually.
The 1 ohm resistor rated wattage sets the current limit to some degree. They can pass a fair bit of current, but they will get hot. How hot can be used to estimate the current. A 10 W ceramic resistor will reach about 70 C at a 3 W load.
I suggest that A value should be very very impressive therefore during few µs..This is why AR uses complex/heavy DC supply..
LesLes
La section expérimentale de l'article de Gullström-Rossi décrit sommairement un appareil en principe semblable à celui de la démonstration, où il y avait:
Rossi should improve this device's stage by probably using a central wire and external wall of QX to switch 2 old nickel rods.
In all cases, he's new device should run because already patented by Lipinski see: P66/90
