RobertBryant, cold nuclear fusion in supernova SN1987a began ~30 days after the explosion and neutrino cooling ((up to ~3000-5000K):
9.
Physical and mathematical solutions of the motion
of matter are
found: for the hydrogen atom [5],
Sun and Earth [6,7],
Supernova
SN1987A
[8],
CMB,
gravitational waves and neutrinos [6,7,9],
Mach's
principle [10],
connection of fundamental constants
[11,12],
falsifiability
and experiments
[7,11,12].
10.
The movement of matter in the form of a chain reaction of cold
nuclear fusion (LENR) as a reaction of β+ or β- decay according to
the scheme:
→
ῡ+p+→
e++n
→ → n→p++e-+ῡ→
+p+,
when
an antineutrino ῡ
acts on a proton p+ with the formation of a positron e+ and a free
neutron n, which partially decays and is absorbed with the formation
of isotopes and subsequent emission of the antineutrino ῡ,
happens everywhere: in the Sun, in the Earth and other planets during
the fusion of stars and "black holes" and supernova
explosions after neutrino cooling1,
(such as SN1987A), in plants and animals2
under the influence of neutrinos and antineutrinos formed , in
particular, during β+
and β-
- decay of radioactive isotopes 238U,
235U,
232Th,
40K19,
14C6
(in the atmosphere),56Ni28,
63Ni28
(artificial radioactive isotopes), with the synthesis of new elements
and heat release.
_______________
1
After
the explosion of SN1987A and volumetric neutrino cooling, a cold
nuclear fusion reaction began in the supernova remnant. A month after
the explosion, all the energy released by the explosion had already
gone in the form of neutrino radiation, but SN1987A first fell in
brightness, and then gradually increased in luminosity until it
reached a peak on 05.20.1987 (after 80 days) to a magnitude of 2.9.
By this time, most of the light came from another energy source: the
decay of radioactive isotopes produced by the explosion. Supernova
light curve accurately tracked the radioactive decay rate of 56Co
(+β decay (p→n+e++νe),
T1/2=77.27
days) using it as an energy source. [14, 15, 16]
2
in the body of a chicken, potassium 40K19
can be converted into calcium 40Ca20
by transmutation with hydrogen 1H1
[20]
«By
the end of the first month after the explosion of SN1987A, it was
noticed that the radiation of the supernova is fueled by the
radioactive decay of 56Co27
formed in the central region of the explosion» [14]
«The
nature of the source of energy pumping has been established - the
radioactive decay of the nuclide 56Co,
the product of the decay of another radioactive nuclide 56Ni28
(–ε electron capture (p+e-→n+νe)
and +β decay (p→n+e++νe),
T1/2=6.075
days):
56Ni28→56Co27→56Fe26
56Ni28
is formed in the process at the moment or shortly before the
explosion in the bowels of SN1987А»
[15]
The
energy of the expanding matter of a supernova is not enough to
explain the duration and energy of its outburst, which lasted several
months. At the late stage, the supernova glowed due to the energy of
the radioactive decay of 56Ni
with the formation of 56Co
and subsequent decay to stable 56Fe
[16].
“A
number of experiments indicate that, in fact, neutrinos at low
energies quite noticeably interact with matter” [18]
11.
In terrestrial conditions, by analogy with SN1987A, one
of the real nuclear chain reactions of β-decay (n→p+e-+ῡe)
along the main channel, when controlled by various methods, is
feasible in the laboratory: passing hydrogen 1H1
(tritium 3H1,
deuterium 2H1,
water
H2O)
through 63Ni28,
(or
56Ni)
(artificial
radioactive isotope of nickel, harmless to humans, serving as a
source antineutrino (neutrino) and substance absorbing neutrons), at
t
~36.5 - 1200°C:
→
ῡ
+
63Ni28+1H→63Cu29+e-+ῡ+1H+Q
→
ῡ+p++e-
→
ῡ+p+
→
e++n
→
n→p++e-+ῡ
→ +1H
→
where
63Cu29
is a stable non-radioactive copper isotope.
It
is possible, with appropriate protection from harmful radiation, a
chain reaction of cold nuclear fusion through the following β-
decay
channel when a +p+
proton (hydrogen 1H1,
tritium 3H1,
deuterium 2H1,
water H2O
, etc.) is supplied to an antineutrino:
241Pu94
(+p+)
→ 241Am95
+
e-
+
ῡe
(+p+)
→ 237Np93
+
4α2
+
e++n
→ → n→p++e-+ῡe
→
+p+
→,
where
→
ῡe+p+→
e++n
→ n→p++e-+ῡe
→
+p+.
12.
With this chain reaction of LENR,
along with the transmutation of the nuclei of elements and the
release of the kinetic energy of the particles in the form of heat Q,
it is possible to generate a high power electric current from emitted
electrons, for example, using diamond semiconductors, in particular
using carbon 14C
(beta-galvanic device, beta-voltaic generator) or others.
13.
The movement of material bodies according to the modern scientific
paradigm is a mechanical
movement in space and time. In the presented theory, the
motion of matter is primary
periodic (with the frequency of Planck's time) process
of material-energy induction
due to the difference in energy potentials formed a absolute
spherical sink-source (convergence-divergence). There is only one way
to change the energy-gravitational potential difference of the moving
Cosmos to create a "traction force" at a fundamental level
- by "burning" the mass, i.e. turning it into "neutrino"
radiation (neutrino field), which is what happens with cold nuclear
fusion LENR.
14.
Consequently, during a chain reaction of cold nuclear fusion LENR,
several joint processes simultaneously occur in one material body -
the “engine”:
1)
synthesis of new elements with the release of mechanical thermal
energy,
2)
generation of electric current as the movement of electrons arising
during the reaction,
3)
non-mechanical "anti-gravity" motion of the body in space
and time. During the LENR reaction, the mass of the reactor-engine
decreases due to its transformation into neutrino radiation, which
increases the difference in energy-gravitational potentials in this
place of space-Cosmos and the body-engine moves in the direction of a
smaller difference in energy-gravitational potentials.
Knowledge
of these processes will allow them to be used for practical purposes.
Conclusions
and consequences are of a qualitative nature and serve for
quantitative experimental confirmation of the theory. [19]
[14] M. Hashimoto, K. Nomoto, et
al.,
Light-curve models for supernova SN1987A in the LMC,
Nature 328, 320 (1987)
[15]
Имшенник В.С., Надёжин Д.К. Сверхновая
1987А в БМО: наблюдения и теория. УФН
156 в.4 1988
(RUS)
[16] Астрофизический
модуль «Квант», Наука
и человечество
(1989) А.А. Логунов. М.: Знание, 1989. с.299-301
(RUS)
[17]
Пархомов
А.Г. Нейтрино малых энергий как причина
аномалий в бета-распадах и ХТЯ,
Метафизика(2020)
№4(38) (RUS)
[18]
Parkhomov,
A. and Belousova, E. (2022) Huge Variety of Nuclides That Arise in
the LENR Processes: Attempt at Explanation. Journal
of Modern Physics,
13, 274-284. doi: 10.4236/jmp.2022.133019.
[19]
A.P.
Nikitin, Cold
Fusion (CF) Chain Reaction and Non-mechanical Engine.(2022)
(RUS-ENG) https://vixra.org/abs/2204.0144
https://vixra.org/pdf/2204.0144v1.pdf
[20] C.
Louis Kervran and Biological Transmutations.
C.
Louis Kervran and Biological Transmutations.
Retrieved 2019-08-01.