axil: The animated diagram shows two nuclei exchanging a neutral pion. From the same Wiki article (for the Pion):
"The π0 meson has a mass of 135.0 MeV/c2 and a mean lifetime of 8.4×10−17 s. It decays via the electromagnetic force, which explains why its mean lifetime is much smaller than that of the charged pion (which can only decay via the weak force). The main π0 decay mode, with a branching ratio of BR=0.98823, is into two photons"
From the very short lifetime, it seems at least some will decay while between the nuclei. Assuming the two photons are of equal energy, what would their wavelength be?
Axil wrote
"We can see if pions are produced randomly by SPPs, there will be confusion inside the nucleus."
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The standard model is static and does not explain variable interactions between forces well. This is why standard model theorists are excited about finding supersymmetry. In this theory, this will allow the basic forces to be related. But supersymmetry is a bad theory, it is not compatible with reality, it will not be successful. LENR will tell us how the fundimental forces interact.
While the W particles are force carriers of the weak force, they themselves carry charges under the electromagnetic force. While it is not so strange that force carriers are themselves, the fact that it is electromagnetic charge suggests that QED and the weak force are connected. Glashow's theory of the weak force took this into account by allowing for a mixing between the weak force and the electromagnetic force. The amount of mixing is labeled by a measurable parameter, the coupling constant.
Unifying forces
The full theory of electroweak forces includes four force carriers: W+, W-, and two uncharged particles that mix at low energies—that is, they evolve into each other as they travel. This mixing is analogous to the mixing of neutrinos with one another. One mixture is the massless photon, while the other combination is the Z. In order for a particle to gain speed, it must loss mass. Also the range of it influence increases as energy is added. So at high energies, when all particles move at nearly the speed of light, particles loss all mass.
At high energy, the W particles behave like photons and QED and the weak interactions unify into a single theory that we call the electroweak theory. A theory with four massless force carriers has a symmetry that is broken in a theory where three of them have masses. In fact, the Ws and Z have different masses. Glashow put these masses determined by experiment into the theory by hand, but did not explain their origin theoretically. Because of this, the coupling constant that relates this force is static, a snapshot at the point that the coupling was determined.
This single mixing parameter is critical in LENR, It predicts many different observable phenomena in the weak interactions. First, it gives the ratio of the W and Z masses (it is the cosine of ). It also gives the ratio of the coupling strength of the electromagnetic and weak forces (the sine of ). In addition, many other measurable quantities, such as how often electrons or muons or quarks are spinning one way versus another when they come from a decaying Z particle, depend on the single mixing parameter. Thus, the way to test the electroweak theory is to measure all of these things and see if you get the same number for this one parameter.
A sickness and a cure
While the electroweak theory could successfully account for what was observed experimentally at low energies, one could imagine an experiment that could not be explained. If one takes this theory and tries to compute what happens when Standard Model particles scatter at very high energies (above 1 TeV) using Feynman diagrams, one gets nonsense. Nonsense looks like, for example, probabilities greater than 100%, measurable quantities predicted to be infinity, or simply approximations where the next correction to a calculation is always bigger than the last. If a theory produces nonsense when trying to predict a physical result, it is the wrong theory. This issue suggests that the way that the coupling constant was determined is flawed.
A "fix" to a theory can be as simple as a single new fix-em-up field (and therefore, a new particle). As is their practice, the standard model theorists felt the need to invent a new particle to help Glashow's theory, so we'll call it H. If a particle like H exists, and it interacts with the known particles, then it must be included in the Feynman diagrams we use to calculate things like scattering and decay cross sections. Thus, though we may never have seen such a particle, its virtual effects change the results of the calculations. Introducing H in the right way changes the results of the scattering calculation and gives sensible results.
In the mid-1960s, a number of physicists, including Scottish physicist Peter Higgs, wrote down theories in which a force carrier could get a mass due to the existence of a new field. This field explains how a particle gets mass and therefore explains how the range of its interactions change. In 1967, Steven Weinberg (and independently, Abdus Salam), incorporated this effect into Glashow's electroweak theory producing a consistent, unified electroweak theory. It included a new particle, dubbed the Higgs boson, which, when included in the scattering calculations, completed a new theory—the Standard Model—which made sensible predictions even for very high-energy scattering. It predicted how a W particle changed mass as energy is added to became a photon at high energies.
A mechanism for mass
The way the Higgs field gives masses to the W and Z particles, and all other fundamental particles of the Standard Model (the Higgs mechanism), is subtle. The Higgs field—which like all fields lives everywhere in space—is in a different phase than other fields in the Standard Model. Because the Higgs field interacts with nearly all other particles, and the Higgs field affects the vacuum, the state of the vacuum affect the Higgs field, the coupling constant, and the range that the weak force can act. the space (vacuum) particles travel through affects them in a dramatic way: It gives them mass and restricts the range of interaction. The bigger the coupling between a particle and the Higgs, the bigger the effect, and thus the bigger the particle's mass.
If the Higgs field does not act as the standards model predicts, the way the weak force and electromagnetism couples is not well defined. This variation in the state of the vacuum, the range of the weak force, and how electromagnetism affects the weak force come into question.
If the vacuum can be manipulated such that a volume of space can be partitioned into a zone of high energy and an adjacent zone of low energy, the zone of negitive vacuum energy would allow the weak force to be more readily modified by EMF to increase it range and change its mode of interation. Such behavior has been seen when LENR increases the rate of nuclear decay of radio active isotopes in LENR experiments.
This uncertainty in the coupling constant and the associated Higgs mechanism now seen in the standard model give LENR a opening and a place at the table in the full sunshine and acceptance by the standard model.
The pion may be produced by the vacuum via the Casimir force.
See:
Casimir forces in a Plasma: Possible Connections to Yukawa Potentials
http://arxiv.org/pdf/1409.1032v1.pdf
If the vacuum is modified by intense EMF, then the pion's lifetime and range of action might change. The vacuum may produce more pions then when the vacuum is not excited. How intense EMF effects the vacuum and what these changes in the vacuum forces do to the nucleus is the subject of future standard model physics as reflected by LENR science.
