Ask questions to Dr. Sveinn Ólafsson, Science Institute - University of Iceland

@sveinol

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Hot-electron nanoscopy using adiabatic compression of surface plasmons

http://physics.gsu.edu/stockman/data/Stockman_Fabrizio_et_al_Nat_Nano_2013_Adiabatic_Nanoscopy_Supplement.pdf

Electric field norm of a TM0 mode along the conical tip geometry (Rtip = 25 nm), excited at 670 nm. (A) The tip is in non contact with respect to the semiconductor sample. (B) When the tip is posed in contact with the semiconductor, a further enhancement of the induced adiabatic SPP focusing at the tip apex can be deserved. In all cases, fields are normalized to the input amplitude, E0=1 V/m.

I ran accross this picture of a nanowire type of nanoparticle. The Rydberg matter type of particle fits into that class of particle. Note how the SPP covers the particle from its tail to its tip. The tip has the most amplified SPP field.

Science grows through explaining exceptions. For example, Newtonian physics explains most of the universe, but there are a few exceptions that it cannot explain: the orbit of Mercury and the bending of light through the influence of high mass is another. To explain these exceptions, the general theory of relativity is required. Einstein was judged to be a kook until Max Planck took him under his wing and sponsored his ideas. Not until then did general relativity gain any traction in the science world.

LENR is another example of the exception to the rule. Quantum mechanics works well for most things but there are a few things that it cannot handle. For example, what goes on inside the proton and neutron is not subject to the rules of quantum mechanics, so a new force was invented called the color force that handles this exception.

The color force is the source of the strong interaction, or that the strong interaction is like a residual color force which extends beyond the proton or neutron to bind them together in a nucleus. The other exception that goes along with the color force is the fractional charge that quarks have. There are also the strange cases that come up involving the fractional quantum hall effect where magnetism produces balls of fractional charge that really surprised physics. The color force is carried by gluons which makes it different from magnetism. But the quarks inside the protons are thought to be monopoles and they cannot be separated. But why is a quark different than a monopole which can be separated. This confinement is caused by superconductivity inside the proton or the neutron.

If we could produce a monopole that was inside a superconductor, then we would have something special. We would have quarks. This is the exception that quantum mechanics cannot handle. The color force, quarks, and superconducting monopoles are covered by non-associative quantum mechanics.

It just so happens that nano particles can produce a superconducting monopole. This is accomplished in Rydberg matter which has been proven by Holmlid to be superconducting and subject to the meissner effect.

The Rydberg matter that is produced in the LENR reaction is a carrier of the color force that keeps quark contained. This conjecture is proven true in the experiments of LeClair. The water particle is a water based Rydberg matter formed under the tremendous pressure and temperatures produced in the collapsing cavitation bubble. When this nanoparticle begins to eat through material no matter how hard, the particle is protected by destruction from nuclear level forces equal to that of a supernova by the quark based superconductive strengthen color force at the tip of the water crystal. The monopole shield is impenetrable and can withstand a supernova based explosion. When LeClair puts this extra force into the cavitation erosion equations, the equation becomes valid after a hundred years of failure.

LeClair states:
NanoSpire Cavitation Erosion Model Prediction of Fusion Thermodynamics

Mark LeClair of NanoSpire has solved the one hundred year old problem of accurately predicting cavitation erosion for all materials, as a function of cavitation and material properties. Researchers including Lord Kelvin, Lord Rayleigh and many scientists since their day have been unable to solve this seemingly intractable problem. Previous attempts at deriving an accurate general equation have been off by a factor of up to 300X compared to data.

Mark has derived a general equation for cavitation erosion that is a 98% R^2 curve fit for ASTM-G32 cavitation erosion data for 22 different materials. The equation takes van der Waals repulsion into account during high speed impact of cavitation reentrant jets. The equation predicts that a thin layer exists at the point of cavitation reentrant jet impact with a substrate where van der Waals repulsion dominates. The pressure in this thin zone is in the range of a few hundred up to just over a thousand gigapascals depending on the strength of the material. In cold fusion, we are dealing with a special exception to standard reality involving the color force, gluon force carriers, quark confinement, non-associative quantum mechanics produced by a special shape (topology) of a special nano/micro particle.

See for the theory as follows:

Vortices in Non-Abelian Gauge Field Theory

http://www.tims.ntu.edu.tw/download/talk/20110113_1507.pdf

@sveinol

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http://www.ptep-online.com/index_files/2011/PP-26-07.PDF

Liquid Metallic Hydrogen: A Building Block for the Liquid Sun

The reference puts forth a case that explains the sun as a condensed matter object made up of a liquid hydrogen lattice. The evidence that supports this idea is rooted in the continuous black body spectrum of the light that the sun produces. Only a solid like graphite can produce such a continuous spectrum. This idea that the sun is a condensed matter object rather than a gas explains many of the solar mysteries that have perplexed solar science for the last two centuries. But what cannot be explained and what is discouraging the idea that he sun is a condensed matter body made up of liquid hydrogen is how that liquid could remain liquid under the tremendous heat and pressure that exists inside the sun and in its atmosphere.

Another mystery about the sun is why it is not far denser than it is. There is a force intrinsic to the liquid hydrogen from becoming degenerate and therefore keeps the fusion going in the sun.

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Degeneracy removes all of the forces which lead to fusion. As such, it should be more reasonable to maintain the relative incompressibility of condensed matter. The Sun, after all, has a very ordinary density of 1.4 g/cm3 [141] and the same is true for the giant planets.

From the conclusion

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Relative to the Sun, a condensed approach brings interesting contrasts and dilemmas versus the gaseous models. The latter are endowed with tremendous mathematical flexibility [1, 2], but their physical relevance appears limited. Gases cannot by themselves impart structure and the solar spectrum is not easily explained in a gaseous framework [9]. The gaseous stars suffer from the stellar opacity problem [9]. Conversely, a liquid metallic hydrogen model imparts a wonderful ability to explain the origin of the solar spectrum relying on the layered structure held in common with graphite [141–149]. Metallic hydrogen possesses a very high critical temperature and can exist as condensed matter even on the solar surface accounting for many features of the Sun best characterized by material endowed with a lattice [141]. Most of the physical attributes of the Sun are more simply explained within the framework of a liquid model [141]. However, a condensed Sun is not as open to theoretical formulations. The advantages of a liquid Sun are now so numerous [20, 141–149] that it is difficult to conceive why the model was not proposed long ago. This speaks to the allure of the gaseous Sun and the mathematical beauty of the associated equations of state. In closing, it should be highlighted that there is currently an effort to describe the Sun as “liquid-like” (e.g. [162]). In the end, the author believes that such terminology should be avoided. If the Sun is condensed, it should be viewed as liquid, not “liquid-like”. Even gases could be “liquid-like”. Such terms cannot be sufficient, since a real lattice is required for production of the solar thermal spectrum. No compromise can be made on this point for those who have studied thermal emission in real materials. “Liquid-like” might refer to anything from a gas, to plasma, to fully degenerate matter, to supercritical fluid and none are necessarily endowed with a lattice. The contention of this work remains that the photosphere of the Sun is liquid, with true lattice structure and ordered interatomic distances. The adoption of liquid metallic hydrogen as a solar constituent brings with it a wealth of possibilities in describing solar structures and understanding the solar spectrum. Central to this advancement, the lattice must remain the foremost element in all of condensed matter, whether here on Earth, within the Sun, and even, in the firmament of the stars. Acknowledgement Luc Robitaille is acknowledged for producing a rendition of graphite’s layered lattice.

LENR is a fundamental force of nature. We who have been studying LENR understand that a monopole magnetic shield protects the liquid hydrogen that we know as Rydberg hydrogen matter from becoming degenerated matter in the giant planets and stars. Degenerate matter cannot support fusion so LENR is keeping the sun shining. This monopole force keeps the biggest and most massive stars from burring out and collapsing in on themselves. This monopole force gives LENR the ability to produce nuclear reactions directly within the nucleus of the atom as the strong force. The evidence from the sun and the planets adds to our understanding of what LENR is.

@sveinol

Reference:

http://www.sciencedaily.com/re…/2016/01/160118134930.htm

Full article is at

http://arxiv.org/abs/1512.08981

Quantum knots are real. Holmlid has found that Rydberg hydrogen matter is superconductive and also demonstrates the meissner effect. From nanoplasmonics, we also know that surface plasmon polaritons(SPP) will always formed on the surface of a long nano-string type nanoparticle and might well produce this superconductive nature to the rydberg matter via Bose Condensation. Knotted vortex circulation of photons in SPPs that are trapped in a photonic locked vortex circulation in a topological plasmoid could produce an effective analog monopole capable of destabilizing subatomic particles as seen in Holmlid experiments.

The energy storage mechanism that absorbs energy from either a the LENR reaction's based positive feedback loop or stimulation that comes from heat, laser or arc discharge might entail the addition of additional photonic quantum knots to form in a plasmoid circulation. Like in any coil, we can always add more wire windings to a coil adding more magnetic power. So to with quantum knots, there is always room for more.

See the article below to understand why a monopole will disrupt quark processes inside protons and neutrons which result in the production of mesons:

http://www.npl.washington.edu/AV/altvw01.html

Quote from H-G Branzell

Yeah, that’s our axil!

Knot theory is old style science and goes back to Lord Kelvin.

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Knots have been used for basic purposes such as recording information, fastening and tying objects together, for thousands of years. The early, significant stimulus in knot theory would arrive later with Sir William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) and his theory of vortex atoms.

James Clerk Maxwell, a colleague and friend of Thomson's and Tait's, also developed a strong interest in knots. Maxwell studied Listing's work on knots. He re-interpreted Gauss' linking integral in terms of electromagnetic theory. In his formulation, the integral represented the work done by a charged particle moving along one component of the link under the influence of the magnetic field generated by an electric current along the other component. Maxwell also continued the study of smoke rings by considering three interacting rings.

When the luminiferous æther was not detected in the Michelson–Morley experiment, vortex theory became completely obsolete, and knot theory ceased to be of great scientific interest. Modern physics demonstrates that the discrete wavelengths depend on quantum energy levels.

But the æther has been now theorized to be a "Spin Net Liquid"

In condensed matter physics, a string-net is an extended object whose collective behavior has been proposed as a physical mechanism for topological order by Michael A. Levin and Xiao-Gang Wen. A particular string-net model may involve only closed loops; or networks of oriented, labeled strings obeying branching rules given by some gauge group; or still more general networks.

Their model purports to show the derivation of photons, electrons, and U(1) gauge charge, small (relative to the planck mass) but nonzero masses, and suggestions that the leptons, quarks, and gluons, can be modeled in the same way. In other words, string-net condensation provides an unification of photon and electron (or gauge bosons and fermions). It can be viewed as an origin of light and electron (or gauge interactions and Fermi statistics). However, their model does not account for the chiral coupling between the fermions and the SU(2)gauge bosons in the standard model.

http://dao.mit.edu/~wen/NSart-wen.html

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The first hint that a new type of matter may exist came in 1982. "Twenty five years ago we thought we understood everything about phases and phase transitions of matter," says Wen. "Then along came an experiment that opened up a whole new world."

"The positions of electrons in a Fractional Quantum Hall (FQH) state appear random like in a liquid, but they dance around each other in a well organized manner and form a global dancing pattern."

In the experiment, electrons moving in the interface between two semiconductors form a strange state, which allows a particle-like excitation (called a quasiparticle) that carries only 1/3 of electron charge. Such an excitation cannot be view as a motion of a single electron or any cluster with finite electrons. Thus this so-called fractional quantum Hall (FQH) state suggested that the quasiparticle excitation in a state can be very different from the underlying particle that form the state. The quasiparticle may even behave like a fraction of the underlying particle, even though the underlying particle can never break apart. It soon became clear that electrons under certain conditions can organize in a way such that a defect or a twist in the organization gives rise to a quasiparticle with fractional charge -- an explanation that earned Laughlin, Horst Störmer and Daniel Tsui the Nobel prize (New Scientist, 31 January 1998, p 36).

A magnetic field got knotted up and formed a pair of toroids connected by a monopole field (quasiparticle) with fractional spin.

Lord Kelvin view of the atom in error in the details but on target in its spirit as a knotted photon vortex trapped in a toroidal path.

Here is a theory of the electron as a knotted photon.

http://www.cybsoc.org/electron.pdf
Is the electron a photon with toroidal topology?

Why should the quark be any different than the electron. The quark must also be a toroid made out of a knotted photon with fractional charge connected to its anti particle by a monopole field.

There seems to be a way to produce a monopole by twisting up photons to form a quasiparticle that can come into resonance with the quarks inside a nucleus using the same monopole based communications path the quarks effect each other with inside the nucleus.

This monopole analog disrupts things inside the proton by catalyzing proton decay.

http://www.npl.washington.edu/AV/altvw01.html

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Thus the monopole is the analog of a chemical catalyst. It is an agent provocateur. It wanders through matter stimulating proton decay and nuclear breakup without being changed itself. A single monopole can do this over and over again as rapidly as it can find its way into successive protons or nuclei. And with each such event, a quantity of energy is liberated which is far greater than that released in uranium fission. The implications of monopole catalysis are enormous. All matter, be it garbage or junk or gold ingots, becomes a source of unlimited energy. Given a suitable supply of monopoles the energy needs of the world are limited only by the supply of matter to be catalyzed into energy. If massive monopoles are ever found, they will be of incalculable worth for physical research and for energy production.

Beyond their utility as producers of energy, monopoles could probably be used directly in a spaceship engine. There have already been studies by Robert W. Forward and others showing that antimatter annihilating with matter in a magnetic "hemi-bottle", an intense magnetic field pinched at one end and open at the other would serve as an extremely efficient spaceship drive. The problem is that the needed amount of antimatter fuel would require a truly staggering investment, because the antimatter would have to be manufactured by earth-based or orbiting "antiproton factories" of monumental size.

The same basic scheme, however, could be applied using monopole catalysis. The "fuel" would then be atoms of normal matter caused to explode because their protons and neutrons undergo catalyzed decay as a flux of monopoles is passed through them. The hemi-bottle magnetic nozzle then provides the dual function of guiding the charged nuclear fragments from the exploded nuclei out the exhaust port of the engine and at the same time collecting the monopoles at the pinch point for re-use in the next engine cycle.

Doesn't this sound just like what Holmlid is doing: producing subatomic particles(k-mesons) and billions of neutral atomic fragments moving outward at a substantial fraction of the speed of light. That sounds like an monopole powered LENR space engine to me.

A little bit of knowledge is indeed a dangerous thing Branzell

link: Experimental Measurement of Excess Thermal Energy Released from a Cell Loaded with a Mixture of Nickel Powder and Lithium Aluminum Hydride

Quote from H-G Branzell

To whom it may concern:
scientificamerican.com/article…ou-think-false-expertise/

From the article:

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The results suggest that if you think you know a lot about something, you might want to double-check, lest you fall into the trap of skimming over words and concepts that seem familiar. In addition, the researchers point out that people who believe they know more than they do may be less inclined to pursue further education, or they may give advice about topics they do not fully understand. So the next time you are offered advice from a self-professed expert, you may want to take it with a grain of salt.

Seems like sage advice.

I don´t take my own advice seriously when LENR is involved but I hope that will change ....

@sveinol
Sorry for asking yet another question.

Recently I've stumbled upon the following 2015 paper on the emission of Rydberg states from certain K-promoted catalysts by a research group where Holmlid was a co-author. Today I happened to read it a bit more in detail than last time:

https://www.researchgate.net/p…rom_cryptomelane_nanorods

Is my understanding correct that the application of a small positive voltage on the sample increases significantly K* emission, whereas if it's too high it completely inhibits it? This appears to be explained in pages 4-5 and figure 4.

If yes (in other words, if I understood correctly), this is quite important information.

Quote from Ecco

@sveinol

https://www.researchgate.net/p…rom_cryptomelane_nanorods

Is my understanding correct that the application of a small positive voltage on the sample increases significantly K* emission, whereas if it's too high it completely inhibits it? This appears to be explained in pages 4-5 and figure 4.

If yes (in other words, if I understood correctly), this is quite important information.

Display More

http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content…p/c5cp04108b#!divAbstract

[quote]Cryptomelane (KMn8O16) nanorods were synthesized, characterized (XRD, Raman spectroscopy, TEM/SAED) and investigated by species resolved thermal desorption of potassium from the material in the range of 20–620 °C. The desorbing fluxes of ions, atoms and highly excited electronic states (field ionizable Rydberg states) were measured using an ion collector, surface ionization and field ionization detectors, respectively, in a vacuum apparatus. The non-equilibrium emission of potassium Rydberg species (principal quantum number > 30) strongly depends on the surface positive voltage bias with a broad maximum at 1–8 V. The stimulation of Rydberg species emission is discussed in terms of spatial and energetic overlapping between the electron cloud above the cryptomelane surface and the desorbing potassium ion.
[quote]

http://www.google.com/patents/WO2012135089A1?cl=en

Cryptomelane-type manganese oxide octahedral molecular sieves (OMS-2) supported Fe and Co catalysts are utilized in a method for producing hydrocarbons by a Fischer-Tropsch mechanism.

(OMS-2) is the name of the catalyst.

@sveinol
Sorry for asking yet another question.

Recently I've stumbled upon the following 2015 paper on the emission of Rydberg states from certain K-promoted catalysts by a research group where Holmlid was a co-author. Today I happened to read it a bit more in detail than last time:

researchgate.net/publication/2…rom_cryptomelane_nanorods

Is my understanding correct that the application of a small positive voltage on the sample increases significantly K* emission, whereas if it's too high it completely inhibits it? This appears to be explained in pages 4-5 and figure 4.

If yes (in other words, if I understood correctly), this is quite important information.

Hi again

Just back from vacation trip in Central America, I read the paper and what it basically says is that increasing the positive bias you increase excitation level of the neutral K* species until you end up with ionisation of K* to K+ and e-. The detector can only detect neutral K* and not K+ therefore the signal drops.

Can voltage bias affect the rate of H* as an intermediate step in generation of ultra dense Hydrogen generation? Yes it is possible but the catalyst is insulator so I think is is hard to bias it.

Greetings

Sveinn

@sveinol: thanks for answering. As a side note, the magnification of K* production with the application of a small voltage reminded me of another effect in catalysis known as EPOC (Electrochemical Promotion of Catalysis), which also requires small voltages or currents in order to work. Perhaps, it might be related to some extent with the voltage dependence observed in the paper I previously linked.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/…ion_of_catalytic_activity
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10800-009-9938-7

Quote from barty

Hi <a href="https://www.lenr-forum.com/forum/index.php/User/128-sveinol/">@sveinol</a>!
Now after MFMP released their &quot;recipe&quot; do you think you and Holmlid will try such an experiment to just verify it? Maybe check against your own findings?

Gratulations to MFMP

No there is no need to duplicate excellent research work. I visited Alan last November and had nice time in his lab. They will continue this and will get still better data soon I think. They are doing open live research with is very good while we are doing old style delayed open research (publications).

Of course I think there is Rydberg matter involved in the recipe they published:-)

Greetings

Sveinn

Quote from Ecco

<a href="https://www.lenr-forum.com/forum/index.php/User/128-sveinol/">@sveinol</a>: thanks for answering. As a side note, the magnification of K* production with the application of a small voltage reminded me of another effect in catalysis known as EPOC (Electrochemical Promotion of Catalysis), which also requires small…

Yes this is increasingly studied. I am involved here in Iceland in project were production of NH3 by electrochemical process with such novel catalyst and biasing is studied. First mainly with DFT calculations and then experimental checking. This is very hard problem.

Sveinn

@barty: is it important that it's Ni (and Li+LiAlH4)? They already have a proven solution in the form of K:Fe2O3 catalysts. If anything, it's amateur experimenters who should be using them, given that there are plenty of peer-reviewed papers by Holmlid et al. published in international journals reporting experimental results and observations. All the baking (calcining), reduction and hydrogenation steps suggested for the Ni+Li powder in Rossi/Parkhomov replications are probably needed for obtaining a porous structure with a partially oxidized surface similar to that of these catalysts.

Using a ready-made K:Fe2O3 catalyst would probably shortcut this process.

@sveinol: thought of the week, please bear with me! Hopefully you're still following this thread.

If according to the paper "Ultra-Dense Hydrogen H(−1) as the Cause of Instabilities in Laser Compression-Based Nuclear Fusion" submitted in 2014 by Holmlid strong compression of hydrogen to high temperature and density (as what happens in inertial confinement fusion) can cause it to spontaneously condense to H(0) - as it is now called - wouldn't this have huge implications for stars and gas giants in space? Has prof. Holmlid ever discussed about this?