Я поехал за визой в Алматы, дальше еду в отпуск на Иссык-Куль отдыхать в горах, так что встретимся может быть, я не знаю, пока всем. Но есть телефон, буду оттуда работать на русском если что. Пока.
1. In the scheme under consideration, the formation of molecules of chemical compounds in the plasma that are part of natural gases and oil and their stay in the gaseous phase is assumed. With subsequent discharges, condensation occurs from the gaseous stage to the droplet-liquid state, migration, accumulation of liquid in traps in the Earth's crust. Plasma chemical reactions of the formation of chemical compounds that make up oil can begin with the formation of hydrocarbons and hydrogen in their free state. They can also begin with the decomposition of carbon compounds or hydrogen-containing organic or inorganic compounds in an electric discharge and then the synthesis of the formed elements, free radicals or products of the destruction of the molecules of the initial compounds. [7].
The proposed hypothesis of formation of molecules of compounds in the Earth's crust that are part of hot gases and oil does not exclude other ways and ways of formation of gas and oil, including the ways indicated by organic or inorganic hypotheses. Plasma chemical reactions can take effect at some stage of the processes described by the inorganic and organic hypotheses of oil formation, for example, from the stage when methane or carbon dioxide and hydrogen are obtained during the decomposition of organic matter, etc. Subsequently, hydrogenation, polymerization, cyclization and other reactions of obtaining complex organic compounds will occur in the plasma. According to the inorganic hypothesis of the formation of oil or gas:
A) hydrocarbons are released from magma;
B) hydrocarbons are synthesized from C and H2 by the catalytic action of rocks.
The energy source is the heat of magma. In the discharge plasma, Berthelot methane synthesis and subsequent possible methane dehydrogenation are possible.
According to the organic hypothesis of oil formation, the ways of destruction from solid organic matter to methane are described, but the ways and sources of energy for polymerization of methane to oil and asphalt are not indicated.
Plasma chemistry indicates the ways to obtain a liquid product from a solid or gaseous organic substance.
According to organic theories, the process of transformation of organic residue can be stimulated by: temperature, pressure, microflora, catalytic action of minerals (clays) and microflora, radioactivity, salinity of waters. In the proposed hypothesis, plasma in the discharge is added to this factor, on equal terms.
2. In the earth's crust there are volumes filled with natural gas consisting of molecules of hydrocarbon compounds, water vapor and other substances, as well as underground volumes filled with water or oil. In each of these phases - vapor-gas, liquid and solid, under certain conditions, the appearance of EMF of free electric charges, the accumulation of a volumetric charge and the formation of strong electric fields is possible. The occurrence of EMF and currents caused by physical and geological processes is also possible [I].
The most electrically charged are finely dispersed fragments of minerals with defects in the crystal lattices. It is with these surfaces that intensive secondary transformations are primarily associated. The effusive-clastic-carbonate and sandy-clay strata of the Mangyshlak Triassic have mainly positive diffusion-adsorption activity (ADA). For a sand-clay complex of rocks, the values of diffusion-adsorption activity vary from -4 to +45 mV. The minimum value of ADA is up to negative, small values are typical for quartz sandstones with dolomite cement. For pure and weakly clay polymictic analogues, the values of ADA do not exceed 10-15 mV. In highly clayey sandstones and siltstones, the sorption skeleton reaches 35 mV. The values of HELL are maximum in mudstones, but do not exceed 50-55 mV.
Tuff-clastic complex of rocks in terms of diffusion-adsorption activity is not inferior to sandy-clay rocks. Thus, the range of changes in blood pressure in vitroclastic tuffs reaches 45 mV. The activity values of tuffites are slightly higher. Moreover, depending on the dimension of the fragments, the amount of diffusion-adsorption activity changes in them. Tuffites containing a large amount of fine-grained and pelitic material have extremely high values of skeletal activity, which reach 50-55 mV.
Tufoaleurolites and tuff sandstones are characterized by values of diffusion-adsorption activity of the order of 15-40 mV, the minimum values of ADA are in sandstones.
3. When the electric field strength of the bulk charge reaches the value of the electrical strength of the medium, a discharge will occur, in which an electron- ion gas-discharge plasma is formed. When a large pulse current flows through the plasma, in case of poor heat exchange, it can be heated to a very high temperature. In a low-temperature plasma formed in a discharge or track of a high-energy particle, various chemical reactions of both synthesis and decomposition are possible. Numerous chemical reactions of organic synthesis occurring in low-temperature plasma have been studied in laboratory conditions. Industrial production of various substances in discharge plasma, for example, acetylene from methane, has been mastered.
4. During discharge in gaseous, liquid and solid phases and the formation of low-temperature plasma in the bowels of the Earth, chemical reactions of inorganic synthesis and the formation of compounds from simple substances, for example, carbon and hydrogen, are also possible. In high-temperature plasma, if it is formed in the Earth's interior, various nuclear reactions are possible, predicted theoretically and carried out practically in laboratory conditions. The release of a large amount of energy in the discharge plasma leads to the occurrence of earthquake shock waves.A strong electromagnetic field of the discharge current causes a disturbance of stationary fields and can be recorded in the same way as fields from lightning discharges in the atmosphere. At an earlier stage of the formation of our planet, violent tectonic activity took place, which was accompanied by electrical discharges with the release of a large amount of energy in the discharge plasma.
5. The hypothesis under consideration suggests one of the possible mechanisms for the formation of chemical compounds and radioactive isotopes in the Earth's crust. According to the proposed hypothesis, the synthesis of chemical compounds from simple bodies in low-temperature plasma and the formation of radioactive isotopes in hot plasma in the Earth's crust occurred in the distant geological epochs of the formation of the planet. The proposed hypothesis, in particular, allows for the formation of natural gases, oil, radioactive ores in our time, as well as the restoration of their reserves as a result of natural processes occurring in the plasma igniting in the substance of the planet. The formation of electric charges in rocks and voids filled with gas and liquid can occur under the influence of processes occurring in the Earth's crust, atmosphere or near-Earth space.
Let's look at some of these processes. For example, an electric charge accumulated in a thundercloud induces the appearance on the earth's surface of a charge equal to it in magnitude and opposite in sign. The charge of the opposite sign released in the Ground spreads due to conduction. Electric field lines appear between the cloud charge and a section of the Earth's surface. Part of the force flow is dissipated in the Ground. During the discharge, a strong current flows between the cloud and a piece of Earth and an alternating electromagnetic field is formed, the change of which causes the occurrence of E.D.S. in the Ground. At a high rate of increase of the lightning current, the magnitude of the induced EMF is quite large. An electric field arises, the components of which are directed along the radius to the tangent, therefore electric discharges are possible in each of these directions.
The theory of the formation of free electrical discharges in the atmosphere also indicates the presence of water droplets in the air and turbulent flow motion.
There are always water vapors in the natural gas that fills the voids in the earth's crust. The turbulent movement of gas masses is caused by thermal gradients, the passage of shock waves through the gas volume, the infusion of gas jets from other volumes due, for example, to the tidal action of the Moon, etc. Consequently, in an underground gas atmosphere, as well as in an open, near-Earth atmosphere, there may be conditions for the formation of free electric charges, their accumulation, the occurrence of a high-intensity volumetric charge field and an electric discharge.
In the bowels of the Earth, in dielectric rocks, it is possible to accumulate volumetric electric charges and the formation of high field strength up to values corresponding to the electrical strength of the medium. Calculations show that due to the low electrical conductivity and high electrical strength of some rocks, a large volume charge can accumulate in them, the wave energy of which is hundreds or more times higher than the charge in the atmosphere of free gas. The charge concentration in rocks will also exceed the charge concentration in the atmosphere by several orders of magnitude. As a result of the spark discharge indicated in the bowels of the Earth, energy can be released in the order of magnitude equal to the energy released during earthquakes. Therefore, it becomes possible for stress waves and earthquakes to occur during underground lightning discharges.
The accumulation of charges is possible only in materials with high resistance. Such dielectric rocks lie at a depth of up to 18 km, where there is already high pressure compacting the rock, but there are no high temperatures yet, increasing electrical conductivity. From the distribution of specific electrical conductivity over the Earth's crust and upper mantle, constructed according to experimental data, it follows that the specific electrical conductivity has a minimum value of approximately 10-11 ohms · cm at a depth of about 16 km at a temperature of about 200 °From. It follows from the above that if the phenomena under consideration are associated with earthquakes, then their foci will lie at shallow depths. It is known that the energy released during such earthquakes is relatively small.
The electrical conditions for the accumulation of charges and the occurrence of underground discharges in rocks are: a sufficiently large electrical resistance of rocks, their high electrical strength, the presence of charge sources and the processes of accumulation of a significant amount of electricity. Free electric charges in minerals and rocks in the Earth's interior can arise under the influence of constantly acting factors: petrostatic pressure, radioactive radiation, temperature gradients, pressures or concentrations, changes in chemical composition, etc., as well as short-term effects. These include the passage of the shock wave front, the disturbance of the magnetic field in the occurrence of induction currents in the Earth caused by phenomena in the atmosphere. The formation of electric charges is possible during the splitting of minerals and friction, since the tectonic processes of displacement and pressure of rock masses are accompanied by friction and the appearance of electric charges on the surfaces that have arisen [2]
G.L.Pospelov [3] considered some possibilities of the formation of internal thermal and electrical stresses in the rock masses of the lithosphere, which he considers as frame-fludite systems consisting of load-bearing static and dynamic structures – "frames" and relatively more mobile current media - "fludites". Such media are represented in the lithosphere by fludites proper, that is, gases and liquids, and lithofludites, that is, solid and substantially solid masses capable of fast or slow plastic flow.
The accumulation of charge in the dielectric will occur if the rate of charge supply exceeds their leakage. The leakage of charges from the capacitance through the ohmic resistance is usually characterized by a " relaxation time T, during which the charge in the dielectric decreases by a factor of e. If the resistivity of rocks is 1011 ohms. cm, the relaxation time is on the order of several seconds. With such a small relaxation time, an electric field may also occur, for example, formed when the shock wave front passes. This value should be increased by several orders of magnitude, since we are talking about the accumulation of bulk charge in large volumes, in which the path of charge leakage will be measured not in centimeters, but in hundreds of meters. In addition, it does not seem possible to characterize the discharge of the volume of the dielectric using relaxation. This characteristic is valid for the case of current flow in a circuit for all sections of which Ohm's law is fulfilled. For a section of a circuit containing a dielectric, this method is not applicable, but the Bullet law is approximately fulfilled.
In the case of internal charging of the dielectric under consideration, there is no external EMF, and the charge accumulates in the dielectric. It is quite possible that they accumulate in traps where charges are fixed, but do not participate in conduction. Energetically, the charging of the dielectric can occur according to the scheme of processes occurring in quantum light amplifiers - lasers, and electrons accumulate in the devices, populating high levels in the energy spectrum of the dielectric. Subsequently, within a short time, an initiated discharge of electrons to lower, stable levels occurs, which is accompanied by radiation in the form of a short flash of light.
We consider the process of long-term accumulation of a bound charge and then its initiated short-term release and release. Such a device and mechanism can be conditionally called a current amplifier. In the case under consideration, the release of electrons from high energy levels will occur without the release of energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation. Transitions should be non-radiative. The energy released during the transition of electrons from high levels to the underlying ones will be stored in the system in the form of the energy of the resulting bulk charge field.
Another possible description of the process under consideration is based on the assumption of a process of long-term accumulation of charges and then their initiated release during the breakdown of a dielectric or semiconductor, at which a significant conduction current is formed. The energy of electrostatic repulsion released during this release of electrons is used to create electromagnetic radiation and discharge plasma.
The high local electric field of the accumulated volume charge in the subsurface may be the cause of the observed local anomalies in the potential distribution. If charges accumulate in rocks lying shallow, then a discharge from the Earth into the atmosphere is possible, since the electrical strength of air is lower than the electrical strength of solid dielectrics. .
It is known that in the period preceding the tremors, a glow of the atmosphere is observed above the epicenter of the earthquake, thunderstorms occur. Perhaps these phenomena are associated with the formation and accumulation of electric charges in the Earth's interior, considered in the proposed hypothesis. Discharges in rocks forming walls in mine workings can cause an explosion of mine gas and underground fires. Traces of destruction similar to those obtained during electrical discharges in dielectrics were observed in the pieces of rock. G.L.Pospelov observed local secondary melting of basalt bodies and tuffs as if as a result of thermal breakdown, etc. G.L.Pospelov drew my attention to some of these facts back in the thirties.
Electric charges in the Earth cannot be observed directly, but phenomena caused by discharges in the Earth can be observed, for example, changes in the components of the Earth's electromagnetic field. The correlation between earthquakes and changes in the components of the Earth's magnetic and electric fields [13,14] does not contradict the proposed hypothesis of thunderstorm activity in the Earth's interior. An electric discharge in a dielectric is accompanied by the detection of a large amount of energy that can cause an increase in temperature along the discharge channel to a value at which a thermonuclear reaction will be possible [1].
In the plasma of an electric discharge or plasma in the track of a high-energy particle, many reactions can be carried out and the formation of many carbon compounds with metals and metalloids, including those that cannot be carried out by thermochemical reactions using catalytic action.
