The “Thunderstorm” reactor as another potentially easy to replicate, and very useful, possibly LENR device

In stars with central temperatures greater than 15 million Kelvin, carbon fusion is thought to take over the dominant role rather than hydrogen fusion. The main theme of the carbon cycle is the adding of protons, but after a carbon-12 nucleus fuses with a proton to form nitrogen-13, one of the protons decays with the emission of a positron and a neutrino to form carbon-13. Two more proton captures produce nitrogen-14 and then oxygen-15. Another neutron decay leaves nitrogen-15. Another proton capture produces oxygen-16 which emits an energetic alpha particle to return to carbon-12 to repeat the cycle. This last reaction is the main source of energy in the cycle for the fueling of the star. While this process is not a significant part of the sun's fuel cycle, a star like Sirius with somewhat more than twice the mass of the sun derives almost all of its power from the carbon cycle. The carbon cycle yields 26.72 MeV per helium nucleus.

The issues to be considered are how the carbon fusion cycle can be consistent with the current theories of the LENR based cold fusion reaction? Also, how can so much carbon be transmuted in the Thor reaction at 26.72 MeV per helium nucleus produced without some sign of energy production being evident in the thunderstorm reaction chamber?

If you cannot come up with some answers, just ignore these issues.

Quote from axil

greater than 15 million Kelvin,

Quote from axil

LENR based cold fusion reaction?

apples and pears,, 15M Kelvin is not cold

Quote from axil

just ignore these issues.

there is no issue.. why does Axil want to reconcile loose theories of 15 MK hot fusion with LENR

It is so simple a child could answer it.

If the lattice can absorb and diffuse millions of several MeV reaction heat pulses from each individual reaction, that material can also reciprocate by putting all the lattice heat into one individual atom until it bursts.

Quote from RobertBryant

why does Axil want to reconcile loose theories of 15 MK hot fusion with LENR

What is the difference in the hydrogen fusion reaction in the Sun with the carbon reaction in other stars? If hydrogen fusion is going on in LENR, then Carbon fusion is going on in the thunderstorm system. Why is one reaction possible and the other is not?

“For me, it is far better to grasp the Universe as it really is than to persist in delusion, however satisfying and reassuring” is a quote by Carl Sagan.

Quote from axil

What is the difference in the hydrogen fusion reaction in the Sun with the carbon reaction in other stars? If hydrogen fusion is going on in LENR, then Carbon fusion is going on in the thunderstorm system. Why is one reaction possible and the other is not?

-

Because the TG does bot have the same internal environment as a carbon star perhaps?

Quote from Alan Smith

Because the TG does bot have the same internal environment as a carbon star perhaps?

By the same logic, because the LENR systems on earth don't have the same nuclear environment as occurs in the core of the Sun therefore protium fusion is not possible on earth.

Protium, the most common isotope of hydrogen, cannot easily start a fusion

process on its own. This is because it requires extremely high temperatures and pressures to overcome the electrostatic repulsion between positively charged nuclei.

Fusion is difficult because atoms have a positive charge and repel each other without electrons. The fusion process must use extreme temperatures and pressures to overcome the forces that naturally want to repel the atoms.

On Earth, scientists don't have the kind of pressure needed for fusion to take place. They need to hit temperatures even hotter than the Sun to get the same reaction. To replicate that process of fusion here on Earth, we would need a temperature of at least 100 million degrees Celsius, or about six times hotter than the sun.

It has long been suspected that a protium fusion is more difficult to achieve than that of the heavier isotopes of hydrogen. This is because the larger masses automatically have larger dimensions and will, therefore, be easier to get closer to each other.

Natural Gas Generator Efficiency & Approximate Consumption Chart

This chart approximates the fuel consumption of a natural gas generator based on the size and load at which the generator is operating at

www.generatorsource.com

The Thor system has operated on a 400KW electrical generator for 8 years and the Thor stainless steel carbon to oxygen converter has not melted down in all that time.

If the reaction that converts carbon to oxygen produced any energy, one would expect even with a modest production of energy from transmutation, the Thor convertor would have melted down by now having experienced a gas flow 5132 cu feet/hour at some points. That amount of gas flow represents a huge amount of carbon throughput. But upon recent inspection of that convertor, outside of some corrosion effects on some surfaces, the stainless steel remains like new.

Whatever is transmuting carbon to oxygen is not producing any energy inside the convertor... none. Consistent with this observation, how could the Thor system be classified as a LENR system? Please explain this contradiction.

Quote from axil

Fusion is difficult because atoms have a positive charge and repel each other without electrons. The fusion process must use extreme temperatures and pressures to overcome the forces that naturally want to repel the atoms.

I feel like you are throwing bait to me with your carbon cycle questions because I think you are not unaware that I have answered carbon cycle and related questions in various posts in this forum.

You suppose that carbon is being converted to oxygen. That is not what the data says. Rather a fuel is produced that reduces the amount of gasoline consumed to produce the load power of the machine. Hence, less hydrocarbon combustion and more flow through oxygen.

The fuel that is produced is produced by a nuclear reaction. Where else could this fuel come from to complete a mass balance? The nuclear fuel is oxygen. The reaction is the fusion a pseudo-neutron to oxygen-16. This is common reaction demonstrated by measurement of reaction equations in AquaFuel, Santilli's intermediate fusion and the work of B. J. Huang with heat exchangers. Charge clusters are formed which can produce at least 2.23 MeV at their escape horizon. With above 2.23 MeV, pseudo-neutrons are produced by charge clusters. Pseudo-neutrons are subject to electrogravity; they attract each other. Clusters of pseudo-neutrons will go supernova releasing their itonic net and decaying to Matsumoto blackholes. A Matsumoto blackhole radiates massive particles in such a way that they can radiate out of existence and develop the numerous pixels of images of Matsumoto. Hence, the expectation of large amounts of energy from LENR is false due to the enormous amount of entropy (massive radiations).

Quote from axil

By the same logic, because the LENR systems on earth don't have the same nuclear environment as occurs in the core of the Sun therefore protium fusion is not possible on earth.

Problem is that it actually does happen, right here on earth. But protium isn't carbon. For something to happen the conditions need to be right. For example to make mashed potato you cook the potato in water at 95-98C. To make french fries you cook them in oil at 150-180C. The starch in the potatoes is transformed in different ways by the change in the surrounding environment.

Cold nuclear fusion LENR occurred during the explosion of supernova SN1987A!!!

¹ After the explosion of SN1987A and volumetric neutrino cooling, a cold nuclear fusion reaction began in the supernova remnant. A month after the explosion, all the energy released by the explosion had already gone in the form of neutrino radiation, but SN1987A first fell in brightness, and then gradually increased in luminosity until it reached a peak on 05.20.1987 (after 80 days) to a magnitude of 2.9. By this time, most of the light came from another energy source: the decay of radioactive isotopes produced by the explosion. Supernova light curve accurately tracked the radioactive decay rate of ⁵⁶Co (+β decay (p→n+e⁺+ν_e), T_1/2=77.27 days) using it as an energy source. [14, 15, 16]

«By the end of the first month after the explosion of SN1987A, it was noticed that the radiation of the supernova is fueled by the radioactive decay of ⁵⁶Co₂₇ formed in the central region of the explosion» [14]

«The nature of the source of energy pumping has been established - the radioactive decay of the nuclide ⁵⁶Co, the product of the decay of another radioactive nuclide ⁵⁶Ni₂₈ (–ε electron capture (p+e^-→n+ν_e) and +β decay (p→n+e⁺+ν_e), T_1/2=6.075 days):

⁵⁶Ni₂₈→⁵⁶Co₂₇→⁵⁶Fe₂₆

⁵⁶Ni₂₈ is formed in the process at the moment or shortly before the explosion in the bowels of SN1987А» [15]

The energy of the expanding matter of a supernova is not enough to explain the duration and energy of its outburst, which lasted several months. At the late stage, the supernova glowed due to the energy of the radioactive decay of ⁵⁶Ni with the formation of ⁵⁶Co and subsequent decay to stable ⁵⁶Fe [16].

[14] M. Hashimoto, K. Nomoto, et al., Light-curve models for supernova SN1987A in the LMC, Nature 328, 320 (1987)

[15] Имшенник В.С., Надёжин Д.К. Сверхновая 1987А в БМО: наблюдения и теория. УФН 156 в.4 1988 (RUS)

[16] Астрофизический модуль «Квант», Наука и человечество (1989) А.А. Логунов. М.: Знание, 1989. с.299-301 (RUS)

Quote from Drgenek

I feel like you are throwing bait to me with your carbon cycle questions because I think you are not unaware that I have answered carbon cycle and related questions in various posts in this forum.

We will see if your hypothesis is consistent with reality when the SAFIRE waste water transmutation system comes on line. If the reaction produces energy in the transmutation of heavy unstable elements to lead and other elements, then the SAFIRE reactor should meltdown. The amount of elemental transmutation that will occur in that system will be huge and should produce outsized nuclear based energy over anything that that reactor can withstand. If that reactor does not melt down as I expect will happen, then you must go back and reformulate your thinking.

1) Synthesis of protium (hydrogen) occurs in the core of the Earth, other planets and the Sun and stars; Stars and planets are protium generators-synthesizers!

2) This process is primary and absolute. This is our World!;

3) Temperature and pressure are derivatives of this process, not conditions;

4) Further, in the development of this process of cold nuclear fusion, other chemical elements (carbon, oxygen, etc.), and substances (water, oil, etc.), and ultimately organic compounds are synthesized.

Interview with Professor Robert Temple

with discussion about Thunderstorm Generator starting around 2 hours 4 minute mark.

Robert meets Paul Dirac around

41 minute mark.

YinYang Theory.

Quote from axil

We will see if your hypothesis is consistent with reality when the SAFIRE waste water transmutation system comes on line. If the reaction produces energy in the transmutation of heavy unstable elements to lead and other elements, then the SAFIRE reactor should meltdown. The amount of elemental transmutation that will occur in that system will be huge and should produce outsized nuclear based energy over anything that that reactor can withstand. If that reactor does not melt down as I expect will happen, then you must go back and reformulate your thinking.

NO! Transmutation occurs but the energy yield is low because of the massive radiation produced causes high entropy. (Mass not converted to energy but rather converted to other mass). Santilli's intermediate fusion in a two-minute time period transmuted enough deuterium and oxygen to nitrogen and hydrogen (proved by mass balance with 99.9% accountability) to produce a bomb 1/10 the size of the Hiroshima bomb. But the heat actually observed was only about 4/10000 of theorical based on mass lost. You and I predict the same low energy output. The difference is that I have the math and observations prove my point.

Quote from Drgenek

(Mass not converted to energy but rather converted to other mass).

May be dark photons of negative mass at tachionic speed into a parallel universe....

Here on earth all photons = radiation represent pure energy...

Quote from Wyttenbach

May be dark photons of negative mass at tachionic speed into a parallel universe....

Here on earth all photons = radiation represent pure energy...

Read Rout et al. Not dark photons. Not negative mass. Not tachionic speeds. Not parallel universe. But massive radiation which can condense and can react with film". Read "Registration of high energy radiation from "magnetised" water exposed to scattered sunlight".

Science is not a campaign where if you state your opinion often enough it becomes the truth, rather scientists provide facts and models.

Quote from Aleksandr Nikitin

Cold nuclear fusion LENR occurred during the explosion of supernova SN1987A!!!

I am beginning to suspect that cold fusion underpins dark matter and dark energy. Wouldn't it be ironic if the "reputation trap" that keeps science away from cold fusion research is thwarting the discovery of what dark matter and energy is and how dark energy has been evolving.

Quote from axil

I am beginning to suspect that cold fusion underpins dark matter and dark energy.

Why suspect when you are quite sure!

Cold nuclear fusion underlies the movement of all matter (including “dark matter and dark energy”). Cold nuclear fusion is a form of matter motion.

Plasmoids in the Thunderstorm Generator.

Jordan discusses Plasmoids,Ball lightning,

and Thunderstorm Generator.