Papp's engine is considered by many scientists to be a hoax including Feynman even though this engine passed an independent third party dynamometer test under the auspices and control of the U.S. patent office upon which a patent for the engine was granted when the test was successfully completed.

Papp's engine uses a working fluid of inert gases to produce mechanical energy. The fluid consists a mix of helium, neon, argon, krypton, and xenon. The power production cycle involves creating clusters of various noble gas particles using piston compression thereby forming a mix of fermionic nano and micro clusters then destabilizing these particles back to their bosonic atomic state using spark based destabilization.

Quote from GRMattson

You forget the possibility of producing He3. This exists because of the inability of He4 when excited to get rid of the energy by emitting a photon. It must either kick out a neutron (become He3) or a proton (become tritium).

The Quantum engine does not involve the transmutation of elements or other nuclear processes. As explained in the referenced video, the energy comes from a two way cycle of boson to fermion quantum transitions.

Quote from GRMattson

Since the reaction in Papp's engine requires energy, the question then becomes, " Where does the energy to sustain a 100 horsepower output come from?"

The energy comes from quantum effects. It might be classed as vacuum energy.

Quote from GRMattson

Sneaky Mr. Papp put a small amount of thorium in each cylinder. The fission of that produces energy, but not enough unless that reaction is sped up.

You might want to read my one and only thread on this site for more details.

Papp placed radium in the hollow electrodes called buckets that were designed to capture and carried the feedback current to the storage capacitors that feed the spark mechanism that destabilized the fermion phase or the noble gas mix to the boson phase of the power cycle. At the end of the 19th century, radium began to be used used in lightning rods to attract electric discharge.

Radium-226 was also used in radioactive lightning rods from the mid-1970s to the early 1980s. These rods were used to ionize the air around the tip of the rod. The radioactive materials were located at the top of the rod.

The level of alpha radiation in these devices ranged from 37–370 MBq. Other alpha emitters used in lightning rods include: Thorium, Americium.

Radioactive lightning rods are no longer used in the U.S., but they are still used in many other regions of the world. They were replaced with various electrical and electronic devices.

See

https://orau.org/health-physic…%20here%20employ%20radium.

It's safe to be near a lightning arrester if it's properly installed and used in its intended configuration. However, there is potential for exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation near lightning arresters if they have fallen over or have been damaged in any way.

Papp used this lighting rod technology to enhance the ability of his feedback current collection mechanism to harvest free electron capture to self power his engine in a self sustaining mode.

All noble gas atoms that are used in a quantum engine are mostly all bosons. They all mostly have even atomic numbers. The nucleus of an atom is a fermion or boson depending on whether the total number of its protons and neutrons are odd or even. But both xenon and krypton are exception with both having a few fermionic isotopes.

The key to using these noble gas atoms in a quantum engine is to temporarily transform them into fermions. This is done by adding water and chlorine to a mix of noble gases.

Most people do no understand what chlorine does to a noble gas.

Chlorine is a reactive gas that can be used in excimer lasers. Excimer lasers work by exciting a mixture of noble and reactive gases. Chlorine and fluorine are commonly used as the reactive gas.

In a xenon chloride excimer laser, the xenon atom absorbs energy from the power source and reacts with chlorine gas to form a temporary complex.

Molecules that are only stable in electronically excited states are called excimer molecules, but may be called exciplex molecules if they are heteronuclear. The exciplex halides constitute an important class of rare gas halides with formula RgX. Rg is the noble gas, and X is the halogen. These molecules are de-excited by emitting a photon whose energy is some Electronvolts. Therefore, the wavelength of the light produced is in the visible or ultraviolet spectra. Gas or gaseous mixtures that may lead to the formation of these molecules is a quasi-ideal laser medium since the population inversion is directly obtained when the excimer is formed.

The takeaway is that chlorine can temporarily convert noble gases from bosons into fermions since a chlorine/noble gas compound is a fermion. Chlorine has 2 isotopes , Cl-35 and Cl-37, which are both fermions.

the water gives xenon expositive behavior as follows:

Xenon trioxide (XeO3)
A colorless, explosive solid that acts as a powerful oxidizing agent. It reacts with aqueous alkali to form the hydrogen Xenate ion.

Xenon tetroxide (XeO4)
An oxide that is stable below −35.9 °C. It decomposes to give xenon and oxygen.

Xenon oxides are unstable, highly explosive solids that must be handled with great care. They include: Xenon dioxide (XeO2), an unstable oxide also known as Xenon(IV) oxide

Oxide fluorides XeO3F2, XeO2F4, XeOF4, XeO2F2, and XeOF2, all of which are thermodynamically unstable except for XeOF4
Xenon is a colorless, odorless gas that is chemically inert. It has the atomic number 54 in the periodic table and belongs in Group 18, the Noble.

The noble gas quantum engine is always comprised of two opposing cylinders, one for compression of the noble gas mix which forms the fermionic chlorine and oxide compounds, and one for conversion of the chlorine and oxide based noble gas compounds back into their bosonic form. The bosonic cylinder uses a spark discharge to disassociate the highly unstable noble gas compounds back into their bosonic forms.

Quantum engine energy gain comes about because the transition to the fermionic noble gas form from compression is less energy intensive than the explosive transition back to the bosonic noble gas form.

Eugene F. Mallove talks about the Papp quantum engine.

Fermionic repulsion is top of the line when it comes to strength of the effect. It is stronger than the coulomb force, or any EMF. Degenerate repulsion is the force that keeps white dwarf stars and metals form collapsing.

Electron degeneracy pressure is a consequence of the Pauli exclusion principle. This principle states that within a small volume, at most one electron can be in any specific state.

Electron degeneracy pressure occurs when electrons are compressed into a small volume. The electrons gain a large momentum due to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. This momentum creates a pressure that is temperature-independent.

The pressure exerted by the electrons is related to their kinetic energy. The degeneracy pressure is most prominent at low temperatures.

The Pauli exclusion principle states that a wave function must be antisymmetric under exchange of identical fermions. This leads to an extra electrostatic interaction term, on top of the Coulomb repulsion, namely the exchange interaction.

Exchange interaction is an addition to other interactions between identical particles caused by permutation symmetry. This addition is a result of specific form of multi-particle wave function.

The exchange interaction is the force that keeps the electron wave function unique.

See

https://physics.stackexchange.…article%20wave%20function.

for details.

This repulsive exchange interaction mechanism is what produces the Bosenova when a Bose condensate becomes unstable. It is the force that produces energy in the LENR reaction.

I don't know if quantum energy production is vacuum energy. But there is a mismatch between the energy it takes to make a fermion a boson from the energy released when a boson becomes a fermion. This mismatch in the energy cycle of the exchange interaction is the mechanism that enables gainful energy production in the LENR reaction

https://uploads.disquscdn.com/images/639833653e8586a69e0bee8073620fffd1cfe944be6356e15cee74ad7932be14.png

Yes, a permanent magnet can impart the angular momentum of its electron spins to matter external to the magnet. Angular momentum is energy (see below).

The magnetic field of a permanent magnet comes from the motion of electrons inside the material, or more precisely, from the electron spin. The magnetic field is a consequence of special relativity

.

Permanent magnets can affect magnetic materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt by attracting or repelling them. They can also affect:

- The direction of a compass needle

- The operation of electric motors and generators

- The storage of data on computer hard drives

The angular momentum of electrons in a permanent magnet is mostly spin. The crystal itself does not rotate. For example, an iron magnet has 5/2h of spin angular moment per iron atom. For 1 mole of iron it is 10−9 Nms of AM.

Electrons possess spin, a quantized fundamental property of nature denoted by the letter S. The electron is a point particle without internal structure. They don't really even have a definite location, just a probability of where they can be found if measured.

Angular momentum is the rotational equivalent of linear momentum. It describes the relationship between an object's mass, velocity, and position. The formula for angular momentum is L = m v r.

Angular momentum is related to rotational kinetic energy, which is the kinetic energy due to the rotation of an object. The formula for rotational kinetic energy is KE = 1/2 Iω^2.

The relationship between angular momentum and rotational kinetic energy is:

Rotational kinetic energy: = square of the angular momentum divided by twice the moment of inertia

Angular momentum: = moment of inertia multiplied by the angular velocity

The law of conservation of angular momentum states that when no external torque acts on an object, no change of angular momentum will occur.

In air, Nitrogen14 is a boson, and Oxygen 16 is a boson, When these gases are ionized by a spark, Ni and Ox loss an electron and become fermions. The generation of fermionic gas produces rapid gas expansion due to the repulsive exchange interaction mechanism.

About 10 years ago, Russ Gries built a similar device called a popper which used bosonic hydogen to produce powerful gas expansion using ionization inside a cylinder using spark ignition.

The question is what is the most gainful mechanism for the production of bosonic and fermionic temporary forms of elements. I beleive that QM entanglement uses the least energy (near zero) to convert fermions into bosons.