Anatomy of the charge cluster work of Kenneth R. Shoulders

Quote from Alan Smith

This is complex and will take a little time to digest. But on the topic of 'no-one is in a hurry to repeat' plasmoid experiments, I should mention Lutz Jatner in Germany who has been investigating this area for some time.

I have not found any information about "Lutz Jatner"

Thanks for the specific information

After getting acquainted with the idea of the structure of condensed Lutz Jaitner (CD) plasmoids, I decided to conduct a comparative analysis of this approach with my cluster model (Ch.Cl .).

Lutz Jaitner's work can be found at https://condensed-plasmoids.com/condensed_plasmoids_lenr.pdf

my ideas are presented on this site in the topics #1 and #1

Models are compared by categories:

1. The structure of the cluster

2. Nuclear reactions in the cluster

3. LENR – features of the reactions

4. Conditions of cluster formation

5. Life, - development, dying of the cluster

6. "Strange" manifestations ("strange radiation", destructive effects on the environment

1. The structure of the cluster

CD. The plasmoid is strongly compressed as a result of z-pinch, has cylindrical symmetry, the radius of the plasma channel is 40-200 pm, the diameter is several micrometers, that is, four orders of magnitude larger. Such a formation cannot be called a toroid, rather it is a ball of wire. The specific current is 2.5 A per square picometer, the electron density is 0.15 pieces per cubic picometer, the nuclei of atoms are completely devoid of their electrons, the distance between the nuclei (in the case of hydrogen) is about 2 pm, the density of matter is hundreds of thousands of times higher than the density of ordinary matter. The electron velocity ranges from 10 to 80% of the speed of light, and the axial kinetic energy of the electrons reaches 100 keV. The number of electrons in a CD exceeds the number of nuclear charges by only a few percent. Lutz Jeitner believes that Kenneth R. Shoulders was wrong that EVs are almost entirely made up of electrons.

Ch.Cl. The charge cluster consists of an electron crystal bonded by short-range forces of approximately spherical shape with a diameter of ~ 10^-9 m, including ~ 10^ 11 pieces of electrons. The distance between the electrons in the crystal is ~ 10^-13 m with an electron diameter of ~ 10^-18 m. Through the geometric and simultaneously electrostatic center of this crystal (focus Ch.Cl .) positively charged atomic nuclei with a diameter of ~ 10^-15 m fly from different directions in the mode of harmonic oscillations. Flying to the periphery Ch.Cl The ion nuclei completely convert their kinetic energy into the energy of an electric field. The ion nuclei spend most of their time outside, their total charge is five orders of magnitude less (established by Kenneth R. Shoulders) than the charge of the crystal. Diameter Ch.Cl . formed by oscillating ion nuclei is ~ 10^-7 m, while it turns out to be completely shielded for a near observer. The average cluster density will be ~ 100 Kg per cubic meter.

2. Nuclear reactions in the cluster

CD. As a result of the powerful z-pinch, the nuclei of atoms inside the cluster are brought closer to a distance of 2 pm. Given their mutual oscillations and strong shielding by an extremely dense flow of electrons passing by, the Coulomb tunneling process becomes possible (Chapter 1.7). A variety of nuclear reactions occur, not just D-D synthesis, because nuclei do not require kinetic energy to pass through the Coulomb barrier.

Ch.Cl. Large Ch.Cl . (the number of electrons is 10^10 - 10^11 pieces) they are capable of LENR – nuclear reactions. Here, the Coulomb barrier is overcome by a direct frontal collision directly in the focus of the cluster of two nuclei flying towards each other. The precise alignment of the trajectories of the ion nuclei performing harmonic oscillations is achieved by the spherical symmetry of the cluster configuration. The electronic crystal has the shape of a ball, and the nuclei – ions, being on the periphery, occupy equidistant positions due to mutual repulsion. The non-zero probability of a collision of nuclei is explained by the huge number of passes of nuclei from different directions through the same focus Ch.Cl ., having very small dimensions. Oscillating nuclei have different energies and different charges, elastic collisions occur more often, leading to energy exchange, and a Maxwellian pattern of particle energy distribution develops.

3. LENR – features of the reactions

CD. LENR is characterized by: nuclear reactions are diverse, penetrating and corpuscular radiation is absent, and there are no radioactive elements in the transmutation products. The main argument of the author explaining the LENR - specificity of nuclear reactions in his model is as follows. A dense stream of electrons, tightly washing at relativistic speeds the nuclei of atoms that merged at the moment of interaction, "cool" them, as it were. The electron velocities are different and there are those that resonate with an excited coalition of protons and neutrons and take a small part of the energy from them. There are many such electrons and the nuclear process ends more peacefully. At the same time, these electrons accelerate and thus provide CD with energy and prolong its life cycle.

Ch.Cl. All atoms in the cluster can participate in nuclear reactions, including the products of reactions that have already taken place, since energy is constantly exchanged according to an "elastic" scheme and all nuclei – ions participate in the "lottery" of inelastic collisions. Unlike the nuclear reaction, which was realized as a result of percolation through the Coulomb barrier, here, most often, the partners have an excess of kinetic energy in total. In addition, there are always closely spaced electrons that can also participate in the reaction. This allows us to expect more "logical" results of the reaction in the energy sense, including without radioactive products. The absorption of high-energy radiation is facilitated by a thick layer of electrons around the focus Ch.Cl, only in which nuclear reactions can occur. I will point out another important «egative feedback» characteristic of the described model. With the next nuclear reaction that occurred with the release of energy (endothermic reactions are also likely), as a result of excitation of the entire structure, a temporary adjustment violation occurs Ch.Cl. the focus is blurred and the probability of a the next nuclear reaction decreases, which contributes to the stability of the system.

To be continued.

Dregenek. Sorry, I can’t answer you because I don’t understand you. I do not think in these categories of cognition.

After getting acquainted with the idea of the structure of condensed Lutz Jaitner (CD) plasmoids, I decided to conduct a comparative analysis of this approach with my cluster model (Ch.Cl .).

Lutz Jaitner's work can be found at https://condensed-plasmoids.com/condensed_plasmoids_lenr.pdf

my ideas are presented on this site in the topics #1 and #1

Models are compared by categories:

1. The structure of the cluster

2. Nuclear reactions in the cluster

3. LENR – features of the reactions

4. Conditions of cluster formation

5. Life, - development, dying of the cluster

6. "Strange" manifestations ("strange radiation", destructive effects on the environment

1,2,3 earlier #24

4. Conditions of cluster formation

CD. The author has built a kind of quantum mechanical model of an active nuclear environment in which there is a place for LENR manifestations. There are not many opportunities to implement this model in natural conditions. In order for z-pinch to function, it is necessary from the very beginning to have tens of millions of electrons moving at relativistic speeds strictly in one direction. Neither an electric arc, nor a red-hot cathode, nor a collapsing cavitation bubble can provide such a flow. This position is the most vulnerable in the justification of the author's model. I do not know enough mathematical apparatus to point out to the author his annoying mistake or to state his brilliant epiphany. However, if the theoretical assumptions of the author are correct, and the micro z-pinch allows you to obtain open or tangled CDs with such remarkable properties, then what do the researchers from the ITER project do with their recalcitrant macro z-pinch? Perhaps, in laboratory conditions, it is not so difficult to generate an electron beam of the necessary parameters, and then saturate it, in accordance with the author's description, with "cold" nuclei. Moreover, Lutz and his team are conducting experiments themselves.

Ch.Cl. The main thing here is the proof and recognition of the existence of "electronic crystals". If they are real, then everything is simple. Compact, bonded by short-range forces, electronic crystals spontaneously arise when discharged at the cathode in places of high concentration of the electric field. The powerful negative charge of the crystal attracts positive ions from the surrounding space and accelerates them to high speeds. Crashing into the crystal body (the diameter of the atom is 10^-10 m, between the electrons in the crystal is 10^-13 m, the diameter of the nucleus is 10^-15 m), the ionized atom leaves all its electrons outside, passes through it in the form of a naked nucleus and flies out from the other side. Electrons, if they do not integrate into the crystal, neutralize nearby or positive gas ions that have failed to accelerate quickly enough. From an energy point of view, the newly formed Ch.Cl initially, it receives energy from the cathode to "assemble" the electronic crystal, then significantly increases it by collecting positive charges from the surrounding volume. A sufficient number of nuclei included in the cluster create a dynamic cloud of positive charges around it, making harmonic oscillations through the focus of the electronic crystal. This cloud is shielding Ch.Cl . for the immediate environment. This is how the phase of its formation ends, as an independent stable macroobject.

5. Life, - development, dying of the cluster

CD. If a CD has a source of energy replenishment in the form of nuclear LENR reactions, we can talk about its more or less long life. This life also involves, among other things, the exchange of matter with the environment. The author describes the mechanism of the cluster's loss of some ions and electrons, which determine the cluster's energy impact on the environment (1.4). According to the author, the lifetime of the CPs ranges from milliseconds to tens of hours, depending on environmental conditions. Nevertheless, the article does not explain the mechanisms of replenishment of the electron clan responsible for the functioning of z-pinch. By definition, a cluster cannot function with a small part of its relativistic electron flux. Either live forever, or collapse with an explosion, that's the alternative. However, as experience shows, most often CDs die in silence.

Ch.Cl. If the cluster is large enough and nuclear reactions occur in it, then there are no problems with replenishing the average kinetic energy of oscillating nuclei. Newly formed nuclei and nucleons with high velocities as a result of the reaction share their kinetic energy as a result of elastic collisions with other nuclei. The fastest cores are leaving space Ch.Cl. In doing so, they ionize neutral atoms, filling their own electron shells. New positive ions of atoms arrive in place of the nuclei that have left the cluster. There is an intensive exchange of material between the Ch.Cl. and the environment. The excess electrons are displaced by the field of the electron crystal to the periphery, where they reunite with positive gas ions, and additional energy is withdrawn from the reaction zone. Life time Ch.Cl It depends, first of all, on the composition of the environment in which it exists, on those nuclei that form its body. Under favorable conditions, the proportion of nuclear reactions with a positive energy balance prevails, and the cluster exists for a long time. The density of the gas that surrounds the cluster also plays an important role. Positively charged ions do not cause difficulties for nuclei flying to the periphery. Neutral atoms, despite the low probability of collision with them (the diameter of the nucleus is 10^-15 m, the diameter of the atom is 10^-10 m, the average distance between air molecules under normal conditions is 10^-8 m), lead to energy losses Ch.Cl and, eventually, leads to degradation, transition to the cold cluster stage. #17