Randy Davis Patents/Marathon, and New Energy Power Systems

    RobertBryant  Drgenek

    I think this is the source and the list... I enjoyed taking in the book. I am willing to suspend disbelief in order to better do so... Interesting none the less... none worse for it either (aether).

    It may be best to copy and paste it to the Useful Book Thread.


    This link provided by...

    CiteSeerˣ is a public search engine and digital library for scientific and academic papers, primarily in the fields of computer and information science. CiteSeer is considered as a predecessor of academic search tools such as Google Scholar and Microsoft Academic Search.


    THE SEARCH FOR A NEW ENERGY SOURCE by Dr. Gary L. Johnson

    [email protected] January 1997

    https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.716.36&rep=rep1&type=pdf


    Chapter 8—Future Development

    8.7 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

    If we assume that a new-energy source exists, whether it be called the aether, the vacuum, or the firmament, then we must decide how to characterize and develop this source.

    A theoretical understanding needs to be developed. Devices that use this source must be brought to the market.

    What are some rational research activities that have promise in fulfilling these needs?

    This energy may be available in at least three ways: heat, mechanical rotation, and direct electrical output.


    Those performing successful cold-fusion experiments may have tapped into the aether.


    Certainly, a large fraction of our energy requirements are used for heating household space and water so the cold fusion activity needs to be encouraged.


    Cold fusion is not accepted by the majority of scientists, but has much greater acceptance than the new-energy concepts presented in this book.


    Even wider acceptance and significant funding are likely in the near future.


    My suggestions on research activities will therefore be restricted to the mechanical and electrical outputs.


    Until the source is fully characterized, we should assume that any or all of the following parameters may affect performance of a new-energy device:


    1. Location on the earth (latitude and longitude)

    2. Elevation above mean sea level

    3. Air temperature

    4. Air pressure

    5. Humidity

    6. Solar storms

    7. Time of day

    8. Time of year

    9. Weather conditions

    10. Immediate environment of new-energy device (open air, wood-frame building,

    metal-skin building, etc.)

    11. Electrical grounding features

    12. Purity of materials

    13. Composition of materials

    14. Techniques of circuit construction

    15. Orientation of device with respect to vertical, magnetic north, etc.

    16. Frequency of oscillation or speed of rotation

    17. Presence of harmonics or pulses

    18. Presence of high electric and/or high magnetic fields, not necessarily inside the

    device.

    Quote from RobertBryant

    reference please..

    I got it from "water the key to new energy by Moray King page 195. The following is a link to reference by King. Electrically Induced Explosions in Water (sae.org)


    The quote from King is "an apparatus designed to measure all the force and energy from the explosive event. Johnson used a spherical water chamber designed to blow apart and fly up guide wires. By knowing the weight of the semi-spherical pieces and measuring how high they were propelled, Johnson's experiments confirmed that both excessive force and energy (exceeding what was stored on the capacitor) was consistently exhibited from abrupt electric discharges in water."

    EVOs do cause transformation, hence their connection to LENR. Johnson's focus is on EVOs not the possibility of same radiation (strange radiation) from cold fusion. Hence, his expectation in the above list is because of the aether's connection with the work of Tesla.


    There is a scalar needed to provide a correct description of the entropy term in Gibb's free energy equation.


    A scalar is a term like mass and energy as they would apply to equations to describe a black hole. Hence, Johnson's proposal "that a new-energy source exists, whether it be called the aether, the vacuum, or the firmament,"


    Hence, if the scalar flows outward from sun as part of the free energy balance (we suppose it has mass/energy like strange radiation) then the scalar flows into, through and out of the earth as a momentum flow. Hence, parameters of an experiment need to examine the scalar distribution and possible methods to convert it to electrical energy.

    In a recent post, Robert Bryant showed interest in the discussion about magnetic fields in Sections 31-1 and 31-2 of Sears, Zemansky and Young, but incorrectly referenced Chapter 43 on fusion instead (i.e., from his fourteenth edition published in 2016). It should be possible to locate an earlier section of this textbook for the discussion about magnetic fields. The seventh edition published in 1987 contains Figure 31-1 depicting “Magnetic field vectors due to a moving positive point charge ‘q’ “. The text above the figure says: “The directions of these lines are given by the right-hand rule: Grasp the velocity vector ‘v’ with your right hand, so that your right thumb points in the direction of ‘v’; your fingers then curl around the line of ‘v’ in the same sense as the magnetic-field lines.”

    A recent post by Curbina referenced the draft of a paper on muon-catalyzed fusion by Leif Holmlid. Cold fusion might also be made to occur as described in “A Theoretical Model for Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions,” by K.P. Sinha, Infinite Energy, vol. 29, pages 54-57, January/February 2000. An electron or electron pair located on a proton or deuteron and interacting with phonons (atomic vibrations) in the cathode can acquire an effective heavy mass, and the corresponding atom or ion squeezed to a much smaller size. A resulting negatively charged deuterium or hydrogen ion can strongly attract its complementary positive deuterium ion in a molecule that for a small instant of time, has no electrons. The electrons can negate the positive coulomb barrier between the ions, enabling the ions to fuse (a comparison can be drawn to muon-catalyzed fusion).

    With regard to item “b” in the above list of system concepts/parameters, “deuterium gas loading in gaseous systems can be just as operative as electrolytic loading for liquid systems,” consider the physical similarities between gas-based and liquid-based LENR experiments. Each contains cathodes where reactions can be made to occur, anodes, electrolytes (i.e., gas or liquid), and direct (dc) drive currents. A liquid-based system is concerned with anions and (e.g., D+ and/or H+) cations, their movement in a liquid electrolyte and cathode interactions. Gas-based concepts, by comparison, are concerned with mechanisms that can form positive ions from (e.g., deuterium and hydrogen) gas molecules, their movement to the cathode and cathodic interactions. Several ion forming mechanisms (elastic, excitation, ionization) can be considered, but the most important is due to collision of thermal electrons with gas molecules. Ionization cross sections vary in a non-linear manner. Energies of scattered electrons are frequently increased in the scattering process. The resulting mixture can contain many different species of ions and molecules that interact with various cross sections as described in “Cross Sections and Swarm Coefficients for H+, H2+, H3+, H2, and H- in H2 for energies from 0.1 eV to 10 keV,” by A.V. Phelps, Journal of Physical Chemistry, Reference Data, vol. 19, no 3, 1990.


    An early gas loading concept is discussed in patent application WO95/20816, “Energy Generation and Generator by Means of Anharmonic Stimulated Fusion,” by S. Focardi et al., August 3, 1995. The application discusses methods to initiate cold fusion reactions including the use of electricity through a high-temperature coil to load the reaction material as well as heat it above its Debye temperature.

    WRT item “b”, supporting data for gas-based systems can be found in a great number of scientific works since the late 1800s regarding electrical conduction through hydrogen gas. For example, see the paper, “On the Electrolysis of Gases,” by J.J. Thompson, Proceedings of the Royal Society, vol.58, no. 350, pages 244-257, June 1885, and pages 270-274 and 293-294 in the “Theory of Gaseous Conduction and Electronics,” by F.A. Maxfield and R.R. Benedict, McGraw Hill. 1941. In addition, note that high voltage breakdown or avalanche discharge through the gas is not desired. The Paschen curve for hydrogen and the Townsend criterion can be used to ensure that sufficiently low anode-to-cathode voltage along with high gas pressure is used to prevent breakdown. See pages 188-190 in “Introduction to Electrical Discharges in Gases, by S.C. Brown, John Wiley and Sons, 1966.

    Item “b” has to do with the inner workings of gaseous or gas-based cold fusion systems. These systems contain (partially) ionized hydrogen and/or deuterium gas residing between the anode and cathode. This discussion is important, as liquid electrolysis systems will be difficult-to-impossible to scale-up and industrialize. At start-up, ionization can be provided via a microwave antenna configured to facilitate ion transport between the anode and cathode. Radiation produced by cold fusion reactions in the cathode can be expected later to help ionize the gas. In a gas-based system, molecules of gas impacting the surface of the cathode will travel at high velocity related to temperature (thermal kinetic energy). Gas pressure on the surface of the cathode is due to the numbers of gas molecules and their kinetic energies. Average velocity of the molecules can be easily calculated if this were of interest. The average density of molecules at any instant can be calculated from the ideal gas law, PV = n RT, where n is the number of moles of gas (1 mole = 6.02 x 1023 molecules) and R is the universal gas constant (R = 0.082 liters-atmospheres/moles-oK). If the system were operated at 10 atmospheres of pressure and 456 oK (183 oC, the Debye temperature for nickel), then one liter of the gas would contain 1.6 x 1023 molecules. A volume of one cubic micron (10-15 liter) adjacent to the cathode’s surface would contain 1.6 x 108 molecules. These will need to penetrate through the cathode’s surface and flow into the reaction material’s microscopic cracks, crevices and defects to support the cold fusion reaction process. Much higher gas pressure is expected to be required for operational devices.

    Quote from NEPS*NewEnergy

    Much higher gas pressure is expected to be required for operational devices.

    That is -or was - my own view of the matter, however both the Mizuno and Takahashi's efforts use pretty low gas pressures, which is counter-intuitive. Recent work -and private correspondence - with Ed Storms also suggests that high D-Pd loading ratios (which might be seen as correlated with gas pressure) are not always required.


    I must confess this puzzles me.

    Quote from NEPS*NewEnergy

    The discussion in Sections 31-1 and 31-2 of Sears, Zemansky and Young indicates that a point charge (e.g., one of the deuterium ions) moving with velocity (v) produces magnetic field lines that are circles with centers along the line of the velocity. Due to symmetry of the circular magnetic field lines, a point charge (e.g., a second deuterium ion) lying on the line of the velocity should not be deflected. In addition, the cross product of electric and magnetic fields EXB should keep the ions centered along the line of the velocity. Collision can, therefore, be expected.

    NEPS New Energy seems to suggest that Sears ZemanskyYoung 31-2 in previous Edition

    "'discussion' indicates that both the electric and magnetic forces combine to collide two deuterium ions in a straight line.


    In fact there is no such discussion..in later editions.

    Could NEPS New Energy supply a screen shot of that discussion in the earlier edition??

    This revolutionary concept seems to have been ignored by hot fusion researchers.

    A reviewer recently had a question about the statement that "Much higher gas pressure is expected to be required for operational devices." Some successful experiments have used relatively low pressure (about 1 atm. for example). Ed Storms' briefing at ICCF23 is very instructive regarding success that is possible when externally heating the cathode (e.g., above 350 oK). It might be possible to backfield the cells with gas at higher pressure to confirm that even better results could then be obtained.

    In a new post, Robert Bryant continued to show interest in the discussion about magnetic fields produced by movement of charges in Sections 31-1 and 31-2 of Sears, Zemansky and Young. This understanding is very important in understanding the manner in which two ions (one positive and one negative) might be able to be accelerated towards each other. First, consider the magnetic field produced by a moving positive charge, such as a deuteron with no electrons around it. The directions of the magnetic field is given by the right-hand rule: Grasp the velocity vector ‘v’ with your right hand, so that your right thumb points in the direction of ‘v’; your fingers then curl around the line of ‘v’ in the same sense as the magnetic-field lines. Then, consider the magnetic field produced by a negative charge, such as a deuteron with two electrons around it, moving in the opposite direction to the first charge. The direction of its magnetic field can also be determined by applying the right-hand rule, but remembering that the magnetic field lines will be in the opposite direction due to the negative charge. As a result, both magnetic fields will be in the same direction and will overlap as the two ions approach each other.

    he seventh edition published in 1987 contains Figure 31-1

    Quote from NEPS*NewEnergy

    in the discussion about magnetic fields produced by movement of charges in Sections 31-1 and 31-2 of Sears, Zemansky and Young.

    "Due to symmetry of the circular magnetic field lines, a point charge (e.g., a second deuterium ion) lying on the line of the velocity should not be deflected."

    Could NEPSNEWEnergy supply a screenshot of the "deuterium ion" discussion in the older, 1987 edition

    In the 14th edition , 2016 a word search for "deuterium ion" or "circular magnetic"

    in the pdf file yields a null result..

    ...perhaps of interest from another field.


    "Such kinetic isotope effects can be explained by the lower zero-point energy of deuterium, which implies a smaller vibrational amplitude and hence a smaller effective radius than that of protium "


    Controlled usage of H/D exchange to circumvent concomitant polymorphs of ROY

    (IUCr) Controlled usage of H/D exchange to circumvent concomitant polymorphs of ROY


    Introduction

    Recently, deutetrabenazine, the first deuterated drug, has been approved by the FDA (Mullard, 2017[Mullard, A. (2017). Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 16, 305.]). This is one reason for the remarkable upcoming interest in deuterated organic compounds during recent years. In the case of deutetrabenazine, the H/D exchange slows down the rate of drug metabolism.


    Such kinetic isotope effects can be explained by the lower zero-point energy of deuterium, which implies a smaller vibrational amplitude and hence a smaller effective radius than that of protium (Ubbelohde & Gallagher, 1955[Ubbelohde, A. R. & Gallagher, K. J. (1955). Acta Cryst. 8, 71-83.]).


    However, the impact of deuterium substituents is not limited to reducing metabolism. A detailed survey of deuterated and nondeuterated compounds indicates that isotopic substitution can influence the molecular arrangement in the solid state (Merz & Kupka, 2015[Merz, K. & Kupka, A. (2015). Cryst. Growth Des. 15, 1553-1558.]).


    The phenomena of structural changes in crystals induced by isotopic substitution has been proposed as `isotopic polymorphism'. Furthermore, recent studies have shown that heavy water allows the control of reaction pathways by obtaining an alternative crystalline reaction product (Enkelmann et al., 2017[Enkelmann, D. D., Hofmann, D. W. M. & Merz, K. (2017). Cryst. Growth Des. 17, 4726-4729.]).

    Additional understanding of item “b” about the inner workings of gaseous cold fusion systems may be obtained by studying how hydrogen thyratrons operate, even though pressure in those tubes is typically much lower than an atmosphere. (Reference pages 112-134 in “Basic Electronics,” by Lawrence A. Johannsen and Russell P. Journigan, Delmar Publishers, Inc., Albany, New York, 1963). Hydrogen gas thyratron tubes with extremely rapid firing times have historically been used in radar applications. Ionized gas (e.g., between the anode and cathode) contains a mixture of electrons, positive and negative ions, and the ordinary neutral gas molecules, as described in an earlier post. This “plasma” extends from the anode to cathode, and acts as the conduction path in the tube. Once ionization takes place, by a voltage that exceeds the ionization potential of the gas, the current is then able to rise quickly to its maximum. A gaseous tube cannot limit this current by itself. An outside load resistance is, therefore, required to limit the electric current to a value within the design limitations of the tube. Or, some other type of device in series with the tube is required to produce a voltage drop that will limit the current as soon as conduction has started. As a result, the anode-cathode voltage needs to be limited so that operation is below what is called the “Townsend discharge” region in a graph of current versus voltage.

    Quote from NEPS*NewEnergy

    In response to RobertBryant's most recent post on magnetic fields from moving charges, please note that deuteron velocity

    In response to NEPS,,, my recent post was about a discussion about "deuterium ion" and " circular magnetic" . NEPS suggesteded that this was from Sears and Zemansky.. I doubt this very much. Could

    NEPS give a more exact reference for

    "Due to symmetry of the circular magnetic field lines, a point charge (e.g., a second deuterium ion) lying on the line of the velocity should not be deflected."

    otherwise I will conclude that this is an invention of NEPS.

    The NEPS post said "The discussion in Sections 31-1 and 31-2 of Sears, Zemansky and Young indicates that a point charge (e.g., one of the deuterium ions) moving with velocity (v) produces magnetic field lines that are circles with centers along the line of the velocity. Due to symmetry of the circular magnetic field lines, a point charge (e.g., a second deuterium ion) lying on the line of the velocity should not be deflected. In addition, the cross product of electric and magnetic fields EXB should keep the ions centered along the line of the velocity. Collision can, therefore, be expected." We would be pleased to hear comments on the manner in which two oppositely charged ions that are moving in a straight line, but in opposite directions, might behave.

    Quote from NEPS*NewEnergy

    The NEPS post said

    The NEPS post said..

    but did not reference the actual words in the actual text of Sears and Zemansky

    which means that my conclusion that the statement

    ""Due to symmetry of the circular magnetic field lines, a point charge (e.g., a second deuterium ion) lying on the line of the velocity should not be deflected."

    is an invention of NEPS rather than of Sears and Zemansky

    is still valid

Subscribe to our newsletter

It's sent once a month, you can unsubscribe at anytime!

View archive of previous newsletters

* indicates required

Your email address will be used to send you email newsletters only. See our Privacy Policy for more information.

Our Partners

Supporting researchers for over 20 years
Want to Advertise or Sponsor LENR Forum?
CLICK HERE to contact us.