Randy Davis Patents/Marathon, and New Energy Power Systems

In his October 2001 paper, Ichimaru also said "In addition, we recognize that the reduced mass .. . and the corresponding atomic-mass number ... take on the smallest possible values (Eq.-) .... Wave-mechanical effects on penetration through the Coulomb barriers screened by electrons, essential for prolific nuclear reactions, can thus be maximally exploited in these circumstances.

Exactly - by the creation of - muons. The infinitely small delta m gives an infinitely large delta E according to the equation E = mc^n where n = 0.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001 for cold fusion to occur and can be controlled by the intensity of the electric AC field.

This technical area of investigation can be expected to encounter, or to continue to encounter, many detractors. A review of Ichimaru’s October 2001 paper, for example, makes it clear that the paper does not discuss muons as a reason for the reactions. Even some well-regarded scientists from the hot fusion community have focused upon alternative information as a type of detractor. The basic problem is that they have not been convinced that nuclear fusion can be made to occur without high voltages or temperatures required for hot fusion.

WRT item “j”, it is next important to estimate energy within each of the cathode’s reaction sites. A cubic centimeter of nickel would contain 10²² atoms if the metal atoms were separated by approximately 5 Angstroms (5 x 10^-8 cm). Instead of solid metal, consider a cubic centimeter of cathode reaction material produced, for example, by consolidating nickel metal particles. If a cubic centimeter contains a total of 2.7 x 10¹⁰ spaces between the metal particles (emulating cracks/crevices/defects), it would have about 3000 spaces along each dimension. As an estimate of energy that could be produced in each small space, assume that it could be loaded with 20,000 deuterium and hydrogen atoms, providing the possibility of 10,000 (p, d) cold fusion reactions, and assume that each of the reactions were able to produce 5 MeV of energy. Gamma radiation from the (p, d) cold fusion reactions would be adsorbed by the entire cold fusion generator mass, rather than within the local reaction sites. Since 1 MeV equals 1.6 x 10^-13 joule, 10,000 reactions would produce 8 x 10^-9 joule. This is only eight nanojoules – a very small amount of energy. A total of 2.7 x 10¹⁰ spaces, however, may be able to produce 216 joules/cm³. If this energy were produced each second, then it would result in 216 watts of power for each cubic centimeter of reaction material, which is about the same power density as that produced by nuclear fission power plants.

By comparison, deuterium-deuterium (d, d) cold fusion experiments have demonstrated that sufficient energy can be produced in the microscopic, local vicinity where reactions occur to melt the reaction material. This concern stems from the observation of “volcanoes” formed from melted metal on cathode (palladium) surfaces. The volcanoes have a diameter of a few tenths of a micron to tens of microns. Depths are about the same as the diameters. Temperature of the material would need to be raised by at least 1500 degrees for melting. Since the heat capacity of metals is 25 joules per mole per degree-Kelvin, about 20 reactions at 5 MeV each (a total of 100 MeV or 0.016 nanojoule) should provide enough energy to “melt” a million (10⁶) atoms of the material.

For extended operation, it seems, therefore, that the amount of energy produced per reaction site might need to be controlled, especially if the focus were on (d, d) fusion. Visualize the nickel surface internal to each of these very small spaces as having an internal circumference of approximately 3.9 microns (3.9 x 10^-4 cm), an internal surface area of 4.8 square microns, a volume of one cubic micron, and a radius of 0.6 micron. The surface would contain about 8,000 metal atoms around a circumference, and 2 x 10⁷ atoms around its internal surface. Also consider the number of metal atoms in an imaginary sphere centered on and surrounding the small space. If the sphere has a radius of 2 microns, for example, it would have a volume of 40 cubic microns. The volume of 40 cubic microns, less the volume of small space (1cubic micron), would contain 3 x 10⁷ atoms. Since only 20 reactions at 5 MeV each (a total of 0.016 nanojoule) can provide enough energy to “melt” a million (10⁶) atoms of the material, these atoms (3 x 10⁷ atoms) would be expected to melt if they absorbed energy from 600 or more cold fusion reactions.

Data from these recent posts indicate that industrialization of cold fusion systems with long-lasting cathodes should be more successful if based upon (p,d) fusion than for systems based upon (d,d) fusion.

There is no energy big bang in cold fusion. If D*-D* does fuse then this is a very slow process depending on the first catalyst level of D*-D*. Relaxation my take up to 19 hours. But in NiH* LENR everything happens much faster and more energetic.

Nuclear energy transfer in LENR happens by magnetic synchronization. If you don't understand the involved orbit structure then you have no chance to guess, which reaction can run at what speed.

More critical is to reduce the number of parallel reactions at a single small spot. Keep in mind that phonon energy transfer over up to 1/10 .. one micrometer is almost instantaneous.

Yes, why do you propose that the gamma radiation does not escape the cathodes? There is no way unless you line the reactor with the densest Pb or ten feet of reinforced concrete! This is why I proposed hybrid fission-fusion reactors (rather like the iconic dual fuel PRIUS motor cars!). Equally useless.

The recent work by Alan Smith and Wyttenbach clearly illustrates the release of gamma radiation from their ECALOX LEN reactor (note added in proof!). The UK is now leading in this research!

The above posts are concerned with gamma radiation escaping from the cathode (i.e., need to shield with dense lead (Pb)/10 feet of concrete; and an example of gammas from the LEN reactor). A reaction chamber containing the cathode and a heat exchanger surrounding the reaction chamber can be designed to be sufficiently thick to absorb practically all 5.5 MeV gamma radiation from the p, d reactions, converting the radiation into heat. The XCOM photon-cross-section database available from the National Institutes of Standards and Technology (NIST) can be referenced to determine amounts of gamma ray energy absorbed in various materials; and, attenuation calculations can be performed on the web with one of several x-ray/gamma radiation calculators. Much of the primary gamma radiation will be absorbed through a combination of the photoelectric effect, Compton scattering and pair production. Additional radiation could be absorbed if a steel sleeve around the cathode were replaced by a tungsten sleeve. Any remaining radiation could be prevented from being hazardous to operators by housing the generator in a room that provides a safe keep-out distance.

The amount of radiation leakage during operation will need to be monitored with a high-energy gamma radiation detector or spectrometer located outside of the heat exchanger. The spectrometer should be able to provide a history of radiation levels during system operation, showing the radiation’s “full-energy peak” at 5.5 MeV, with related lower energies. The appearance of the spectrum can be estimated with the “The Gamma Spectrum Generator (GSG)” provided by the Joint Research Centre Institute for Transuranium Elements in Karlsruhe, Germany.

Quote from NEPS*NewEnergy

. A reaction chamber containing the cathode and a heat exchanger surrounding the reaction chamber can be designed

XCOM photon-cross-section (NIST) can be referenced to

attenuation calculations can be performed on the web with one of several x-ray/gamma radiation

Additional radiation could be absorbed

. could be prevented from being hazardous to

The amount of radiation leak.. will need to be monitored with a high-energy gamma radiation detector o .The spectrometer should be able to provide a history

The appearance of the spectrum can be estimated

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Lots of 'can's 'could's 'should' and other modal language

I missed the evidence bit too ,like Alan

The above post was provided simply to address Dr Richard's concern about gamma radiation being produced. The book, "Bridging the Gaps: An Anthology on Nuclear Cold Fusion" contains a data table (see page 85) for example calculations.

The above comment, "I missed the evidence bit too, like Alan" is interesting. Cold fusion and LENR has been demonstrated to be real. For the evidence, one could start with results from Alan's LEN reactor. Then, pick and choose from a great many reports for the more specific areas in which the reader is interested.

Thanks for the very logical answer to my questions on gamma radiation. The assumptions made are reasonable but do you have any direct evidence for conversion of gamma radiation into infra-red to liberate heat for subsequent calibration using a calorimeter? There is nothing I can find except perhaps Alan Smith and @Wyttenbach's gamma radiation measurements at ECALOX!

I would have thought by now that the SAFIRE electric sun group would have measured gamma radiation and its conversion to heat at their cathodes which surround the sun anode in the centre of their sphere. Study their protocols and let me know (if you have time) what do you think?

They call themselves AUREON now I think. On the verge of a major discovery!

Quote from NEPS*NewEnergy

. For the evidence, one could start with results from Alan's LEN reactor.

Which reactor is "Alan;s LEN reactor"

Perhaps you are referring to the 'reactor' mentioned here?

There is a choice of more than one 'reactor'.';;

but Alan,s is not one of them

Post

RE: The church of SM physics

New preprint from @Wyttenbach and Russ George:

A new experimental path to mucleosynthesis.

https://www.researchgate.net/p…_path_to_nucleosynthesis/

Curbina

Dec 12th 2021

The above indicates interest in experimental details that support information in the many NEPS posts provided earlier. As indicated before, this technical area of investigation can be expected to encounter, or to continue to encounter, many detractors. Readers of the posts, thusly, have not provided any supporting technical comments - an issue that can be expected for any experimental details. Furthermore, an arbiter would need to be expected to serve as a judge, an authority, a determiner, a controller, director, master, expert. There has been no evidence of such capabilities in the comments that readers have provided.