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  1. LENR Forum
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  4. Physics

LENR and UDH

  • JulianBianchi
  • Aug 4th 2017
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  • JulianBianchi
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    • Aug 4th 2017
    • #1

    For those interested in the link between LENR and Ultra Dense Hydrogen (UDH), I made a selection of scientific articles that deal with this subject. This selection does not aim to be exhaustive, nor objective. Current version (August 2017) contains 77 articles that I selected among hundreds that I read on the subject. It starts with the work of Barut in the 1970's who predicted a bound state at the Compton scale with magnetic forces playing a key role, continues with the theoretical and experimental discovery of Rydberg Matter in the 1980's by both Manykin and Holmlid, then presents the conjecture first made at the beginning of the 1990's right after Fleischman & Pons that LENR is based on UDH, followed by the experimental evidence of the existence of UDH in the middle of the 2000's, independently by Lipson & Miley and by Holmlid, to end with the seminal work of Holmlid in the 2010's on the characterisation of UDH and notably the fact that UDH may decay in mesons in breaking the conservation of the baryon number.


    The so-called Deep Dirac Levels, Compton composites, binuclear atoms, etc... may just be other names of the same physical entity. Therefore I also included the main papers on these subjects. Note that I didn't include any study by Mills for two reasons: first, I find the experimental evidence of the existence of hydrinos to be very weak; second, even if we assume that hydrinos exist, they still largely differ from UDH. Similarly, I didn't include anything on charge clusters and Ken Shoulders' work despite that UDH and charge clusters may actually be the same beast, because I find the charge cluster concept way way less convincing than UDH.


    I would appreciate if this thread could stay on the topic UDH and LENR. I plan to keep the spreadsheet up-to-date with any new evidence on the subject, both experimental and theoretical. In particular feel free to chime in if you believe that I missed an important paper on this subject.


    PS: XLSX spreadsheet zipped to comply with the forum allowed extensions.

    Reference_UDH_LENR.xlsx.zip

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    Alan Smith
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    Thank you Julian, a worthy contribution on a complex topic.

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  • can
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    • Aug 5th 2017
    • #3

    JulianBianchi

    I also did something similar for my own convenience, but only from papers by Holmlid et al. This is certainly useful.


    I have a question for you: among all papers you've read, have you found information that would support the idea that just the transition of hydrogen to the ultra-dense form could release usable energy, without involving nuclear reactions (whether conventional or not)? Given that the UDH clusters formed are supposed to be relatively stable, this could make UDH similar to the Hydrino concept in certain aspects. Holmlid et al. however never really explore this property in detail; it's usually only implied or just briefly mentioned (for example in this paper).

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  • axil
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    Quote from Can

    JulianBianchi

    I also did something similar for my own convenience, but only from papers by Holmlid et al. This is certainly useful.


    I have a question for you: among all papers you've read, have you found information that would support the idea that just the transition of hydrogen to the ultra-dense form could release usable energy, without involving nuclear reactions (whether conventional or not)? Given that the UDH clusters formed are supposed to be relatively stable, this could make UDH similar to the Hydrino concept in certain aspects. Holmlid et al. however never really explore this property in detail; it's usually only implied or just briefly mentioned (for example in this paper).


    That paper was written a few years ago. Holmlid does not now believe that fusion is the source of UDH energy production. Instead, Holmlid beleive that the huge amount of energy needed to generate particles accelerated to 3/4 light speed must be coming from the conversion of protons into mesons and residual proton binding energy energy..


    http://journals.plos.org/ploso…69895#pone.0169895.ref007


    Quote

    The origin of the particle signals observed here is clearly laser-induced nuclear processes in H(0). The first step is the laser-induced transfer of the H2(0) pairs in the ultra-dense material H(0) from excitation state s = 2 (with 2.3 pm H-H distance) to s = 1 (at 0.56 pm H-H distance) [2]. The state s = 1 may lead to a fast nuclear reaction. It is suggested that this involves two nucleons, probably two protons. The first particles formed and observed [16,17] are kaons, both neutral and charged, and also pions. From the six quarks in the two protons, three kaons can be formed in the interaction. Two protons correspond to a mass of 1.88 GeV while three kaons correspond to 1.49 GeV. Thus, the transition 2 p → 3 K is downhill in internal energy and releases 390 MeV. If pions are formed directly, the energy release may be even larger. The kaons formed decay normally in various processes to charged pions and muons. In the present experiments, the decay of kaons and pions is observed directly normally through their decay to muons, while the muons leave the chamber before they decay due to their easier penetration and much longer lifetime.


    IMHO. the energy production mechanism is magnetism produced by coadjuvant surface polaritons that are in a state of nonequilibrium bose condinsation. As such. each member of this polaritons aggregation must be feed with constant stream of energy during their brief lifetimes that last just a few picoseconds. This energy input is called pumping.


    See


    http://www.phys.ens.fr/~castin/carusotto.pdf

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  • can
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    Quote from axil

    That paper was written a few years ago. Holmlid does not now believe that fusion is the source of UDH energy production. Instead, Holmlid believes that the huge amount of energy needed to generate particles accelerated to 3/4 light speed must be coming from the conversion of protons into mesons and residual proton binding energy energy


    I was referring to something else that wasn't in the abstract of the paper I linked, not referring to nuclear reactions (whether conventional or not) caused/initiated by the UDH.




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  • axil
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    Quote from Can

    I was referring to something else that wasn't in the abstract of the paper I linked, not referring to nuclear reactions (whether conventional or not) caused/initiated by the UDH.





    The polariton BEC formation occurs after the formation of the spin wave on the surface of the UDH. After the Polariton BEC is established. the UDH becomes self renewing through the action of the polariton BEC and gradually accumulates energy into the giga electron volt level. It is this nanoparticle that is seen in tracks made visible on photo emulsion exposures of LENR ash. Holmlid says that the UHD can exist for a long time and produce more mesons if it is re-exposed to a laser pulse or to room lighting. If no additional pumping is applied, the UDH will gradually lose energy and disintegrate. Holmlid states that the shelf life of UDH is long...this is because the Q of the polariton BEC is very high, after all it is superconducting ... it has a low dispersion rate.

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  • can
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    axil

    I don't think that's related with what I meant.


    According to what Holmlid is explicitly writing in the excerpts above, once hydrogen atoms condense to the Rydberg matter form H(1), the transition (which is supposed to occur spontaneously) to the ultra-dense form now called H(0) releases hundreds of eV of energy, which is significantly larger than any known chemical reaction, although orders of magnitude less than what would be possible with nuclear reactions.


    On these grounds it would seem possible to obtain useful energy without involving nuclear reactions and that one could consider the resulting UDH as a "waste product", not unlike Mills does for his Hydinos.


    OR... you could decide to break the UDH down with energetic impulses to obtain a much higher energy output and all sorts of emissions.

    (according to what has been described so far, at least)

    Edited 2 times, last by can (Aug 5th 2017).

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  • JulianBianchi
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    Quote from Can

    I have a question for you: among all papers you've read, have you found information that would support the idea that just the transition of hydrogen to the ultra-dense form could release usable energy, without involving nuclear reactions (whether conventional or not)? Given that the UDH clusters formed are supposed to be relatively stable, this could make UDH similar to the Hydrino concept in certain aspects. Holmlid et al. however never really explore this property in detail; it's usually only implied or just briefly mentioned (for example in this paper).


    AFAIK there is no conclusive evidence on the amount of energy that can be released in the transition from RM to UDH. In several articles by Holmlid it is suggested that the value can be around 600 eV, up to the keV range.


    FYI, earlier this year, I asked Prof Holmlid what was the binding energy of UDH: he said in the keV range.


    This is indeed a key question. The fact that UDH may have energy levels about 3 orders of magnitude higher than RM leads to important questions on the stability of RM and the dynamics of the transition to release so much energy.

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  • Ahlfors
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    ... "it would seem possible to obtain useful energy without involving nuclear reactions"...

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  • can
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    JulianBianchi

    Regardless of the precise value, if it's in the ~0.1-1.0 keV range, commercially useful amounts of energy could be obtained by this transition alone, and since it's pretty much a "passive" process with the only requirements being a properly prepared catalyst/surface, a flux of hydrogen to said surface, heat and no other special equipment besides perhaps a good vacuum pump, I'm puzzled as for why his group never explored this aspect more in detail. It would have likely opened up more general interest to Holmlid's research.


    Perhaps there's more than meets the eye and it's actually not as "obvious" as it might seem at first? That's what I was trying to find out.


    Ahlfors

    Sources: US61-819058 and http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD1017877

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  • Zephir_AWT
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    Thank you Julian for your review - I just converted it into a more accessible HTML format.

    1. Barut & Kraus (1976): Solution of the Dirac equation with Coulomb ·and magnetic moment interactions First paper that shows magnetic interactions dominate at the Compton scale
    2. Barut (1980): Stable particles as building blocks of matter 3 dimensions differing by powers of the fine-structure constant with magnetic interactions dominating at the Compton scale
    3. Barut (1981): Magnetic Interactions of stable particles and magnetic resonances Nice lecture by Barut on magnetic interactions with bound states at distances less than the Compton scale
    4. Manykin et al (1983): Theory of the condensed state in a system of excited atoms One of the first paper published in English on the prediction of the existence of Rydberg Matter, the first being published in Russian around 1980
    5. Gryzinsky (1987): Electronic structure of the H+2 molecule Idea that 2 protons and 1 electron can collapse
    6. Barut (1989): Prediction of new tightly bound-states of H2(D2) and cold fusion experiments First theoretical paper by Barut (June 1989) linking a bound state of H at small distance and high energy with cold fusion. Then published in IJHE in 1990.
    7. Gryzinsky (1990): Theory of Electron Catalyzed Fusion in Pd Lattice Gryzinsky applying his electron theory to explain cold fusion
    8. Svensson et al (1991): Semiconducting low?pressure, low?temperature cesium plasma with unidirectional conduction First experimental evidence or Rydberg matter
    9. Aman & Holmlid (1992): Desorption and emission of potassium Rydberg atoms and clusters from iron oxide catalyst surfaces Desorption of K from iron oxide, the main method use by Holmlid to produce Rydberg Matter
    10. Vigier (1992): New H Energies in Specially Structured Dense Media: Capillary Chemistry and Capillary Fusion Vigier using Barut’s formalism and ideas to explain cold fusion
    11. Cerofolini (1992): Can binuclear atoms be formed in head-on atomic impacts at moderate energy? On the possibility of bound states called “binuclear atoms”
    12. Holmlid (1993): A New Approach to Loss of Alkali Promoter from Industrial Catalysts: Importance of Excited States of Alkali One of the early papers by Holmlid’s group on Rydberg Matter of alkali
    13. Wallin et al (1993): Highly excited Rydberg states of hydrogen from a high-temperature diffusion source Formation of Rydberg Matter of hydrogen
    14. Vigier (1993): New H (D) Bohr Orbits in Quantum Chemistry and "Cold Fusion" Processes" Vigier further expanding Barut’s formalism to show that a bound state of 2 protons and 1 electron can explain cold fusion
    15. Maly & Vavra (1993): Electron Transitions on Deep Dirac Levels I First paper on a bound state called “deep Dirac level”
    16. Cerofoline & Para (1993): Can Binuclear Atoms Solve the Cold Fusion Puzzle? “binuclear atom” concept applied to cold fusion
    17. Maly & Vavra (1995): Electron Transitions on Deep Dirac Levels I Second paper on a bound state called “deep Dirac level”
    18. Shmalko et al (1995): The formation of excited H species using metal hydrides Article linking the desorption of H from metals, Rydberg matter and LENR
    19. Samsonenko et al (1996): On the Barut-Vigier model of the hydrogen atom Further theoretical work on a bound state following Barut ideas
    20. Holmlid & Manykin (1997): Rydberg Matter – A long-lived excited state of matter A mini review article on Rydberg Matter by the two leaders in the field. In reference, lists all must-read studies on RM, both theoretical and experimental.
    21. Dragic et al (1998): The energy spectrum of the hydrogen atom with magnetic spin-orbit and spin-spin interactions Theoretical paper showing that a bound state only exist when L=0
    22. Reitz & Mayer (2000): New electromagnetic bound states Theoretical paper on a bound state at the Compton scale
    23. Dragic et al (2000): New quantum mechanical tight bound states and `cold fusion' experiments Review of Barut hypothesis, bound states at the Compton scale with the possibility of an anti-Born-Hoppenheimer state
    24. Badiei & Holmlid (2002): Rydberg matter in space: low-density condensed dark matter Evidence that dark matter is Rydberg Matter
    25. Dragic et al (2002): On The Possible Existence of Tight Bound States in Quantum Mechanics Small extension of the paper published in 2010 on Barut work and anti-Born-Hoppenheimer state
    26. Lipson et al (2005): Transport and magnetic anomalies below 70 K in a hydrogen-cycled Pd foil with a thermally grown oxide A reference article in the field with experimental evidence that UDH is a the origin of LENR
    27. Miley et al (2008): Condensed Matter “Cluster” Reactions in LENRs Another study showing the link between UDH and LENR
    28. Badiei et al (2009): Fusion reactions in high-density hydrogen: A fast route to small-scale fusion? Evidence of existence of UDD
    29. Badiei et al (2009): High energy Coulomb explosions in ultra dense deuterium Time of flight mass spectrometry with variable energy and flight length Further evidence of existence of UDD
    30. Andersson & Holmlid (2009): Ultra-dense deuterium: A possible nuclear fuel for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) UDD with bounding distance in the Compton range (2.3pm) as fuel for ICF
    31. Holmlid et al (2009): Ultrahigh-density deuterium of Rydberg matter clusters for inertial confinement fusion targets UDD for ICF again
    32. Badiei et al (2010): Laser-induced variable pulse-power TOF-MS and neutral time-of-flight studies of ultradense deuterium Experimental evidence by TOF of UDD
    33. Badiei et al (2010): Laser-driven nuclear fusion D+D in ultra-dense deuterium: MeV particles formed without ignition First evidence of MeV particles from UDD
    34. Andersson & Holmlid (2010): Deuteron energy of 15 MK in ultra-dense deuterium without plasma formation: Temperature of the interior of the Sun Deuterons released by Coulomb explosions from UDD
    35. Badiei et al (2010): Production of ultradense deuterium: A compact future fusion fuel Stability of UDD as fuel for ICF
    36. Winterberg (2010): Ultra-dense deuterium Theory to explain the condensation of Rydberg Matter into UDH/UDD
    37. Winterberg (2010): Ultra-dense deuterium and cold fusion claims Thoughts on UDH and LENR
    38. Holmlid (2011): High charge Coulomb explosions of clusters in ultra dense deuterium D(?1) Coulomb explosions in UDD
    39. Andersson et al (2011): Efficient source for the production of ultradense deuterium D(-1) for laser-induced fusion (ICF) Production of UDD in large quantity allowing a better characterization
    40. Ojovan (2011): Rydberg Matter Clusters: Theory of Interaction and Sorption Properties Sorption properties of Rydberg Matter
    41. Andersson & Holmlid (2011): Superfluid ultra-dense deuterium D(?1) at room temperature Superfluidity of UDD at room temperature
    42. Holmlid (2012): Experimental Studies and Observations of Clusters of Rydberg Matter and Its Extreme Forms Review of experimental studies or Rydberg Matter
    43. Andersson & Holmlid (2012): Cluster ions DN+ ejected from dense and ultra-dense deuterium by Coulomb explosions: Fragment rotation and D+ backscattering from ultra-dense clusters in the surface phase Characterization of UDD
    44. Olofson & Holmlid (2012): Superfluid ultra-dense deuterium D(21) on polymer surfaces: Structure and density changes at a polymer-metal boundary Interactions of UDD with metal and polymer surfaces
    45. Holmlid (2012): MeV particles from laser-initiated processes in ultra-dense deuterium D(?1) MEV particles from UDD
    46. Andersson & Holmlid (2012): Fast atoms and negative chain-cluster fragments from laser-induced Coulomb explosions in a super-fluid film of ultra-dense deuterium D(?1) Evidence of chain clusters of UDD
    47. Holmlid (2012): Deuterium Clusters DN and Mixed K–D and D–H Clusters of Rydberg Matter: High Temperatures and Strong Coupling to Ultra-Dense Deuterium Coupling between Rydberg Matter of deuterium and UDD
    48. Meulenberg (2012): From the Naught Orbit to the 4He Excited State Meulenberg further discussing deep hydrogen
    49. Mayer & Reitz (2012): Electromagnetic composites at the Compton scale Mayer & Reitz further developing the idea of bound state at the Compton scale
    50. Andersson & Holmlid (2012): Fusion Generated Fast Particles by Laser Impact on Ultra-Dense Deuterium: Rapid Variation with Laser Intensity Study of D-D fusion in UDD
    51. Mikhailichenko (2012): To the possibility of bound states between two electrons Small proceeding article on how two electrons can attract each other at the Compton scale
    52. Olofson & Holmlid (2012): Detection of MeV particles from ultra dense protium p(?1) Laser initiated self compression from p(1) MEV particles from UDH
    53. Andersson et al (2012): Search for Superconductivity in Ultra-dense Deuterium D(?1) at Room Temperature: Depletion of D(?1) at Field Strength >0.05 T Characterization of superconductive properties of UDD
    54. Holmlid (2103): Laser-mass spectrometry study of ultra-dense protium p(?1) with variable time-of-flight energy and flight length First characterization of UDH (before UDD only)
    55. Holmlid (2013): Direct observation of particles with energy >10 MeV/u from laser-induced processes with energy gain in ultra-dense deuterium High energy particles from UDD
    56. Holmlid (2013): Two-collector timing of 3–14 MeV/u particles from laser-induced processes in ultra-dense deuterium D-D fusion from UDD
    57. Holmlid (2013): Excitation levels in ultra-dense H p(-1) and d(-1) clusters: Structure of spin-based Rydberg Matter New interpretation provided for UDH/UDD: spin based RM
    58. Olofson & Holmlid (2014): Time-of-flight of He ions from laser-induced processes in ultra-dense deuterium D(0) Helium from UDD
    59. Olofson & Holmlid (2014): Electron-positron pair production observed from laser-induced processes in ultra-dense deuterium D(-1) Electron-positron pairs from UDD
    60. Holmlid (2014): Ultra Dense Hydrogen H(?1) as the Cause of Instabilities in Laser Compression Based Nuclear Fusion UDH to help hot fusion or directly as fusion fuel
    61. Holmlid (2014): Meissner Effect in Ultra-Dense Protium p(l = 0, s = 2) at Room Temperature: Superconductivity in Large Clusters of Spin-Based Matter UDH shows a Meissner effect at room temperature
    62. Olofson & Holmlid (2014): Intense ionizing radiation from laser-induced processes in ultra-dense deuterium D(?1) Further experimental evidence of nuclear reaction from UDD
    63. Hora et al (2014): Bose–Einstein Condensation and Inverted Rydberg States in Ultra-high Density Deuterium Clusters Related to Low Energy Nuclear Reactions Discussions on UDH and LENR
    64. Holmlid & Olafsson (2015): Spontaneous ejection of high-energy particles from ultra-dense deuterium D(0) Experimental evidence of high energy particles from UDD
    65. Holmlid (2015): MeV particles in a decay chain process from laser-induced processes in ultra-dense deuterium D(0) Additional evidence of MEV particles from UDD
    66. Holmlid (2015): Heat generation above break-even from laser-induced fusion in ultra-dense deuterium UDH as source of energy
    67. Holmlid (2015): Nuclear particle decay in a multi-MeV beam ejected by pulsed-laser impact on ultra-dense hydrogen H(0) Further experimental evidence of nuclear decay of UDH
    68. Holmlid & Olafsson (2015): Muon detection studied by pulse-height energy analysis: Novel converter arrangements Experimental evidence of muons from UDH
    69. Holmlid (2015): Neutral multi-MeV/u particles from laser-induced processes in ultra-dense deuterium D(0): accurate two-collector timing and magnetic analysis Additional evidence of MEV particles from UDD
    70. Laptev et al (2015): Hydrogenation-induced microstructure changes in titanium Experimental evidence of vacancies clusters and “cluster-hydrogen” in TiH
    71. Miley et al (2015): Progress in Development of an LENR Power Cell for Space Ultra-dense deuterium leading to extra heat
    72. Holmlid & Olafsson (2015): Charged particle energy spectra from laser-induced processes: Nuclear fusion in ultra-dense deuterium D(0) Further experimental evidence of high-energy particles from UDD
    73. Paillet & Meulenberg (2016): Electron Deep Orbits of the Hydrogen Atom Review article on electron deep level of the H atom
    74. Holmlid & Kotzias (2016): Phase transition temperatures of 405-725 K in superfluid ultra-dense hydrogen clusters on metal surfaces Characteristics of UDH and UDD
    75. Holmlid (2016): Emission spectroscopy of IR laser-induced processes in ultra-dense deuterium D(0): Rotational transitions in D(0) with spin values s 1?4 2, 3 and 4 Further experimental evidence of the cluster form of UDD
    76. Holmlid (2016): Leptons from decay of mesons in the laser-induced particle pulse from ultra-dense protium p(0) Strong evidence of kaons and pions from UDH suggesting the decay of UDH breaking the conservation of the baryon number
    77. Holmlid (2017): Mesons from Laser-Induced Processes in Ultra-Dense Hydrogen H(0) Experimental evidence of production of mesons by UDH. A must read.
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  • Zephir_AWT
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    The famous article Langmuir - Excess Energy From Hydrogen from Chava Science may belong here. According to Holmlid, the dense hydrogen phase is formed by long stacks of hydrogen atoms. I can see some connection to low-dimensional theory of cold fusion both to many overunity devices, where the low dimensional arrangement is also utilized for negentropic phenomena (scalar waves antennae). The third mechanism of energy excess may involve hydrino model of Randell Mills. Long chains of dense phase may stabilize the subquantum levels by shielding mechanism of Cassimir field formation - it would represent the quantum entanglement on steroids.


    A stack of H7 Rydberg matter clusters

    2ePLilm.gif


    Among many other observations of "metallic hydrogen" in the past this one vested my interest: "Possibility of obtaining atomic metallic hydrogen by electrochemical method" See also: Has the metallic hydrogen been created finally? for additional links.

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  • can
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    Along that line it might be of interest that in Ultra Dense Hydrogen H(-1) as the Cause of Instabilities in Laser Compression Based Nuclear Fusion (2014), which is in the list previously compiled by JulianBianchi, Holmlid postulates that extreme pressure-temperature conditions like for example those that can be found in ICF experiments, can cause H2 to directly transition to the ultra-dense phase. It's also implied that the transition itself releases large amounts of energy (supposed cause of the ICF instabilities).

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  • axil
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    Quote from Can

    JulianBianchi

    Regardless of the precise value, if it's in the ~0.1-1.0 keV range, commercially useful amounts of energy could be obtained by this transition alone, and since it's pretty much a "passive" process with the only requirements being a properly prepared catalyst/surface, a flux of hydrogen to said surface, heat and no other special equipment besides perhaps a good vacuum pump, I'm puzzled as for why his group never explored this aspect more in detail. It would have likely opened up more general interest to Holmlid's research.


    Perhaps there's more than meets the eye and it's actually not as "obvious" as it might seem at first? That's what I was trying to find out.


    Ahlfors

    Sources: US61-819058 and http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD1017877

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    Hplmlid postulates that the superconductivity generated by metallic hydrogen is described by the theory defined by by J. E. Hirsch. In this hole formation process, the electrons in the condinsate that is forming are all expelled at the speed of light from the atoms forming the metallic hydrogen. This produces a burst of Bremsstrahlung. The energy that you are interested in is expended in this burst of x-rays and gamma rays.


    MFMP has seen this Bremsstrahlung in the glow stick 2 experiment. MFMP called it "the Signal". After this signal appeared, then excess heat was seen in the experiment.


    for more info see


    Phonon Energy to replicate MFMP Glow Stick experiment


    Edmund Storms: Q&A ON THE NAE

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  • THHuxleynew
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    Hplmlid postulates that the superconductivity generated by metallic hydrogen is described by the theory defined by by J. E. Hirsch. In this hole formation process, the electrons in the condinsate that is forming are all expelled at the speed of light from the atoms forming the metallic hydrogen.


    I normally leave this way-out stuff alone but really must take you (or Holmlid, if he really said this) to task for this.


    If electrons are all expelled the resulting condenstate will be highly positively charged and:

    (a) not condense

    (b) be highly unstable. You just can't get massive positive charges for obvious reasons


    Furthermore electrons are massive, they cannot travel at the speed of light.

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  • axil
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    Quote from THHuxleynew

    Hplmlid postulates that the superconductivity generated by metallic hydrogen is described by the theory defined by by J. E. Hirsch. In this hole formation process, the electrons in the condinsate that is forming are all expelled at the speed of light from the atoms forming the metallic hydrogen.


    I normally leave this way-out stuff alone but really must take you (or Holmlid, if he really said this) to task for this.


    If electrons are all expelled the resulting condenstate will be highly positively charged and:

    (a) not condense

    (b) be highly unstable. You just can't get massive positive charges for obvious reasons


    Furthermore electrons are massive, they cannot travel at the speed of light.

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    External Content www.youtube.com
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    This video explains the experiment designed to produce the Bremsstrahlung that MFMP has seen in their experiment. The sound is bad in this video, but the theory explaining the Bremsstrahlung search is seen at 6:00 in.


    So what MFMP experiment has proved experimentally is that Hole superconductivity exists and is a causative factor in LENR.


    Also see


    http://iopscience.iop.org/arti…88/0953-8984/19/12/125217


    Ionizing radiation from superconductors in the theory of hole superconductivity

    J E Hirsch

    Published 6 March 2007 • IOP Publishing Ltd


    Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, Volume 19, Number 12


    Abstract

    Quote

    We point out that large superconducting bodies described by the theory of hole superconductivity will emit ionizing radiation in non-equilibrium situations. This remarkable prediction, involving an energy scale a factor of 10e12 larger than the low energy scale usually associated with superconductivity, is unique to the theory of hole superconductivity. The phenomenon is a consequence of the macroscopic inhomogeneous charge distribution predicted to exist in superconducting bodies, and the resulting intrinsic macroscopic spin currents in the superconducting state in the absence of applied fields. For superconducting bodies of sufficiently large size, the speed of the spin–current carriers approaches the speed of light, and in addition real electron–positron pair production is expected to occur in the interior. When the superconducting state is destroyed, electromagnetic radiation with frequencies up to 0.511~\mathrm {MeV}/\hbar should arise from bremsstrahlung and electron–positron annihilation. In support of this rather unconventional theory we point out that it is the only existing theory that proposes explanations for two fundamental universal effects associated with superconductivity: the Meissner effect and the Tao effect.


    In the early days of Rossi's work, gamma bursts were seen at both the beginning and at the END of the LENR reaction. This bremsstrahlung is produced when the state of bose condinsation is first established and then again when it is terminated.


    MFMP has made a huge experimental advancement is proving hole superconductivity but they do not understand what they have accomplished.


    MFMP should submit a paper about this "signal" as proof that superconductivity can be generated at 1000C. That might get them the nobel prize.

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  • maryyugo
    Guest
    • Aug 5th 2017
    • #17
    Quote

    The famous article Langmuir - Excess Energy From Hydrogen from Chava Science may belong here.



    OMG! Not Chava again. That's Mark Goldes and Hagen Ruff!


    https://physicsreviewboard.wor…an-from-chava-energy-llc/


    https://physicsreviewboard.wor…c-s-ultraconductor-fraud/


    https://chavaenergy.wordpress.…ldes-and-aesop-institute/

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  • Online
    Alan Smith
    Admin-Experimenter
    Reactions Received
    16,840
    • Aug 5th 2017
    • Official Post
    • #18

    Forget the publisher, Irving Langmuir was a great man.

    Like 1
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  • axil
    Verified User
    Reactions Received
    1,638
    • Aug 5th 2017
    • #19

    While I have it in mind, I would like to point out that the high voltage electrostatic potential defined as the stimulus of the LENR reaction in Rossi's patent produces two LENR triggering and amplification effects.


    First, this LENR activation trigger generates a change of state in the polariton optical cavity that greatly amplifies the nano-scale magnetic fields produced by the polariton.


    Second, the LENR activation trigger generates the Tao effect that organized the polariton condinsate into a unified and consolidated unit that amplifies the magnetic fields produced by the polariton condinsate,


    http://iopscience.iop.org/arti…88/0953-8984/19/12/125217


    Explanation of the Tao effect

    Abstract

    R. Tao and coworkers discovered that in an applied electric field superconducting microparticles aggregate to form balls of macroscopic dimensions^(1). The phenomenon appears to be as general as the Meissner effect. Within the conventional theory of superconductivity electrostatic fields do not penetrate into superconductors and the observed effect would not be expected. We propose an explanation of the effect based on an alternative description of the electrodynamics of superconductors recently proposed^(2), that results from the unconventional theory of `hole superconductivity'. In our theory a spontaneous electrostatic field exists inside superconductors and if the sample is not spherical also outside. Experiments to test the theory will be discussed. (1) R. Tao, X. Xu and E. Amr, Physica C 398, 78 (2003) and references therein. (2) J.E. Hirsch, Phys.Rev. B 69, 214515 (2004) and references therein.

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  • JulianBianchi
    New Member
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    358
    • Aug 7th 2017
    • #20

    can

    I agree that the sole transition into UDH with the release of hundreds of eV is the way to go. However the comprehension of the energetics of UDH remains incomplete. For example, in Badiei et al (2010): Production of ultradense deuterium: A compact future fusion fuel, a continuous interconversion between RM and UDH is claimed, something that would be hardly possible for a difference of hundreds of eV between the two states.

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