Thank you Julian, a worthy contribution on a complex topic.

JulianBianchi

I also did something similar for my own convenience, but only from papers by Holmlid et al. This is certainly useful.

I have a question for you: among all papers you've read, have you found information that would support the idea that just the transition of hydrogen to the ultra-dense form could release usable energy, without involving nuclear reactions (whether conventional or not)? Given that the UDH clusters formed are supposed to be relatively stable, this could make UDH similar to the Hydrino concept in certain aspects. Holmlid et al. however never really explore this property in detail; it's usually only implied or just briefly mentioned (for example in this paper).

Can wrote:

JulianBianchi

I also did something similar for my own convenience, but only from papers by Holmlid et al. This is certainly useful.

I have a question for you: among all papers you've read, have you found information that would support the idea that just the transition of hydrogen to the ultra-dense form could release usable energy, without involving nuclear reactions (whether conventional or not)? Given that the UDH clusters formed are supposed to be relatively stable, this could make UDH similar to the Hydrino concept in certain aspects. Holmlid et al. however never really explore this property in detail; it's usually only implied or just briefly mentioned (for example in this paper).

That paper was written a few years ago. Holmlid does not now believe that fusion is the source of UDH energy production. Instead, Holmlid beleive that the huge amount of energy needed to generate particles accelerated to 3/4 light speed must be coming from the conversion of protons into mesons and residual proton binding energy energy..

http://journals.plos.org/ploso…69895#pone.0169895.ref007

Quote

The origin of the particle signals observed here is clearly laser-induced nuclear processes in H(0). The first step is the laser-induced transfer of the H2(0) pairs in the ultra-dense material H(0) from excitation state s = 2 (with 2.3 pm H-H distance) to s = 1 (at 0.56 pm H-H distance) [2]. The state s = 1 may lead to a fast nuclear reaction. It is suggested that this involves two nucleons, probably two protons. The first particles formed and observed [16,17] are kaons, both neutral and charged, and also pions. From the six quarks in the two protons, three kaons can be formed in the interaction. Two protons correspond to a mass of 1.88 GeV while three kaons correspond to 1.49 GeV. Thus, the transition 2 p → 3 K is downhill in internal energy and releases 390 MeV. If pions are formed directly, the energy release may be even larger. The kaons formed decay normally in various processes to charged pions and muons. In the present experiments, the decay of kaons and pions is observed directly normally through their decay to muons, while the muons leave the chamber before they decay due to their easier penetration and much longer lifetime.

IMHO. the energy production mechanism is magnetism produced by coadjuvant surface polaritons that are in a state of nonequilibrium bose condinsation. As such. each member of this polaritons aggregation must be feed with constant stream of energy during their brief lifetimes that last just a few picoseconds. This energy input is called pumping.

See

http://www.phys.ens.fr/~castin/carusotto.pdf

axil wrote:

That paper was written a few years ago. Holmlid does not now believe that fusion is the source of UDH energy production. Instead, Holmlid believes that the huge amount of energy needed to generate particles accelerated to 3/4 light speed must be coming from the conversion of protons into mesons and residual proton binding energy energy

I was referring to something else that wasn't in the abstract of the paper I linked, not referring to nuclear reactions (whether conventional or not) caused/initiated by the UDH.

Can wrote:

I was referring to something else that wasn't in the abstract of the paper I linked, not referring to nuclear reactions (whether conventional or not) caused/initiated by the UDH.

The polariton BEC formation occurs after the formation of the spin wave on the surface of the UDH. After the Polariton BEC is established. the UDH becomes self renewing through the action of the polariton BEC and gradually accumulates energy into the giga electron volt level. It is this nanoparticle that is seen in tracks made visible on photo emulsion exposures of LENR ash. Holmlid says that the UHD can exist for a long time and produce more mesons if it is re-exposed to a laser pulse or to room lighting. If no additional pumping is applied, the UDH will gradually lose energy and disintegrate. Holmlid states that the shelf life of UDH is long...this is because the Q of the polariton BEC is very high, after all it is superconducting ... it has a low dispersion rate.

axil

I don't think that's related with what I meant.

According to what Holmlid is explicitly writing in the excerpts above, once hydrogen atoms condense to the Rydberg matter form H(1), the transition (which is supposed to occur spontaneously) to the ultra-dense form now called H(0) releases hundreds of eV of energy, which is significantly larger than any known chemical reaction, although orders of magnitude less than what would be possible with nuclear reactions.

On these grounds it would seem possible to obtain useful energy without involving nuclear reactions and that one could consider the resulting UDH as a "waste product", not unlike Mills does for his Hydinos.

OR... you could decide to break the UDH down with energetic impulses to obtain a much higher energy output and all sorts of emissions.

(according to what has been described so far, at least)

... "it would seem possible to obtain useful energy without involving nuclear reactions"...

JulianBianchi

Regardless of the precise value, if it's in the ~0.1-1.0 keV range, commercially useful amounts of energy could be obtained by this transition alone, and since it's pretty much a "passive" process with the only requirements being a properly prepared catalyst/surface, a flux of hydrogen to said surface, heat and no other special equipment besides perhaps a good vacuum pump, I'm puzzled as for why his group never explored this aspect more in detail. It would have likely opened up more general interest to Holmlid's research.

Perhaps there's more than meets the eye and it's actually not as "obvious" as it might seem at first? That's what I was trying to find out.

Ahlfors

Sources: US61-819058 and http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD1017877

Thank you Julian for your review - I just converted it into a more accessible HTML format.

1. Barut & Kraus (1976): Solution of the Dirac equation with Coulomb ·and magnetic moment interactions First paper that shows magnetic interactions dominate at the Compton scale
2. Barut (1980): Stable particles as building blocks of matter 3 dimensions differing by powers of the fine-structure constant with magnetic interactions dominating at the Compton scale
3. Barut (1981): Magnetic Interactions of stable particles and magnetic resonances Nice lecture by Barut on magnetic interactions with bound states at distances less than the Compton scale
4. Manykin et al (1983): Theory of the condensed state in a system of excited atoms One of the first paper published in English on the prediction of the existence of Rydberg Matter, the first being published in Russian around 1980
5. Gryzinsky (1987): Electronic structure of the H+2 molecule Idea that 2 protons and 1 electron can collapse
6. Barut (1989): Prediction of new tightly bound-states of H2(D2) and cold fusion experiments First theoretical paper by Barut (June 1989) linking a bound state of H at small distance and high energy with cold fusion. Then published in IJHE in 1990.
7. Gryzinsky (1990): Theory of Electron Catalyzed Fusion in Pd Lattice Gryzinsky applying his electron theory to explain cold fusion
8. Svensson et al (1991): Semiconducting low?pressure, low?temperature cesium plasma with unidirectional conduction First experimental evidence or Rydberg matter
9. Aman & Holmlid (1992): Desorption and emission of potassium Rydberg atoms and clusters from iron oxide catalyst surfaces Desorption of K from iron oxide, the main method use by Holmlid to produce Rydberg Matter
10. Vigier (1992): New H Energies in Specially Structured Dense Media: Capillary Chemistry and Capillary Fusion Vigier using Barut’s formalism and ideas to explain cold fusion
11. Cerofolini (1992): Can binuclear atoms be formed in head-on atomic impacts at moderate energy? On the possibility of bound states called “binuclear atoms”
12. Holmlid (1993): A New Approach to Loss of Alkali Promoter from Industrial Catalysts: Importance of Excited States of Alkali One of the early papers by Holmlid’s group on Rydberg Matter of alkali
13. Wallin et al (1993): Highly excited Rydberg states of hydrogen from a high-temperature diffusion source Formation of Rydberg Matter of hydrogen
14. Vigier (1993): New H (D) Bohr Orbits in Quantum Chemistry and "Cold Fusion" Processes" Vigier further expanding Barut’s formalism to show that a bound state of 2 protons and 1 electron can explain cold fusion
15. Maly & Vavra (1993): Electron Transitions on Deep Dirac Levels I First paper on a bound state called “deep Dirac level”
16. Cerofoline & Para (1993): Can Binuclear Atoms Solve the Cold Fusion Puzzle? “binuclear atom” concept applied to cold fusion
17. Maly & Vavra (1995): Electron Transitions on Deep Dirac Levels I Second paper on a bound state called “deep Dirac level”
18. Shmalko et al (1995): The formation of excited H species using metal hydrides Article linking the desorption of H from metals, Rydberg matter and LENR
19. Samsonenko et al (1996): On the Barut-Vigier model of the hydrogen atom Further theoretical work on a bound state following Barut ideas
20. Holmlid & Manykin (1997): Rydberg Matter – A long-lived excited state of matter A mini review article on Rydberg Matter by the two leaders in the field. In reference, lists all must-read studies on RM, both theoretical and experimental.
21. Dragic et al (1998): The energy spectrum of the hydrogen atom with magnetic spin-orbit and spin-spin interactions Theoretical paper showing that a bound state only exist when L=0
22. Reitz & Mayer (2000): New electromagnetic bound states Theoretical paper on a bound state at the Compton scale
23. Dragic et al (2000): New quantum mechanical tight bound states and `cold fusion' experiments Review of Barut hypothesis, bound states at the Compton scale with the possibility of an anti-Born-Hoppenheimer state
24. Badiei & Holmlid (2002): Rydberg matter in space: low-density condensed dark matter Evidence that dark matter is Rydberg Matter
25. Dragic et al (2002): On The Possible Existence of Tight Bound States in Quantum Mechanics Small extension of the paper published in 2010 on Barut work and anti-Born-Hoppenheimer state
26. Lipson et al (2005): Transport and magnetic anomalies below 70 K in a hydrogen-cycled Pd foil with a thermally grown oxide A reference article in the field with experimental evidence that UDH is a the origin of LENR
27. Miley et al (2008): Condensed Matter “Cluster” Reactions in LENRs Another study showing the link between UDH and LENR
28. Badiei et al (2009): Fusion reactions in high-density hydrogen: A fast route to small-scale fusion? Evidence of existence of UDD
29. Badiei et al (2009): High energy Coulomb explosions in ultra dense deuterium Time of flight mass spectrometry with variable energy and flight length Further evidence of existence of UDD
30. Andersson & Holmlid (2009): Ultra-dense deuterium: A possible nuclear fuel for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) UDD with bounding distance in the Compton range (2.3pm) as fuel for ICF
31. Holmlid et al (2009): Ultrahigh-density deuterium of Rydberg matter clusters for inertial confinement fusion targets UDD for ICF again
32. Badiei et al (2010): Laser-induced variable pulse-power TOF-MS and neutral time-of-flight studies of ultradense deuterium Experimental evidence by TOF of UDD
33. Badiei et al (2010): Laser-driven nuclear fusion D+D in ultra-dense deuterium: MeV particles formed without ignition First evidence of MeV particles from UDD
34. Andersson & Holmlid (2010): Deuteron energy of 15 MK in ultra-dense deuterium without plasma formation: Temperature of the interior of the Sun Deuterons released by Coulomb explosions from UDD
35. Badiei et al (2010): Production of ultradense deuterium: A compact future fusion fuel Stability of UDD as fuel for ICF
36. Winterberg (2010): Ultra-dense deuterium Theory to explain the condensation of Rydberg Matter into UDH/UDD
37. Winterberg (2010): Ultra-dense deuterium and cold fusion claims Thoughts on UDH and LENR
38. Holmlid (2011): High charge Coulomb explosions of clusters in ultra dense deuterium D(?1) Coulomb explosions in UDD
39. Andersson et al (2011): Efficient source for the production of ultradense deuterium D(-1) for laser-induced fusion (ICF) Production of UDD in large quantity allowing a better characterization
40. Ojovan (2011): Rydberg Matter Clusters: Theory of Interaction and Sorption Properties Sorption properties of Rydberg Matter
41. Andersson & Holmlid (2011): Superfluid ultra-dense deuterium D(?1) at room temperature Superfluidity of UDD at room temperature
42. Holmlid (2012): Experimental Studies and Observations of Clusters of Rydberg Matter and Its Extreme Forms Review of experimental studies or Rydberg Matter
43. Andersson & Holmlid (2012): Cluster ions DN+ ejected from dense and ultra-dense deuterium by Coulomb explosions: Fragment rotation and D+ backscattering from ultra-dense clusters in the surface phase Characterization of UDD
44. Olofson & Holmlid (2012): Superfluid ultra-dense deuterium D(21) on polymer surfaces: Structure and density changes at a polymer-metal boundary Interactions of UDD with metal and polymer surfaces
45. Holmlid (2012): MeV particles from laser-initiated processes in ultra-dense deuterium D(?1) MEV particles from UDD
46. Andersson & Holmlid (2012): Fast atoms and negative chain-cluster fragments from laser-induced Coulomb explosions in a super-fluid film of ultra-dense deuterium D(?1) Evidence of chain clusters of UDD
47. Holmlid (2012): Deuterium Clusters DN and Mixed K–D and D–H Clusters of Rydberg Matter: High Temperatures and Strong Coupling to Ultra-Dense Deuterium Coupling between Rydberg Matter of deuterium and UDD
48. Meulenberg (2012): From the Naught Orbit to the 4He Excited State Meulenberg further discussing deep hydrogen
49. Mayer & Reitz (2012): Electromagnetic composites at the Compton scale Mayer & Reitz further developing the idea of bound state at the Compton scale
50. Andersson & Holmlid (2012): Fusion Generated Fast Particles by Laser Impact on Ultra-Dense Deuterium: Rapid Variation with Laser Intensity Study of D-D fusion in UDD
51. Mikhailichenko (2012): To the possibility of bound states between two electrons Small proceeding article on how two electrons can attract each other at the Compton scale
52. Olofson & Holmlid (2012): Detection of MeV particles from ultra dense protium p(?1) Laser initiated self compression from p(1) MEV particles from UDH
53. Andersson et al (2012): Search for Superconductivity in Ultra-dense Deuterium D(?1) at Room Temperature: Depletion of D(?1) at Field Strength >0.05 T Characterization of superconductive properties of UDD
54. Holmlid (2103): Laser-mass spectrometry study of ultra-dense protium p(?1) with variable time-of-flight energy and flight length First characterization of UDH (before UDD only)
55. Holmlid (2013): Direct observation of particles with energy >10 MeV/u from laser-induced processes with energy gain in ultra-dense deuterium High energy particles from UDD
56. Holmlid (2013): Two-collector timing of 3–14 MeV/u particles from laser-induced processes in ultra-dense deuterium D-D fusion from UDD
57. Holmlid (2013): Excitation levels in ultra-dense H p(-1) and d(-1) clusters: Structure of spin-based Rydberg Matter New interpretation provided for UDH/UDD: spin based RM
58. Olofson & Holmlid (2014): Time-of-flight of He ions from laser-induced processes in ultra-dense deuterium D(0) Helium from UDD
59. Olofson & Holmlid (2014): Electron-positron pair production observed from laser-induced processes in ultra-dense deuterium D(-1) Electron-positron pairs from UDD
60. Holmlid (2014): Ultra Dense Hydrogen H(?1) as the Cause of Instabilities in Laser Compression Based Nuclear Fusion UDH to help hot fusion or directly as fusion fuel
61. Holmlid (2014): Meissner Effect in Ultra-Dense Protium p(l = 0, s = 2) at Room Temperature: Superconductivity in Large Clusters of Spin-Based Matter UDH shows a Meissner effect at room temperature
62. Olofson & Holmlid (2014): Intense ionizing radiation from laser-induced processes in ultra-dense deuterium D(?1) Further experimental evidence of nuclear reaction from UDD
63. Hora et al (2014): Bose–Einstein Condensation and Inverted Rydberg States in Ultra-high Density Deuterium Clusters Related to Low Energy Nuclear Reactions Discussions on UDH and LENR
64. Holmlid & Olafsson (2015): Spontaneous ejection of high-energy particles from ultra-dense deuterium D(0) Experimental evidence of high energy particles from UDD
65. Holmlid (2015): MeV particles in a decay chain process from laser-induced processes in ultra-dense deuterium D(0) Additional evidence of MEV particles from UDD
66. Holmlid (2015): Heat generation above break-even from laser-induced fusion in ultra-dense deuterium UDH as source of energy
67. Holmlid (2015): Nuclear particle decay in a multi-MeV beam ejected by pulsed-laser impact on ultra-dense hydrogen H(0) Further experimental evidence of nuclear decay of UDH
68. Holmlid & Olafsson (2015): Muon detection studied by pulse-height energy analysis: Novel converter arrangements Experimental evidence of muons from UDH
69. Holmlid (2015): Neutral multi-MeV/u particles from laser-induced processes in ultra-dense deuterium D(0): accurate two-collector timing and magnetic analysis Additional evidence of MEV particles from UDD
70. Laptev et al (2015): Hydrogenation-induced microstructure changes in titanium Experimental evidence of vacancies clusters and “cluster-hydrogen” in TiH
71. Miley et al (2015): Progress in Development of an LENR Power Cell for Space Ultra-dense deuterium leading to extra heat
72. Holmlid & Olafsson (2015): Charged particle energy spectra from laser-induced processes: Nuclear fusion in ultra-dense deuterium D(0) Further experimental evidence of high-energy particles from UDD
73. Paillet & Meulenberg (2016): Electron Deep Orbits of the Hydrogen Atom Review article on electron deep level of the H atom
74. Holmlid & Kotzias (2016): Phase transition temperatures of 405-725 K in superfluid ultra-dense hydrogen clusters on metal surfaces Characteristics of UDH and UDD
75. Holmlid (2016): Emission spectroscopy of IR laser-induced processes in ultra-dense deuterium D(0): Rotational transitions in D(0) with spin values s 1?4 2, 3 and 4 Further experimental evidence of the cluster form of UDD
76. Holmlid (2016): Leptons from decay of mesons in the laser-induced particle pulse from ultra-dense protium p(0) Strong evidence of kaons and pions from UDH suggesting the decay of UDH breaking the conservation of the baryon number
77. Holmlid (2017): Mesons from Laser-Induced Processes in Ultra-Dense Hydrogen H(0) Experimental evidence of production of mesons by UDH. A must read.

The famous article Langmuir - Excess Energy From Hydrogen from Chava Science may belong here. According to Holmlid, the dense hydrogen phase is formed by long stacks of hydrogen atoms. I can see some connection to low-dimensional theory of cold fusion both to many overunity devices, where the low dimensional arrangement is also utilized for negentropic phenomena (scalar waves antennae). The third mechanism of energy excess may involve hydrino model of Randell Mills. Long chains of dense phase may stabilize the subquantum levels by shielding mechanism of Cassimir field formation - it would represent the quantum entanglement on steroids.

A stack of H7 Rydberg matter clusters

Among many other observations of "metallic hydrogen" in the past this one vested my interest: "Possibility of obtaining atomic metallic hydrogen by electrochemical method" See also: Has the metallic hydrogen been created finally? for additional links.

Along that line it might be of interest that in Ultra Dense Hydrogen H(-1) as the Cause of Instabilities in Laser Compression Based Nuclear Fusion (2014), which is in the list previously compiled by JulianBianchi, Holmlid postulates that extreme pressure-temperature conditions like for example those that can be found in ICF experiments, can cause H₂ to directly transition to the ultra-dense phase. It's also implied that the transition itself releases large amounts of energy (supposed cause of the ICF instabilities).

Can wrote:

JulianBianchi

Regardless of the precise value, if it's in the ~0.1-1.0 keV range, commercially useful amounts of energy could be obtained by this transition alone, and since it's pretty much a "passive" process with the only requirements being a properly prepared catalyst/surface, a flux of hydrogen to said surface, heat and no other special equipment besides perhaps a good vacuum pump, I'm puzzled as for why his group never explored this aspect more in detail. It would have likely opened up more general interest to Holmlid's research.

Perhaps there's more than meets the eye and it's actually not as "obvious" as it might seem at first? That's what I was trying to find out.

Ahlfors

Sources: US61-819058 and http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD1017877

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Hplmlid postulates that the superconductivity generated by metallic hydrogen is described by the theory defined by by J. E. Hirsch. In this hole formation process, the electrons in the condinsate that is forming are all expelled at the speed of light from the atoms forming the metallic hydrogen. This produces a burst of Bremsstrahlung. The energy that you are interested in is expended in this burst of x-rays and gamma rays.

MFMP has seen this Bremsstrahlung in the glow stick 2 experiment. MFMP called it "the Signal". After this signal appeared, then excess heat was seen in the experiment.

for more info see

Phonon Energy to replicate MFMP Glow Stick experiment

Edmund Storms: Q&A ON THE NAE

Hplmlid postulates that the superconductivity generated by metallic hydrogen is described by the theory defined by by J. E. Hirsch. In this hole formation process, the electrons in the condinsate that is forming are all expelled at the speed of light from the atoms forming the metallic hydrogen.

I normally leave this way-out stuff alone but really must take you (or Holmlid, if he really said this) to task for this.

If electrons are all expelled the resulting condenstate will be highly positively charged and:

(a) not condense

(b) be highly unstable. You just can't get massive positive charges for obvious reasons

Furthermore electrons are massive, they cannot travel at the speed of light.

THHuxleynew wrote:

Hplmlid postulates that the superconductivity generated by metallic hydrogen is described by the theory defined by by J. E. Hirsch. In this hole formation process, the electrons in the condinsate that is forming are all expelled at the speed of light from the atoms forming the metallic hydrogen.

I normally leave this way-out stuff alone but really must take you (or Holmlid, if he really said this) to task for this.

If electrons are all expelled the resulting condenstate will be highly positively charged and:

(a) not condense

(b) be highly unstable. You just can't get massive positive charges for obvious reasons

Furthermore electrons are massive, they cannot travel at the speed of light.

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This video explains the experiment designed to produce the Bremsstrahlung that MFMP has seen in their experiment. The sound is bad in this video, but the theory explaining the Bremsstrahlung search is seen at 6:00 in.

So what MFMP experiment has proved experimentally is that Hole superconductivity exists and is a causative factor in LENR.

Also see

http://iopscience.iop.org/arti…88/0953-8984/19/12/125217

Ionizing radiation from superconductors in the theory of hole superconductivity

J E Hirsch

Published 6 March 2007 • IOP Publishing Ltd

Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, Volume 19, Number 12

• 
  

Abstract

Quote

We point out that large superconducting bodies described by the theory of hole superconductivity will emit ionizing radiation in non-equilibrium situations. This remarkable prediction, involving an energy scale a factor of 10e12 larger than the low energy scale usually associated with superconductivity, is unique to the theory of hole superconductivity. The phenomenon is a consequence of the macroscopic inhomogeneous charge distribution predicted to exist in superconducting bodies, and the resulting intrinsic macroscopic spin currents in the superconducting state in the absence of applied fields. For superconducting bodies of sufficiently large size, the speed of the spin–current carriers approaches the speed of light, and in addition real electron–positron pair production is expected to occur in the interior. When the superconducting state is destroyed, electromagnetic radiation with frequencies up to should arise from bremsstrahlung and electron–positron annihilation. In support of this rather unconventional theory we point out that it is the only existing theory that proposes explanations for two fundamental universal effects associated with superconductivity: the Meissner effect and the Tao effect.

In the early days of Rossi's work, gamma bursts were seen at both the beginning and at the END of the LENR reaction. This bremsstrahlung is produced when the state of bose condinsation is first established and then again when it is terminated.

MFMP has made a huge experimental advancement is proving hole superconductivity but they do not understand what they have accomplished.

MFMP should submit a paper about this "signal" as proof that superconductivity can be generated at 1000C. That might get them the nobel prize.

Quote

The famous article Langmuir - Excess Energy From Hydrogen from Chava Science may belong here.

OMG! Not Chava again. That's Mark Goldes and Hagen Ruff!

https://physicsreviewboard.wor…an-from-chava-energy-llc/

https://physicsreviewboard.wor…c-s-ultraconductor-fraud/

https://chavaenergy.wordpress.…ldes-and-aesop-institute/

Forget the publisher, Irving Langmuir was a great man.

While I have it in mind, I would like to point out that the high voltage electrostatic potential defined as the stimulus of the LENR reaction in Rossi's patent produces two LENR triggering and amplification effects.

First, this LENR activation trigger generates a change of state in the polariton optical cavity that greatly amplifies the nano-scale magnetic fields produced by the polariton.

Second, the LENR activation trigger generates the Tao effect that organized the polariton condinsate into a unified and consolidated unit that amplifies the magnetic fields produced by the polariton condinsate,

http://iopscience.iop.org/arti…88/0953-8984/19/12/125217

Abstract

R. Tao and coworkers discovered that in an applied electric field superconducting microparticles aggregate to form balls of macroscopic dimensions^(1). The phenomenon appears to be as general as the Meissner effect. Within the conventional theory of superconductivity electrostatic fields do not penetrate into superconductors and the observed effect would not be expected. We propose an explanation of the effect based on an alternative description of the electrodynamics of superconductors recently proposed^(2), that results from the unconventional theory of `hole superconductivity'. In our theory a spontaneous electrostatic field exists inside superconductors and if the sample is not spherical also outside. Experiments to test the theory will be discussed. (1) R. Tao, X. Xu and E. Amr, Physica C 398, 78 (2003) and references therein. (2) J.E. Hirsch, Phys.Rev. B 69, 214515 (2004) and references therein.

JulianBianchi wrote:

can

I agree that the sole transition into UDH with the release of hundreds of eV is the way to go. However the comprehension of the energetics of UDH remains incomplete. For example, in Badiei et al (2010): Production of ultradense deuterium: A compact future fusion fuel, a continuous interconversion between RM and UDH is claimed, something that would be hardly possible for a difference of hundreds of eV between the two states.

Holmlid:

Quote

The time variation of the collector signals was initially assumed to be due to time-of-flight of the ejected particles from the target to the collectors. Even the relatively low particle velocity of 10–20 MeV u-1 found with this assumption [21–23] is not explainable as originating in ordinary nuclear fusion. The highest energy particles from normal D+D fusion are neutrons with 14.1 MeV and protons with 14.7 MeV [57]. The high-energy protons are only formed by the D + 3He reaction step, which is relatively unlikely and for example not observed in our laser-induced D+D fusion study in D(0) [14]. Any high-energy neutrons would not be observed in the present experiments. Thus, ordinary fusion D+D cannot give the observed particle velocities. Further, similar particle velocities are obtained also from the laser-induced processes in p(0) as seen in Figs 4, 6 and 7 etc, where no ordinary fusion process can take place. Thus, it is apparent that the particle energy observed is derived from other nuclear processes than ordinary fusion. It is clear that such laser-induced nuclear processes exist in p(0) as well as in D(0). The low laser intensity used here, of the order of 3×1012 W cm-2 makes it impossible to directly accelerate the particles (especially the neutral ones) to high energies. For example, in Refs. [58,59] more than 1019 W cm-2 was used to accelerate heavy ions to > 1 MeV u-1 energies, thus close to 107higher intensity than used here.

If the energy of fusion (14 MeV) does not pack enough energy to accelerate the particles seen at 3/4 the speed of light. How can this 1 kev energy derived from UHD formation do it? It is time for you'll to go back and rethink things.

"I agree that the sole transition into UDH with the release of hundreds of eV is the way to go." This is wrong.

JulianBianchi

My understanding from what Holmlid writes (see an excerpt below, from the same paper I previously cited) is that H(0) absorbs efficiently any kind of energy input and can thus at least in part revert easily to the H(1) form, but since the H(0) is at a lower energy level it will tend to go back to this form again.

Another possible explanation based on more recent observations from his group however could be that while the hydrogen is in that form, something else also happens that causes at least part of the H(0) to temporarily revert back to the H(1) form. For example, In Charged particle energy spectra from laser-induced processes: Nuclear fusion in ultra-dense deuterium D(0) it's suggested that the state s=1 can be spontaneously formed at a low rate from it. There, the H-H distance is 0.56 pm, where it's assumed that fusion (and perhaps other processes interpreted for example as muon emission) is instantaneous, at least for deuterium. The transition of H(0) from the state s=2 (the normal state) to s=1 too liberates energy. The 2.3pm distance of the normal state should also be short enough to cause some amount of D-D fusion by tunneling.

If this is the case however, it would imply that whenever H(0) is formed some sort of nuclear emission would be inevitable. A possible way out would be if this was not the case with protium. So far Holmlid et al. have (to my knowledge) only documented spontaneous emission with D(0) and it's not clear if the same would still happen with p(0). Fusion shouldn't, at the very least.

* * *

Excerpt from Detection of MeV particles from ultra-dense protium p(-1): Laser-initiated self-compression from p(1) (submitted 2012-01)

Can wrote:

JulianBianchi

My understanding from what Holmlid writes (see an excerpt below, from the same paper I previously cited) is that H(0) absorbs efficiently any kind of energy input and can thus at least in part revert easily to the H(1) form, but since the H(0) is at a lower energy level it will tend to go back to that form again.

Another possible explanation based on more recent observations from his group however could be that while the hydrogen is in that form, something else also happens that causes at least part of the H(0) to temporarily revert back to the H(1) form. For example, In Charged particle energy spectra from laser-induced processes: Nuclear fusion in ultra-dense deuterium D(0) it's suggested that the state s=1 can be spontaneously formed at a low rate from it. There, the H-H distance is 0.56 pm, where it's assumed that fusion (and perhaps other processes interpreted for example as muon emission) is instantaneous, at least for deuterium. The transition of H(0) from the state s=2 (the normal state) to s=1 too liberates energy. The 2.3pm distance of the normal state should also be short enough to cause some amount of D-D fusion by tunneling.

If this is the case however, it would imply that whenever H(0) is formed some sort of nuclear emission would be inevitable. A possible way out would be if this was not the case with protium. So far Holmlid et al. have (to my knowledge) only documented spontaneous emission with D(0) and it's not clear if the same would still happen with p(0). Fusion shouldn't, at the very least.

* * *

Excerpt from Detection of MeV particles from ultra-dense protium p(-1): Laser-initiated self-compression from p(1) (submitted 2012-01)

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Relation between ultra-dense hydrogen H(0) and other forms of hydrogen.

The blue arrow indicates the real-time switching between the two forms H(1) and H(0). The axes are not to scale.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169895.g001

axil

H(0) is an umbrella term implying all hydrogen isotopes, i.e. p(0), D(0) and even T(0) (although I don't know if he's ever tested that).

From Phase transition temperatures of 405-725 K in superfluid ultra-dense hydrogen clusters on metal surfaces (submitted 2016-01)

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[…] H may indicate all isotopes of hydrogen, or the material is indicated more precisely by using p, D or T.

Emission of subatomic particles has indeed been observed inferred with p(0) - for example in the very same paper you linked above - but only using relatively powerful laser impulses. if you check out Holmlid's papers published over the past 2-3 years where spontaneous emission (= without a laser) is mentioned, deuterium is always used, unless I missed something (I can't exclude that it could be the case, admittedly). It would be nice to also have confirmation of spontaneous emission with ultra-dense protium.

Can wrote:

axil

H(0) is an umbrella term implying all hydrogen isotopes, i.e. p(0), D(0) and even T(0) (although I don't know if he's ever tested that).

From Phase transition temperatures of 405-725 K in superfluid ultra-dense hydrogen clusters on metal surfaces (submitted 2016-01)

Emission of subatomic particles has indeed been observed inferred with p(0) - for example in the very same paper you linked above - but only using relatively powerful laser impulses. if you check out Holmlid's papers published over the past 2-3 years where spontaneous emission (= without a laser) is mentioned, deuterium is always used, unless I missed something (I can't exclude that it could be the case, admittedly). It would be nice to also have confirmation of spontaneous emission with ultra-dense protium.

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Recently, much more precise inter-nuclear distance measurements have been done by rotational spectroscopy, giving distances in D(0) with a precision of ±0.003 pm [10]. MeV particles are ejected by laser-induced processes in both D(0) and p(0) [11–13]

Emission of subatomic particles have indeed been observed inferred with p(0). This means that the nuclear processes produced by H(0) is NOT fusion.

As in LENR, once H(0) has be activated by a weak laser shot, it extracts and stores energy from the surrounding nuclear matter and generates mesons with that energy through subatomic particle production.

See

http://english.pku.edu.cn/news_events/news/research/5335.htm

Physicists observe spontaneous symmetry breaking in an optical microcavity

This explains how the H(0) (and LENR) is activated through a change in state of polaritons. These polaritons

form in the electron spin wave that surrounds the H(0).

axil wrote:

This means that the nuclear processes produced by H(0) is NOT fusion.

Not ONLY fusion (in the case of deuterium).

axil wrote:

As in LENR, once H(0) has be activated by a weak laser shot ...

But in the preceding messages I was clearly referring to the spontaneous signal occurring without a laser (or other energetic impulses or shocks) that Holmlid has documented in some publications using deuterium.

I was making a completely different point than what you're trying to write above: that a spontaneous nuclear signal with protium (mesons and muon emission without the application of energetic impulses) has not been documented yet, from what I've been able to read so far.

Can wrote:

Not ONLY fusion (in the case of deuterium).

But in the preceding messages I was clearly referring to the spontaneous signal occurring without a laser (or other energetic impulses or shocks) that Holmlid has documented in some publications using deuterium.

I was making a completely different point than what you're trying to write above: that a spontaneous nuclear signal with protium (mesons and muon emission without the application of energetic impulses) has not been documented yet, from what I've been able to read so far.

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It sounds like you are correct in that laser irradiation is not required to begin muon production, but the intensity of muon production is low.

It is likely that the initial production of the H(0) generates an amount of latent stored energy, an energy of excitation from which muons form and that energy is dissipated over time.

It could be that the formation of the Bose Condensate in H(0) generates energy in the electrons that are expelled from the hydrogen orbits when the meissner effect sets in. Those electrons travel outward from the center of the H(0) at the a speed close to the speed of light.

Fusion through muon catalyzed reactions are produced.

The muon production reaction is based on an optical mechanism that is amplified by the application of light energy.

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Two different sources for producing H(0) have been used

for this study. They are similar to a source described in a

previous publication.28 Potassium-doped iron oxide catalyst

samples (cylindric pellets)32,33 in the sources produce the ultradense

H(0) from hydrogen or deuterium gas flow at pressures

of 10−5–100 mbars. The sources give a slowly decaying muon

signal for several hours and days after being used for producing

H(0). They can be triggered to increase the muon production

by laser irradiation inside the chambers or sometimes even by

turning on the fluorescent lamps in the laboratory for a short

time

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axil wrote:

It is likely that the initial production of the H(0) generates an amount of latent stored energy, an energy of excitation from which muons form and that energy is dissipated over time.

As H(0) forms? I think that is simply a matter that the closer the electrons are drawn in to the core, the tighter the atom is bound together. The change of energy level causes heat to be released.

Muon (and meson) production is a different process that can occur later on when more energy is added to the system. I personally suspect that when deuterium is used some of this energy can also come from the D-D fusion events occurring spontaneously due to the short interatomic distance of this ultra-dense hydrogen matter. Hence, the spontaneous muon signal. There is a brief description of the laser-induced process in the latest paper that Holmlid has submitted (open access; pdf available, excerpt below), but also on another recent one (also open access):

It's certainly interesting from the excerpt from the paper you've cited that just the diffuse fluorescent light of Holmlid's laboratory when turned on (the cell has a transparent window for the laser beam, when used) can reinvigorate the muon signal. However it's not clear if it only enhances a signal that has already started or if it's on its own able to start an inactive cell that has not been triggered yet for muon emission. I think the wording appears to imply the former; if it was actually the latter it would mean that H(0) (generally speaking) is not as stable as sometimes suggested.

On a loosely related note, in https://arxiv.org/abs/1302.2781 it's suggested that D(0) - at the time called D(-1) - and by extension H(0) will react with oxygen and form water when exposed to air. Perhaps this could be a good way to "deal with it" if one doesn't want to have anything to do with possible nuclear reactions/emissions and only take advantage of the heat of formation of UDH which could almost be considered a supra-chemical effect (although I guess that water formation from H(0) would be an equally strong endothermic reaction and therefore would have to be done in a different location).

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[...] The properties of D(-1) have been amply described in the literature cited above and elsewhere. This material is stable on metal surfaces and inside the catalyst used for its formation during several days (Badiei et al. 2010c) in a vacuum (high or medium). However, D(-1) will react with oxygen and form water if exposed to air. It is not created by the interaction of the laser with deuterium in any form which is clear from experiments using just one pulse (Andersson & Holmlid 2011), but is formed by a catalytic process.

Regarding "I think that is simply a matter that the closer the electrons are drawn in to the core, the tighter the atom is bound together."

You are not considering the formation of superconductivity in H(0) as follows:

They may all be characterized as spin-based Rydberg Matter (RM) [2]. This model is based on a theoretical description by J.E. Hirsch [7].

Read J.E. Hirsch [7]

The origin of the Meissner effect in new and old superconductors

Electrons are not drawn into the core, they are expelled out of the core by the meissner effect. The positively charged core attracts electrons until the meissner effect counterbalances them from moving any further inward. The electrons then form a spin wave at this point of force equilibrium between coulomb attraction and the meissner effect.

Regarding: "The change of energy level causes heat to be released."

When the meissner effect pushes the electrons out of the core, gamma radiation is produced by bremsstrahlung. No heat is involved.

axil  

I don't think I can competently reply to what you're implying in your latest comment other than saying that I feel it conflicts with Holmlid's explanation/model from his own papers, but since the binding energy of ultra-dense hydrogen pairs is in the order of < 1 keV, wouldn't the radiation produced by Bremsstrahlung, if any, during these transitions be in the form of extreme UV (EUV) / very soft X-rays?

(EDIT: which incidentally is also, if I recall correctly - although I've never studied his theories in detail so I could be wrong - what Randall Mills suggests to be occurring during Hydrino formation. EDIT2: for example see http://www.brilliantlightpower…/EUV-Mechanism-051817.pdf )